CENTURY REVIEWPART I1453- 1555

RENAISSANCE

• Italy was first to experience Renaissance

• Reasons:

Geography Urbanization Social factors Political variety

• Education

Latin and Greek• Trade Routes

• Printing press

Spread humanist ideas

HUMANISM• New self- consciousness regarding human beings

• Humanism:

Secularism Classics Individualism Power (Machiavelli)

HUMANIST WRITERS

1. Petrarch

Father of humanism

2. Machiavelli

The Prince

3. Castiglione

Book of the Courtier

4. Lorenzo de Medici

Civic humanism

HUMANIST ARTISTS• Common techniques used by artists:

Perspective Naturalism subject matter Order and symmetry

• Artists begin gaining notoriety

1. Donatello:

David first full size statue cast in bronze

2. Brunelleschi:

Il Duomo

3. Da Vinci:

Mona Lisa, Last Supper

4. Michelangelo:

Sistine Chapel

5. Raphael:

School of Athens

WOMEN AND THE RENAISSANCE• Patrons of the Arts

• Notable female humanists:

1. Christine de Pisan First feminist

2. Isabella d’ Este Diplomat Established school for girls Wrote letter of literary quality

RENAISSANCE POLITICS• Variety of govts.

Florence= despotism Medici Milan= military dictatorship Visconti Papal states= despotism Papacy Venice= Republic Merchant families/ Doge Naples= feudalism Ferdinand of Aragon

• Balance of Power

Peace of Lodi (1454)

NORTHERN RENAISSANCE• Strong in Low Countries (Belgium and Netherlands)

France, England, Germany.

• Emphasized Christian readings

Bible Writings of early church fathers

• Christian Humanism

• Spread through printing press

CHRISTIAN HUMANISM• Critical of Church abuses

• Hoped to maintain unity through reformation

• Notable Christian Humanists:

1. Erasmus Praise of Folly

2. More Utopia

PROTESTANT REFORMATION• Christian Humanism

• Causes:

Indulgences- buying offices Simony- selling church offices Nepotism- giving offices to relatives Pluralism- holding multiple offices Absenteeism- Not living in region where office is held

• Notable Reformers:

1. Martin Luther

2. John Calvin

3. Ulrich Zwingli

MARTIN LUTHER• German

• Theology:

Sola scriptura- Bible only authority Sola fide- salvation comes from faith Sola gratia- salvation comes from God’s grace

• Publications:

On the Freedom of the Christian On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church An Address to the Nobility of the German Nation German translation of the Bible

• Major Events:

95 Thesis Peasants Revolt Diet of Woms

JOHN CALVIN• French, Swiss leader

• Theology:

Predestination Ecclesiastical Ordinances

• Publications

Institutes of the Christian Religion

ULRICH ZWINGLI• Zurich

• Theology:

Transubstantiation• Major Events:

Marburg Colloquy Killed during the Swiss Civil War

CONSEQUENCES OF REFORMATION

Social:

Family was the center of social life

Women earned limited rights (divorce and education)

Literacy for both boys and girls

Protestant work ethic capitalism

ENGLISH REFORMATION• Henry VIII

• Cause:

Divorce from Catherine of Aragon wasn’t granted by the pope• Consequences:

Act of Supremacy- King as the head of the Catholic Church in England Act of Succession- legitimate offspring are those conceived w/ Anne

Boleyn• Religious Reforms:

Act of Succession Henry VIII Six Articles Henry VIII Book of Common Prayer Edward VI Act of Uniformity Edward VI Elizabethan Settlement Elizabeth I

COUNTER- REFORMATION

• New Religious Orders

Ignatious Loyola Jesuits Teresa of Avila Carmelites

• Council of Trent

Eliminated church abuses Better education for priests No compromise on religious doctrine Clerical celibacy Importance of good works Authority of papacy Transubstantiation

• Roman Inquisition Index of Forbidden Books

• Baroque Art

Bernini

EARLY MONARCHIES• England, France, Russia, Spain

• Centralized govts.

Taxes Controlling the aristocracy Codified laws Control warfare Early bureaucracy Religious control