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Werner Weiss
SYSTEM CONCEPTSAND APPLICATIONS
AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE IN TEC)A-8200 Gleisdorf, Feldgasse 19AUSTRIA
PLASTIC ABSORBERS
SWIMMING POOL SYSTEM
SWIMMING POOL SYSTEM
SWIMMING POOL SYSTEM
The energy demand of an outdoor pool is mostlyinfluenced by the water temperature.
The largest losses are the surface of the pools.
That is the reason why the size of the absorber areaThat is the reason why the size of the absorber areais given as a proportion of the total water surfacearea.
As a rule of thumb, this should be between 80 and100% of the pool area for weather conditions incentral Europe.
Thermosyphon Systems for Hot Water Preparation
storagetank
Thermosyphon Systems for Hot Water Preparation
absorber
Direct system, horizontal storage tank
Thermosyphon Systems for Hot Water Preparation
hot water
Insulation hot water storage tank
Thermosyphon Systems for Hot Water Preparation
hot collector pipe
cold collector pipe
cold collector pipe
cold water inlet
THERMOSYPHON SYSTEM - China
THERMOSYPHON SYSTEMS
Non pressurized storage tanks
THERMOSYPHON SYSTEMS
Water conditions suitable or open circle systems
Description Maximum Recommended LevelPh 6.5 - 8.5TDS 600 mg/lTotal Hardness 200 mg/lTotal Hardness 200 mg/lChlorides 300 mg/lMagnesium 10 mg/lCalcium 12 mg/lSodium 150 mg/lIron 1 mg/l
Source: Solar Edwards, Australia
INDIRECT SYSTEM
Domestic Hot Water System with Forced Circulation
Domestic Hot Water System with Forced Circulation
HYDRAULIC SCHEME OF A SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEM
hot water3bar
°C/bar
collector area
°C
5
6
escape valve
1
thermometer
pressure relief valve
thermometer and pressure gaugelock valve
gravity brake
circulation pump
7
6
5
4
3
2
°C
tank
storage
cold water
1
2
3
5
7
10
8
4
fill and empty valve
expansion tank
thermometer
9
8
7
Solar Combisystems
PreconditionsPreconditions
andandandand
RequirementsRequirements
Solar Combisystems
5,4
6,3
7,2
8,1
9,0
[kWh/m²] Solar-Radiation
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan
Total: 1126.91kWh/m²
0,0
0,9
1,8
2,7
3,6
4,5
2000
2500
3000
[kWh/month] Excess irradiation Excess consumption
Usable solar energy Irradiation
Reference consumption
3000
2500
2000
Solar Combisystems
0
500
1000
1500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1500
1000
500
0
1
2
3
1
Space HeatingSpace Heating
Flow temperature: 30 - 50 °CReturn temperature: 20 - 40 °C
Solar Combisystems
Demand:• is not always corresponding to the solar
irradiation
• varies in dependence of ambient temperature, passive solar gains and the internal gains of the
building
System using the thermal mass of the building to st ore the heat
M
Solar Combisystems
E N E R G Y S U P P L Y T R A N S F E R , S T O R A G E , C O N T R O L A N D D IS T R IB U T IO N L O A D
M
M
S A H 1 (H 2)
Using the space heating store to store the heat
Solar Combisystems
E N E R G Y S U P P L Y T R A N S F E R , S T O R A G E , C O N T R O L A N D D IS T R IB U T IO N L O A D
M
S A H 1 D H W
From
Complex
Solar Combisystems
Complex
Designs…
…to
Compact
Solar Combisystems
Products
Solar Combisystems
Multi Family Houses Market Penetration
1,9 MioHauptwohnsitze
80
90
100
110
Pot
enzi
al u
nd M
arkt
durc
hdrin
gung
[%]
.
~ 1 ProzentDurchdringung
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Geschoßwohnbauten
Pot
enzi
al u
nd M
arkt
durc
hdrin
gung
[%]
Geschoß-
wohnbauten
Solutions for Existing Buildings
Development of System Concepts1st Generation - Solar Plant Concepts for MFH(Concept for a small number of flats)
Kolle
ktorfe
ld
KW
Rau
mhe
izung
TrinkwasserspeicherDomestic hot water tanks
cold water
circ
ulat
ion
Spa
ce h
eatin
gHot
wat
er
Kessel
KWcold water
Spa
ce h
eatin
g
Boiler
2nd Generation - Solar Plant Concepts for MFH
Kolle
ktorfe
ld
T2
T3
Energiespeicher
Raumheizung
War
mw
ass
er
Bereitschafts- speicher
Zir
kula
tion
Development of System Concepts
Energy store (buffer)
DHW tank
Space heating
circ
ulat
ion
Hot
wat
er
T2
Kessel
KW
W
Boiler
Solar Plant Concepts for MFH
Kolle
ktorfe
ld
T2
T3
Energiespeicher
Kaltwasser
Kaltwasser
Warmwasser
Boiler
Boiler
Energy store (buffer)
DHW tank
cold waterhot water
cold water
Heat distribution via 2-pipe network Domestic hot water preparation via decentralised storage tanksPreferred concept for row houses (low energy density)
Kessel
Kaltwasser
Warmwasser
Warmwasser
BoilerBoiler
cold waterhot water
cold waterhot water
Kolle
ktorfe
ld
T2
T3
Energiespeicher
Kaltwasser
Warmwasser
Warmwasser
Solar Plant Concepts for MFH
Energy store (buffer)
cold water
hot water
cold water
Kessel
Kaltwasser
Kaltwasser
Warmwasser
Warmwasser
� Heat distribution via a 2-pipe network� Decentralised instant hot water preparation� Concept for „high energy density) MFH
Boiler
cold water
hot water
cold water
hot water
Compact Heat Distribution Units
Netz VL
Netz RL
Warmwasser
Kaltwasser
1 Absperrventil2 Rückschlagklappe3 Sicherheitsventil
6 Differenzdruckregler7 Zählerpassstück8 Zonenventil
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
2 3
4
5
67 8
910°C
45°C
65°C
20 - 40°C
10
Heizung VL
Heizung RL
65°C
25 - 40°C
3 Sicherheitsventil4 Durchflussgesteuerter
Temperaturregler5 Rücklauftemperaturbegrenzer
8 Zonenventil9 Passstück Kaltwasser10 Zirkulationsbrücke
70
80
90
100
T-Netz-VL T-Netz-RL T-Solarsek.-VL T-Solarsek.-RL T-Puffer-VL
Advantages of 2-pipe networks
Return flow nearly constant at 30°C Ideal conditions for solar thermal systems
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
27.10.03 00:00 28.10.03 00:00 29.10.03 00:00 30.10.03 00:00 31.10.03 00:00 01.11.03 00:00 02.11.03 00:00 03.1 1.03 00:00
Tem
pera
tur
[°C]
� Distribution losses minimized
� Provides in all cases integration into the space
heating system
Advantages of 2 pipe concepts
� No problems concerning legionnaires disease
� Easy counting of delivered energy for each flat
due to integrated heat meters
� Prefabricated heat transfer stations reduce the
labour cost, easy and faultless installation
Solar Fraction
Total Heat Demand
[%]
Solar Fraction
Hot Water Demand
[%]
Collectorarea
[m² per Person]
Storagevolume
[Litre / m² collector area]
Dimensioning: Cost/Performance 15 - 20 50 - 60 0,9 - 1,4 50 - 70
Dimensioning of Collector area and Storage Volume
Cost/Performance Optimum
15 - 20 50 - 60 0,9 - 1,4 50 - 70
Dimensioning with approx. 100% Solar fraction in Summer
25 - 30 70 - 75 1,8 - 2,2 60 - 80
System Monitoring
Energie-
Wärmeverteilung für56 Wohneinheiten
36 kW Brauchwasserbereitung
WMZ n
Kolle
ktorfl
äche
120
m²
Neigu
ng 3
0°
TKoll
TSol RL
TSol VL
Daten-logger
TSek VL TPo
TAussen
Energie-speicher7.500 l
36 kW Brauchwasserbereitung
Kaltwasser
Warmwasser
WMZ n
Brauchwasserbereitung
Kaltwasser
WarmwasserTSek RL
WMZSolar
TPm
TPu
AutomatischerSystemwart
TNH RL
TNH VL
WMZ NH
Gas-brennwert-kessel225 kW
WMZ Netz
TNetz VL
TNetz RL
Wärmeverteilnetztemperaturen (Vorlauf und Rücklauf) von 7 Objekten.
45
50
55
60
65
70
Sys
tem
tem
pera
tur
[°C]
Flow and return temperatures
ca. 55-65°C
Flow and return temperatures of 7 multi family hous es
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
20
25
30
35
40
45
15.2.2005 00:00 16.2.2005 00:00 17.2.2005 00:00 18.2.2 005 00:00 19.2.2005 00:00 20.2.2005 00:00 21.2.2005 00 :00
Sys
tem
tem
pera
tur
[°C]
ca. 25-37°C
Low return temperatures of 30°C are necessary for a n optimised operation of solar thermal systems
Tem
pera
ture
[
System Efficiency –Annual system utilization
Ecellent system utilization between 80 and 90% are possible with 2-pipe networks!
[%]
Pipe losses
Hot water
Sys
tem
Util
izat
ion
[%]
Store in Store out Energy in distr. net Useful energy
Storage losses
Space Heating
Solar heat
Auxiliary heat
More Information:More Information:
The book:
Solar Combisystems
Solar Heating Systems for Houses
A Design Handbook for Solar Combisystems
Mluti-familiy Houses
This Design handbook is available for This Design handbook is available for €€ 29,80 at 29,80 at www.aee.at www.aee.at
Local District Heating - Steinfurt-Borghorst, Germany
Source: ITW, University Stuttgart
Kaltwasser
Hydraulische Weicheoder Pufferspeicher
Heiz-
kessel
TW ZK
Heizzentrale
Kollektorfeld
Kollektorfeld
Wärme-übergabe-station
Wärme-übergabe-station
Local District Heating with Seasonal Storage
Wärmeübergabestation mitdirekter Heizungsanbindung
und Trinkwasserbereitungim Durchflußprinzip
Wärmeübergabestation mitindirekter Heizungseinbindung
und Trinkwasserbereitungmit Speicherladesystem
KaltwasserKaltwasser
Langzeit-
Wärmespeicher
Solarnetz
Wärmeverteilnetz
Source: ITW, University Stuttgart
Kies-Wasser-WärmespeicherHeißwasser-Wärmespeicher
Seasonal Heat Storages
Erdsonden-Wärmespeicher Aquifer-Wärmespeicher
District Heating – 1 MW th, Graz
District Heating – 1 MW th, Graz
District Heating – 3MW th, AEVG, Graz, Austria
Solar District HeatingSolar District Heating –– Marstal, DKMarstal, DK –– 13 13 MWth