Centre for Distance & Continuing Education University of ... · Centre for Distance & Continuing Education – University of Peradeniya Seminar Series for New B.A Candidates (External)

Centre for Distance & Continuing Education – University of

Peradeniya

Seminar Series for New B.A Candidates (External) – 2018

(Academic Year 2016)

Date: 22.07.2018

Subject: PHYE 102 (Logic and Logical Theory)

Venue: A.T (Arts Theatre)

Session: 01 – (9.00a.m to 11.00a.m)

02 – (11.30a.m to 1.30 p.m)

03 – (2.30p.m to 4.30p.m)

Subject Contents:

Predicate Logic / Theory of Quantification

Logical Fallacies

Indian Logic (Anumana)

Prof P.M. Jamahir

(Professor in Philosophy)

Department of Philosophy

University of Peradeniya

Peradeniya

PROF. P.M. JAMAHIR, DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA, PERADENIYA. – COPY RIGHT © 2018, P.M.JAMAHIR

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LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

01. gadpiyj; ju;f;fk;/msthf;ff; Nfhl;ghL (Predicate Logic/ Theory of Quantification)

msTgLj;jg;gl;l vLg;Gf;fis nfhz;liktJk; mNj rkak;

vLg;Gf;fspd; cs;shu;e;j ju;f;f mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLtJkhd xU

FwpaPl;Lj; ju;f;fNk gadpiyj; ju;f;fk; my;yJ msthf;ff; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. RUf;fkhf

tiuaWg;gjhapd; vLg;gsitapay; KiwNghy gadpiyj; ju;f;fKk; xU FwpaPl;L

msitapay; KiwahFk;. mjpYk; nkhopapd; vOtha;> gadpiy kw;Wk;

thf;fpaq;fSld; njhu;Ggl;l ju;f;f KiwahFk;.

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cWg;G thf;fpaq;fisf; nfhz;likAk;

$l;L thf;fpaq;fsy;yhj my;yJ gpw vLg;Gf;fis cWg;Gf;fsha;f; nfhz;L mikAk;

$l;nlLg;gpy;yhj vspa vLg;Gf;fis mtw;wpd; ju;f;f mikg;G mbg;gilapy;

tpgupg;gjw;Fk;> FwpaPlhf;Ftjw;Fk;> msTgLj;jg;gl;l vLg;Gf;fshd thjq;fspd;

tha;g;gpid Nrhjpf;fTk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l etPd msitapay; KiwNa ,JthFk;.

vLg;gsitapay; vLg;Gf;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig kl;LNk ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

Mdhy; gadpiyj; ju;f;fk; vOtha;-gadpiy gjq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig

ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpwJ. NkYk;> ghuk;gupa msitapaypd; FiwghLfis Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;

mf;FiwghLfs; vt;tifapy; epfo;fpd;wd vd;gijAk; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk; ,k;Kiw

cjTfpd;wJ.

gadpiyj; ju;f;fj;jpd; FwpaPl;L nkhop

(Symbolic Language of Predicate Logic)

gadpiyj; ju;f;fj;jpd; xU FwpaPl;L nkhopia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs;

mbg;gilahdjhFk;:

1. gadpiyfs; (Predicate)

gadpiyj; ju;f;fj;jpy; gadpiyfs; vd;gJ vspa thf;fpak; xd;wpd;

gz;GfisAk; (Characteristics), njhlu;ghf;f ntspg;ghLfisAk; (Relation

expression) Fwpg;gjhfTs;sJ. gadpiyfSf;fhf Mq;fpy mfutupir njhlupy;

cs;s F njhlf;fk; O tiuAs;s ngupa vOj;Jf;fs; (Capital) gad;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf @

fpspNahngl;uh ,uhzpahths;.

F: a ,uhzp

A: fpspNahngl;uh

FwpaPL: FA


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LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Fwpg;G: ngau;fSf;Fk; ngau; Rl;Lk; nrhw;fSf;Fk; (mtd;> mts;> ,e;jg; Gj;jfk;>

,J xU Kay; Nghd;wd) A njhlf;fk; E tiuAs;s ngupa Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F tpN\lkhff; Fwpg;gplNtz;ba mk;rk;

vd;dntd;why; gadpiyf; FwpaPL njhlu;ghf ‘a’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ mtrpakhFk;.

,J xU ghuk;gupakhFk;.

2. jdpad; khwpypfs; (Individual Constants)

gadpiyj; ju;f;fj;jpd; jdpad;fspd; (vOtha;)> clikg; nghUshfNt

gadpiyfs; (gz;Gfs;) Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mq;F Fwpg;gpLk; gz;G

vj;jdpaDf;FupaJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhf mj;jdpaDf;Fupa ngaiuf;

nfhLf;fpNwhk;. ,e;jg; ngau;fs; jdpad;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; FwpaPLfshf (khwpyp)

miktJld; Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gj;jpy; khwhg; ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gjhYk;

mtw;wpid jdpad; khwpypfs; vd miog;gu;

gadpiyj; ju;f;f mbg;gilapy; FwpaPl;lhf;fj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ

jdpad;fisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf (ngau;fSf;Fk; ngau; Rl;Lk; nrhw;fSf;Fk;)

Mq;fpy mfutupir njhlupy; cs;s A njhlf;fk; E tiuAs;s ngupa

vOj;Jf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

M[pj; xU ghlfd;

G:a ghlfd;

A: M[pj;

FwpaPL: GA

3. jdpad; khwpfs; (Individual Variables)

Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU gadpiyia gy;NtW jdpad;fs; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@ “Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu;” vd;w gadpiyia tp];tehjd;>

,isauh[h> Njth> u ;̀khd;> `up]; n[auh[; vd gy;NtW jdpad;fs;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ mjid czu;j;j gad;gLtNj jdpad; khwpahFk;. mjhtJ

khwpfs; khWk; ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;lit vd;gNj ,q;F czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

khwpfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jf; $ba FwpaPLfs; Mq;fpy mfu tupirapy; rpwpa

vOj;Jf;fshd x,y,z my;yJ a,b,c vd;wthwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

vLjJf;fhl;lhf@

tp];tehjd; Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu; - HA

,isauh[h Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu; - HB

Njth Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu; - HC

u ;̀khd; Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu; - HD

`up]; n[auh[; Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu; HE


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LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Mf> H vd;w gadpiyiaAvd;w jdpad; ngWfpd;wJ.

Fwpg;G: ,q;F gy;NtW jdpad;fSf;fpilNa (A,B,C,D,E),iraikg;ghsu; vd;w

xU nghJr;rhay; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J Nghd;w jdpg;nghUs; vLg;Gf;fspd;

nghJr;rhaiy ntspg;gLj;j “ϰ” vDk; jdpad; khwpiaAk; gad;gLj;;j KbAk;.

mjhtJ>Hϰ vd vkJ FwpaPl;il vOj KbAk;. Mf> jdpad; khwpypfs;

(HA,HB,HC) vDk; vLg;Gf;fs; jdpad; khwpfshy; gjpyPL nra;ag;gLk; NghJ

mit vLg;G rhu;ghf (Hϰ)vd mikfpd;wJ.

msthf;fpfs; (Quantifiers)

vLg;gpy; “midj;Jk;”> “ahTk;”> “vy;yhk;” vd;w msTr;nrhw;fs; jhk; Fwpg;gpLk;

tFg;gpd; KO mq;fj;Jtj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk; epiw msTr;nrhw;fshf ,Ug;gjdhy;

mtw;iw epiw msthf;fpfs; vd;gu;. ,jid (Λ) vDk; FwpaPl;by; Fwpg;gu;.

mt;thNw “rpy”> “gy”> “ngUk;ghYk;”> Nghd;w nrhw;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l vOthapd;

rpy mq;fj;Jtq;fisr;; Rl;Ltjhy; ,tw;iw Fiw msthf;fp vd;gu;. ,jid (Ѵ )

vDk; FwpaPl;by; Fwpg;gu;. ,e;j msthf;fpfSld; ϰ ,y,z /a,b,c Nghd;w khwpfis

cld; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ mJ vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fSk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

my;yJ vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;. mjhtJ msTf;Fgl;ljhFk; (Bound)

vd;gjif; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf;Λϰ , Ѵϰ vd mikAk;. Mf> X vDk;

khwp vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fSk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;

xU #j;jpu tbtj;ij Λϰ (FϰGϰ ) vd vOjyhk;.

vLg;G FwpaPL

A Λϰ(FϰGϰ)

E Λϰ(Fϰ~Gϰ)

I Ѵϰ(Fϰ^Gϰ)

O Ѵϰ (Fϰ ^~Gϰ )


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LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

msthf;f mDkhd tpjpfs; (Rules of Quantification)

msthf;f vLg;Gf;fspdhy; mikAk; thjq;fspd; typikia ep&gpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

gpuj;jpNaf mDkhd tpjpfis msthf;f mDkhd tpjpfs; vdg;gLk;. ,t;tpjpfs; epiw

msthf;fpfSld; (Λϰ ) njhlu;Ggl;lhjhf epiwj; jdpahf;fk; kw;Wk; cs;nghUs; (Fiw)

msT toq;fpAld; (Ѵϰ ) njhlu;Ggl;ljhf cs;nghUs; jdpahf;fk;> cs;nghUs;

nghJikahf;fk; vd ,uz;Lkhf %d;W tpjpfis mwpayhk;:

I. epiw jdpadhf;f tpjp (ep.j) (Principle of Universal Instantiation)

epiw msthf;fj;jpypUe;J ve;jnthU jdpaidAk; typjhd

Kiwapdhy; mDkhdpf;f KbAk; vd ,t;tpjp $Wfpd;wJ. ,t;tpjpapd;

FwpaPl;Ltbtk;:

𝛬𝛼𝜙𝛼

𝜙𝛿 =

𝛬𝜘𝐹𝜘

𝐹𝑦 =

𝛬𝑥𝐹𝑥

𝐹𝐴 =

Λϰ(F𝑥G𝑥)

FAGA

,t;tpjpapd; gpuNahfj;ij gpd;tUk; thjj;jpd; %yk; Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;;

vy;yhkdpju;fSk; ,wg;gtu;

mup];Nuhl;by; xUkdpjd;

/mup];Nuhl;by; ,wg;gtu;

RUf;fj;jpl;lk;: F:a kdpju;fs;

G:a ,wg;gtu;

A: mup];Nuhl;by;

FwpaPL: Λ𝑥 (F𝑥G𝑥).FA / GA

1. fhl;Lf.GA

2. Λ𝑥(F𝑥G𝑥) ( v.$I)

3. (FAGA) (2 ep.j)

4. FA (v.$II)

5. GA (3>4 tp.tp)


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LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Fwpg;G: ,e;jg; ngWifapy; 3k; tupapy; 2k; tupia

epiwj; jdpahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. epiwj; jdpahf;f tpjpapd; gb msthf;f

FwpaPl;L tbtnkhd;wpd; msthf;fj;jpid (Λϰ ) ePf;fp ‘𝑥’ vDk; jdpad; khwpf;Fg;

gjpyhf ‘A’ vDk; ngau; FwpaPl;bdhy; gjpyPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

II. cs;nghUs; nghJikahf;f tpjp (c.ngh)

The principle of Existential Generalization)

VjhtnjhU cz;ikahd vLg;G

rhu;gpd; gjpyPl;Lj; jdpadpypUe;J me;j vLg;Gr; rhu;gpd; Fiw msthf;fj;jpid

mDkhdpf;fyhk; vd;fpwJ ,t;tpjp. ,t;tpjpapd;

FwpaPl;L tbtk; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;;

фδ

V𝛼фα =

Fy

V𝑥F𝑥 =

FA

V𝑥F𝑥 =

𝐹𝐴^𝐺𝐴

𝑉𝑥(𝐹𝑥^𝐺𝑥)

,t;tpjpapd; gpuNahfj;ijgpd;tUk; thjj;jpd; %yk; Gupe;Jnfhs;syhk;.

Λx(F𝑥G𝑥). Λ𝑥 (G𝑥H𝑥) / FAѴ𝑥 (G𝑥ΛH𝑥)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

fhl;Lf.FAѴ𝑥 (G𝑥ΛH𝑥)

FA

fhl;Lf.Ѵ𝑥(G𝑥ΛH𝑥)

Λx(F𝑥G𝑥)

(FAGA)

GA

Λx(G𝑥H𝑥)

(GAHA)

HA

(GA^HA)

Ѵ𝑥(G𝑥^𝐻𝑥)

(ep.ng.v)

(v.$I )

(4 ep.j)

(2>5 tp.tp)

(v.$ II)

(7 ep.j)

(6>8 tp.tp)

(6>9 ,.tp)

(10 c.ngh)


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LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Fwpg;G: ,e;jg; ngWifapy; 5k; tupapy; 4k; tupepiwj; jdpahf;fk; nra;ag;glLs;sJ.

mt;thNw 8k; tupapy; 7k; tupAk; epiwj; jdpahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Wjpahf 11k;

tupapy; 10k; tup cs;nghUs; nghJikahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L ngWif Kw;Wg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

III. cs;nghUs; jdpahf;f tpjp (c.j) (The principle of Existential Instantiation)

vLg;G rhu;nghd;wpd; Fiw msthf;fj;jpypUe;J mjdJ gjpyPl;Lj; jdpadpd;

cz;ikia mDkhdpg;gij ,t;tpjp tpsf;FfpwJ. ,t;tpjpapd;

FwpaPl;Ltbtk; gpd;tUkhW;

Vαфα

фβ =

VxFx

Fy/Fa =

Vx(Fx^Gx)

(Fy^Gy)/(Fa^Ga) =

Vx(Fx^Gy)

(Fʒ^Gy)/(Fa^Gy)

,t;tpjpapd; gpuNahfj;jpid gpd;tUk; thjj;jpd; %yk; Gupe;Jnfhs;syhk;;

Λϰ (FϰGϰ )(Ѵϰ FϰѴϰGϰ )

1. fhl;Lf.Λϰ (FϰGϰ )(Ѵϰ FϰѴϰGϰ )

2. Λϰ (FϰGϰ ) (ep.ng.v)

3. fhl;Lf (Ѵϰ FϰѴϰGϰ )

4. Ѵϰ Fϰ (ep.ng.v)

5. Fy (4c.j)

6. FyGy (2 ep.j)

7. Gy (5>6 tp.tp)

8. ѴϰGϰ (7 c.ngh)

Fwpg;G: ,e;jg; ngWifapy; 5k; tupapy; 4k; tupcs; nghUs;

jdpahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 6k; tpupapy; 2k; tupiaepiw jdpahf;fk;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Wjpahf 8k; tupapy; 7k; tupia cs;nghUs; nghJikahf;fk; nra;J

ngWif Kw;Wg; ngw;Ws;sJ mwpaj;jf;fJ.

Nkw;$wpa %d;W tpjpfspd; RUf;fj;ij gpd;tUkhW $wyhk;;


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LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

I. epiwj;jdpahf;ftpjp (ep.j)

𝛬𝑥(𝐺𝜘Hϰ) vd;gJ ngWifapd; tupahf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mg;NghJ epiwj;

jdpahf;f tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp (𝐺𝐴𝐻𝐴)vd;gijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbAk;.

mNjNghy; (GyHy) vdTk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. 𝛬𝑥𝐻𝑥 ,Ue;jhy; Hʒ ngw;Wf;

nfhs;s KbAk;.

II. cs;nghUs; nghJikahf;f tpjp ( c.ngh)

Fϰ vd;gJ ngWifapd; tupahf tUk; NghJ cs;nghUs; nghJikahf;fy;

tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp Ѵ𝑥𝐹𝑥 vd;gijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbAk;. mNjNghy~H𝑥

tUk;NghJ Ѵ𝑥~H𝑥 vdg;ngw KbAk;. (F𝑥^G𝑥) vd tUk;NghJ Ѵ𝑥 (F𝑥^G𝑥)

vdTk;> Λy(FzGy) vdtUk; NghJ Ѵ𝑥𝛬𝑦(𝐹𝑥Gy) vdTk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

KbAk;.

III. cs;nghUs; jdpadhf;f tpjp (c.j) Fiwj; jdpadhf;fk;

ngWif xd;wpd; tupirapy; Ѵ𝑥(𝐹𝑥^𝐺𝑥)vd;gJ ,Ue;jhy; mjw;F cs;nghUs;

jdpahf;ftpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp (Fy^Gy) vdg;ngw KbAk;. Ѵϰ Fϰ vd tUk;NghJ

Fy vd;Wk; ngw KbAk;. khwpfs; Gjpaitahf ,Ug;gjhapd; Ѵ𝜘(𝐹𝑥v𝐺𝑥)

vd;gjid Fiwjdpadhf;fk; epfo;j;Jfpd;w NghJ (Fy v Gy) vdTk; my;yJ

(Fʒ VGy) vdTk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. Ѵy(𝐹𝑥^𝐺𝑦)^𝐻𝐵 vdTk; Fiwj;

jdpahf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J (𝐹𝑥^𝐺ʒ)^𝐻𝐵 vdTk; #j;jpu tbtj;ijAk; ngwyhk;.

V𝑥~𝐹𝑥 ,Ue;jhy; ~Fy vdg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

gapw;rp- I

1. fPo;tUk; FwpaPl;L thjq;fis typjhdJ vdg; ngWif Kiw %yk; fhl;Lf.

I. II. Λ𝑥(F𝑥^𝐺𝑥)/ Λ𝑥G𝑥

1. fhl;Lf. Λ𝑥G𝑥

2. Λ𝑥(F𝑥^𝐺𝑥) v.$

3. Fϰ ^Gϰ 2 ep.j

4. Gϰ 3 v.tp


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LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

II. Λ𝑥(𝐹𝑥𝐺𝑥). Λ𝑥[G𝑥(𝐻𝑥 v 𝐼𝑥)]. Λ𝑥(F𝑥~𝐼𝑥) /(Ѵ𝑥F𝑥Ѵ𝑥H𝑥)

1 fhl;Lf.(Ѵ𝑥F𝑥Ѵ𝑥H𝑥)

2 Ѵ𝑥F𝑥 (ep.ng.v)

3 Fy (2. c.j)

4 Λ𝑥(𝐹𝑥𝐺𝑥) (v.$I)

5 (FyGy) (4 ep.j)

6 Gy (3>5 tp.tp)

7 Λ𝑥[G𝑥(𝐻𝑥v𝐼𝑥)] (v.$II)

8 [Gy(Hy v Iy) (7 ep;.j)

9 (Hy v Iy) (6>8 tp.tp)

10 Λ𝑥(F𝑥~𝐼𝑥) (v.$ III)

11 (Fy~Iy) (10 ep.j)

12 ~Iy (3>11 tp.tp)

13 Hy (9>12 k.tp)

14 Ѵ𝑥𝐻𝑥 (13 c.j)

gapw;rp II

RUf;fj; jpl;lj;jpid je;J fPo;tUk; thjj;jpid FwpaPl;lhf;fk; nra;J mjid

typjhdJ vd ngWif Kiw %yk; fhl;Lf.

mjp\;lrhypfs; midtUk; mwpTs;stu;fs;

rpy mjp\;lrhypfs; tho;f;ifiaj; njhiyj;jtu;fs;

MfNt mwpTs;stu;fspy; rpyu; tho;f;ifiaj; njhiyj;jtu;fs;

RUf;fj; jpl;lk;: F:a mjp\;lrhypfs;

G:a mwpTs;stu;fs;

H:a tho;f;ifiaj; njhiyj;jtu;fs;


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LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

I. Λϰ (FϰGϰ ). Ѵϰ (Fϰ ^Hϰ ) /Ѵϰ (Gϰ ^Hϰ )

1. fhl;Lf.Ѵϰ(Gϰ^Hϰ)

2. Ѵϰ(Fϰ^Hϰ) (v.$ II)

3. (Fy^Hy) (2 c.j)

4. Λϰ (FϰGϰ ) (v.$ I)

5. (FyGy) (4ep.j)

6. Fy (3 v.tp)

7. Gy (5>6 tp.tp)

8. Hy 3 v.tp)

9. (Gy^Hy) (7>8 ,.tp)

10. Ѵϰ(Gϰ^Hϰ) (9 c.ngh)

Fwpg;G: Nkw;fhl;ba gadpiyj; ju;f;f FwpaPl;L tbtpy; Kjy; vL$w;whf epiw

msthf;fkhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ,uz;lhtjhfTs;s Fiwmsthf;f vL$w;Nw

nra;iff;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mf> gadpiyj; ju;f;f ep&gz Kiwapy;

epiwj; jdpahf;fkh? cs;nghUs; jdpahf;fkh? Kjypy; nra;iff;F vLg;gJ vdf;

Nfl;lhy; cs;nghUs; jdpahf;fj;jpd; gpd;Ng epiwj; jdpahf;fkhFk;. Vnddpy; Fiw

msthf;fj;jpypUe;J mDkhdpf;fg;gLk; mjdJ gjpyPl;Lj; jdpadpd; ngau; FwpaPL

Gjpjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;JtjyhFk;.


11

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

II. Λy(Fϰ ^Gy) /Fϰ ^Gϰ

1. fhl;Lf.

Fϰ ^Gϰ

2. Λy(Fϰ ^Gy) (v.$)

3. Fϰ ^Gϰ (2 ep.j)

III.Λϰ FϰΛyFy

1 fhl;Lf.Λϰ FϰΛyFy

2. fhl;Lf.Λϰ FϰΛyFy

3. Λϰ Fϰ (ep.ng.v)

4. fhl;Lf. ΛyFy

5. Fy (3 ep.j)

6. fhl;Lf.ΛyFyΛϰ Fϰ

7. ΛyFy (ep.ng.v)

8. fhl;Lf.Λϰ Fϰ

9. Fϰ (7 ep.j)

10. Λϰ FϰΛyFy (2>6 ep.ep.,.ep.tp)


12

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

IV. Fϰ ^Gy/Λʒ (Fʒ ^Gʒ )

1. fhl;Lf. Λʒ (Fʒ ^Gʒ )

2. fhl;Lf. Λϰ Fϰ

3. Fϰ ^Gy (v.$)

4. Fϰ (3 v.tp)

5. fhl;Lf. ΛyGy

6. Fϰ ^Gy (v.$)

7. Gy (6 v.tp)

8. Fʒ (2 ep.j)

9. Gʒ (5 ep.j)

10. (Fʒ ^Gʒ ) (8>9 ,>tp)

msitapay; Nghypfs; (Logical Fallacies)

msitapayhdJ nrk;ikahd rpe;jid tsu;r;rpf;F cjTtNjhL> gy;NtW Jiwfspd;

tsu;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahd Mokhd rpe;jid xOq;if Vw;gL;j;Jfpd;wJ. ,r;rpe;jidapy;

Vw;gLfpd;w jtWfis jtpu;j;J mjid rPu; nra;tjd; %yk; nka;awpT ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jw;F Nghyp gw;wp mwpT mtrpakhFk;.

msitapayhsu;fs; “Nghyp” vDk; nrhy;iy ifahSk; NghJ mJ VjhtnjhU jtwhd

a+fj;ijNah my;yJ Nghypahd ek;gpf;ifiaNah Fwpg;gplhky; xUtif khjpupj;

jtWfis (Typical errors) Fwpg;gpLtjhf nfhs;tu;. mjhtJ rhjhuz Ngr;R tof;fpy;

nghJthf vOfpd;w jtWk; mit njd;gLfpd;w thjq;fis Kw;whf xopj;J tpLfpd;w

jtWkhFk;. xt;nthU NghypAk; gpioahd thjj;jpd; xUtifahFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l

tif jtW njd;gLfpd;w xUthjk; me;j Nghypiag; Guptjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.

vdNtjhd; epahapj;jypy; cs;s xUjtNw “Nghyp” vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

epahag;gLj;jy; gpioahfg; Nghff; $ba mjpf topfs; cz;L. typjhdJ Nghyj;


13

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Njhd;Wfpd;w typjw;w thjq;fisNa ,t;thW $Wfpd;Nwhk;. cz;ikapy; vk;khy;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj typjw;w thjq;fs; typjhdJ Nghyj; Njhw;wkspg;gpd; mitNa

Nghypfs; vdg;gLk;. “thjq;fs; kdpju;fisg; Nghy mbf;fb Vkhw;Wk; jd;ik tha;e;jd”

vd gpNsl;Nlh $WtJk; mtjhdj;jpw;FupaJ.

Nghypfs; Mgj;jhdit Vnddpy; vq;fspy; mNefu; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

Kl;lhsf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. MfNt typjhdJ Nghyj; njd;glf; $ba Mdhy; Nrhjidapd;

NghJ mt;thW my;y vd ep&gzkhfpd;w thjj;jpd; xUtifahf Nghypia

tiutpyf;fzk; nra;fpd;Nwhk;. mit njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w NghJ

jtWfs; jtpu;f;fg;gl $bjhfTs;sjhy; ,e;j jtwhd thjq;fis Muha;e;J ed;ik

gaf;Fk; Kd;ndr;rupf;ifahf ,Ug;gJ Kw;ghJfhg;gpw;F rkkhFk;.

cz;ikapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l thjk; xU Nghypiag; Gupfpd;wjh? vd;gJ me;j thjj;jpy;

,lk; ngWfpd;w nrhw;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;w mu;j;jj;jpy;> fUj;jpNyNa

jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. thjq;fspy; vj;jid tif jtWfs;> Nghypfs; ,dq;fhzg;glyhk;?

KjyhtJ xOq;F Kiwikahd msitapayhsuhd mup];Nuhl;by; (The First

systematic Logician) gjpd;%d;W tifg; Nghypfis ,dq;fz;lhu;. mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy;

Ehw;Wf;Fkjpfkhd Nghypfisf; nfhz;l xUgl;bay; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJk;

ftdj;jpw;FupaJ. nghJthdJk; Vkhw;Wk; jd;id nfhz;lJkhd ju;f;fg; Nghyp

tbtq;fs; ,uz;L tifahf gpupj;J tpsf;fg;gLk;.

I. epakg;Nghyp

II. epakkpy; Nghyp

,g;Nghyp tbtq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ my;yJ mwpe;J nfhs;tJ epahag;gLj;jypy;

cs;s gpur;rpidf;Fupa jtWfisf; fz;Lgpbf;ff; $ba ty;yikia toq;Fk; vdyhk;.

epakg;Nghyp (Formal Fallacies)

msitapay; tpjpfs;> mikg;Gfs;> xOq;Ffs;> epakq;fs; kPWg;gLfpd;w NghJ

epfo;fpd;w ju;f;fj; jtNw epakg;Nghyp vdg;gLk;. vdNt thjj;jpdNjh vL$w;wpdNjh

fUj;jg;gw;wp Nehf;fhJ kPwg;gl;l tpjpfis kl;Lk; Nehf;FtJ epkag; NghypahFk;.

fPo;tUk; cjhuzq;fis Nehf;FNthk;@

fy;tp fw;w midtUk; nka;apayhsu; Mtu; - A

Gj;jpAs;s midtUk; nka;;apayhsu; Mtu; - A

/ Gj;jpAs;s midtUk; fy;tpfw;Nwhu; Mtu; - A


14

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

,q;F epakg;Nghypapy; cs;slq;Fk; mDkhdg; Nghyp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ Clf

mDkhdj;jpy; Jha mWjp epahaj;njhilapd; msT tpjpapd;gb> “eLg;gjk;

vL$w;Wf;fspy; Xuplj;jpyhtJ tpahg;jpaile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.” vDk; tpjpia kPwp

eLg;gj tpahg;jpailahg; Nghyp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Nj Nghd;W ehw;gjg; Nghyp> rhj;jpag;

gjj;jpd; Kiwaw;w Nghyp> gf;fg;gjj;jpd; Kiwaw;w Nghyp> ,U vjpu;kiw vL$w;Wg;

Nghyp> ,Ukiw vL$w;Wg;Nghyp> fhupa cld;ghl;Lg; Nghyp kw;Wk; fhupa kWg;Gg;

Nghypfs;> cwo;Tg; Nghyp kw;Wk; cld; mDkhdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gy;NtW tif

epakg;Nghyp tbtq;fisAk; khztu;fs; cjuzj;Jld; fhl;l KbAk;.

epakkpy;g; Nghypfs; (Informal fallacies)

epakg; Nghypfs; vkJ rhjhuz ciuahlypy; Vw;gLtJ tof;fk;. rhjhuz ciuahlypy;

epfOk; re;Njfk;> njsptpd;ik> rpf;fy;> nghUj;jkpd;dik Nghd;wtw;wpd; fhuzkhf

Vw;gLk; nghUs; rhu;e;j my;yJ fUj;j uPjpahd NghypfNs epakkpy;g; Nghypfs; vdg;gLk;.

vdNt thjj;jpd; mikg;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jhJ mjd; nghUspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;w

NghJ ahjhapDk; jtWfs; Gyg;gLkhapd; mq;F epakkpy; Nghyp vw;gl;Ls;sJ

vdf;fUjyhk;. epakkpy;g; Nghypfspd; fPo; gytPdkhd njhFj;jwpg; Nghypfs; (fhfjhypa

epahag;Nghyp> khf;fs; epahag;Nghyp> mwpahik epahag;Nghyp> Neuy; jlj;jy; Nghyp)

,lk;ngWtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,dp Kf;fpa epakkpy;g; Nghypfs; rpytw;iw

cjhuzq;fSld; Nehf;fyhk; :

1. KbT Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghyp ( Petitio Principii)

KbT Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghyp vd;gJ $wpaJ $wy; Nghyp tifiar; rhu;e;j njhFj;jwp

ju;f;fg; NghypahFk;. ,g;Nghyp vLg;Gf;fis Nghjpa Mjhukpd;wp ntspg;gil

cz;ikahff; fUjpf; nfhs;sy; vDk; nghUspy; tUfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb epWtg;gl

Ntz;ba vLg;nghd;W ep&gzkpd;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtNj KbT Nkw;nfhs;sy;

NghypahFk;. NkYk; ehk; tpUk;Gk; cz;ikfis my;yJ vkf;F gof;fkhd

cz;ikfis ntspg;gilahd cz;ikfs; vd kaq;FtjhYk; ,g;Nghyp Vw;;gLfpd;wJ.

Fiw vLg;NghL ,ize;j epiw vLg;G xd;wpid vJtpj Mjhukpd;wp

VW;Wf;nfhs;tjhYk; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. “mjpNtf g];tz;b xd;W ghupa tpgj;jpy; Guz;lJ. mJ mjpNtfkhf Xba

g];tz;bahf ,Ug;gjdhy; jhd;”

,q;F mjpNtf g];tz;b xd;W ghupa tpgj;jpy; Guz;lJ vd;w $w;W

ep&gpf;fg;glhky; mJ mjpNtfkhf Xba g];tz;b vd;w juitNa Kbthff;

fhl;bajhy; ,t;Tiu KbT Nkw;nfhs;sy; NghypahFk;.


15

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

II. nka;apayhsu;fs; Ez;zwpTs;stu;fs;. mtu;fs; mt;thwpy;yhtpl;lhy; mtu;fs;

nka;apayhsu;fs; my;y.

,q;F nka;apayhsu;fs; Ez;zwpTs;stu;fs; vd;w $w;W

ep&gpf;fg;glhky; jhd; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l Kbtpw;F Vw;g fhuzq;fis nfhLf;Fk;

NghJ KbTk; mjw;Nfw;w tifapy; thjkhf mike;jpUg;gjdhy; ,t;thwhd

Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa Nghyp tbtq;fis %d;whf Nehf;fyhk;@

i. Kbtpd; $WNkw;Nfhly; Nghyp

ii. rf;fu ep&gzg;Nghyp

iii. nghUe;j KbTg;Nghyp

i. Kbtpd; $WNkw;Nfhly; Nghyp (Fallacy of presumption)

,t;tifg;Nghyp vL$w;Wk; KbT $w;Wk; xd;whf miktjhy; Vw;gLtjhFk;.

mjhtJ vL$w;wpd; xU gFjpiaNa kPz;Lk; Kbthf Kd;itf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F

mDkhdj;jpd; Xu; mbNyNa Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ. vLj;Jfhl;lhf@

I. mgpd; kdpjid cwq;fr; nra;fpwJ Vnddpy; mjw;F epj;jpiua+l;Lk; Fzk;

cs;sjhy; vd;W $Wk; NghJk;>

II. kfpe;j rpe;jidapd; fPo; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l Xuhapuk; ghlrhiyfs; rl;lj;jpdhy;

vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfspYk; Nghjidapd; juk; caUkhdhy; ,J ehl;bd;

fy;tpapd; juj;ij cau;j;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ vd fy;tp mikr;ru;

thjpLk; NghJk; Kbtpd; $WNkw;Nfhly; Nghyp ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gij

mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

ii. rf;fu ep&gzg;Nghyp (Fallacy of Circle in reasoning)

KbT Nkw;Nfhsy; Nghypapd; gpupnjhU tbtkhd rf;fu ep&gzg;Nghypia Roy;

epahak;> tl;l tbtg;Nghyp vdTk; miog;gu;. vL$w;wpypUe;J vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

KbthdJ ,ilapy; ngupaNjh rpwpaNjh ,ilntsp tpl;l gpd;du; Kbthf

jug;gLk; NghJ ,g;Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ. jutpy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbthdJ ,ilapy;

NtW rpy thu;j;ijg; gpuNahfq;fspd; gpd; kPz;Lk; jutpy; $wpaNj Kbthff; $Wk;

KiwiaNa rf;fu ep&gzg;Nghyp vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

i. tpQ;Qhd Kiw vd;w ghlk; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; Kiwfis Muha;fpwJ.

tpQ;Qhd Kiwfs; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahdit. MfNt tpQ;Qhd Kiw

tpQ;Qhd uPjpahdJ.


16

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

ii. gads;sit mwpTs;sjhFk;. ,dpikahdit mwpTs;sjhFk;. mwpTs;sJ

,dpikahdJ. MfNt gaDs;sJ mwpTs;sJ jhd; vd mikAk; NghJ

Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

iii. nghUe;j KbTg;Nghyp (Fallacy of Irrelevant Conclusion)

ju;f;f uPjpahd Kbit vLf;Fk; NghJ ,g;Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ. Kbtpd; NghJ Neu;

gu];guj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L vjpu;kiw Vw;gLtjhf ,jpy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

Neuy; ngWif KiwapYk; nghUe;jh KbT gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

vL$w;WfSf;fpilNa njhlu;G ,Ug;gJ Nghy; ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy; ed;F

mtjhdpj;jhy; mJ nghUe;jh Kbthf mike;jpUf;Fk;. vL$w;Wf;Fk;

KbT$w;Wf;Fk; ,ilapy; ju;f;fg; nghUj;jkpy;yhj NghJ Vw;gLk; Nghypahf

,jidf; nfhs;tu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

cyfpy; Ntnwe;j ehl;ilAk; tpl ,yq;ifapy; jhd; mjpfstpyhd thfd

rhujp gapw;rpg; ghlrhiyfs; cs;sd. mjpfstpyhd tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs; elg;gJ

Ntnwe;j ehl;ilAk; tpl ,yq;ifapy; jhd;. MfNt tPjp tpgj;Jf;fis mfw;w

Ntz;Lkhapd; thfd rhujp gapw;rpg; ghlrhiyfis ehk; %btpl Ntz;Lk;.

Mf> xUtu; jhd; ep&gpf;f tpUk;Gtij cz;iknad vLj;Jf; nfhz;L jhd;

Kd;itf;Fk; vLNfhs;fs; nghUe;jh> nghUsw;w Kbitj; jUtjw;F ,t;tifg; Nghyp

fhuzkhFk;.

2. mwpahik epahag; Nghyp my;yJ tpfw;g KbTg;Nghyp (Ignoratio Elenchi)

epakkpy;g; Nghypfspd; fPo; ,lk;ngWfpd;w gytPdkhd njhFj;jwpTg; Nghyp tif

,JthFk;. mwpahik kdg;ghq;fpdhy; epahak; $w Ntz;ba tplaj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf

kaq;fp gpw tplak; gw;wp thjpLk; Nghnjy;yhk; mwpahik epahag; Nghyp Vw;gLk;. NkYk;

ve;j tplaj;ijg; gw;wp thjpl Ntz;LNkh mjw;F Gwk;ghdtw;iwg; gw;wp thjpLtJk;

xU $w;wpd; kWg;G epWtg;glhj epiyapypUe;J mjid Rl;bf;fhl;b mf;$w;wpd; tpjpg;ig

epWt Kay;tjhy; mwpahik epahag;Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jid tpfw;g KbT vdTk;

$Wtu;. ehk; vLf;Fk; KbT vJntd njspthf czu;e;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay;

,g;Nghyp Vw;gLk;. Vida tifg;Nghypfis tpl mwpahik epahaNghyp kpf

,yFthfTk; mjpfkhfTk; epfo;tjhFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. ngNuuh vd;gtd; fs;Nsh my;yJ rhuhaNkh my;yJ kJrhuk; fye;j

FbtiffisNah Fbg;gij vtUk; vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; fhztpy;iy vd;gjdhy;

epr;rakhf ngNuuh Fbfhudy;y.


17

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

ngNuuh Fbfhudy;y. vd;gij Muha;eJ tpjpg;gpid mwpahky; mtd;

Fbfhudy;y vd;w kWg;gpid epWt Kay;tjhy; mwpahik epahag;Nghyp

epfo;e;Js;sJ.

II. Gyd;fle;j fhl;rp xd;W ,Ug;gij ep&gpg;gjpy; ,Jtiu ahUNk ntw;wp

ngwtpy;iy. MfNt Gyd; fle;j fhl;rp vd;gJ xU fl;Lf;fij.

,t; ciuapy; Gyd; fle;j fhl;rp Fwpj;j kWg;ig mwpahky; mjd; tpjpg;ig

ep&g Kay;tjhy; Nghyp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

III. gy tUlq;fshf jpU.ngNuuhtplkpUe;J ve;jj; jfty;fSk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

Fiwe;j gl;rk; mtiur; re;jpj;j xUtiuahtJ ehk; re;jpf;ftpy;iy.

re;Njfkpd;wp mtu; ,we;J tpl;lhu;.

gy tUlq;fshf jpU.ngNuuhtplkpUe;J ve;jj; jfty;fSk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

mtiu re;jpj;j xUtiuahtJ ehk; re;jpf;ftpy;iy vd;w kWg;gpid mwpahky;

mtu; ,we;J tpl;lhu;. vd;w tpjpg;ig epWt Kay;tjhy; Vw;gLtJ mwpahik epakg;

NghypahFk;.

,k;%d;W ciug;gFjpfspYk; KbT njspthf ep&gpf;fg;gl;ljhf

vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. cz;ikapy; KbT Mjhuj;Jld; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gltpy;iy

vd;gijNa mwpahik epahag;Nghyp typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

I. Ms; epahag; Nghyp (Argumentum ad Hominem)

mwpahik epaha Nghypapd; gpupNjhu; tifahd Ms; epahag; NghypahdJ xUtuhy;

cUthf;fgl;l cz;ikia my;yJ nfhs;ifia rupahdNjh md;Nwy; jtwhdNjh

vd epidg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf $wpatiu gw;wp mtUila elj;ij> Fztpay;G> xOq;fPdk;

Mfpatw;iw Rl;bf;fhl;b mtUila $w;iw Vw;f kWg;gjhFk;. ,g;Nghypia ghku

kf;fspilNa> murpay;thjpfspilNa> ,yf;fpathjpfspilNa> rkathjpfspilNa

epfOk; thjq;fspYk; Nkilg;Ngr;Rf;fspYk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. NkYk; xUtUila

Ke;jpa fhy eltbf;iffis Rl;bf;fhl;b xU Kbtpw;F Vw;Gilajd;Nwh vd thjpLk;

NghJk; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. mur jug;G tof;fwpQu; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltd; Fw;wthspjhd; vd;gij epWtf;

fLikahf Kad;whu;. mur jug;G tof;fwpQu; vd;w tifapy; mtu; mt;thW

jhd; Kay;thu;. mjpy; Mr;rupag;gl xd;Wkpy;iy. vdNt mtuJ thjq;fis

cz;ikahit vd;W fUjj; Njitapy;iy.

II. xOf;fj;ijg; gw;wp Nghjfu; “X” $Wk; fUj;Jf;fis vk;khy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s

KbahJ. Vnddpy; mtu; rpWtu; J\;gpuNahfk; Fw;wj;ijg; Gupe;J tpl;L

jiykiwthf tho;gtu;.


18

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

III. ePl;Nr vd;gtupd; ,Ug;gpay;thjk; ngWkjpahdjy;y; Vnddpy; flTs; ,y;iy.

flTs; ,we;J tpl;lhu;. flTisf; nfhd;W tpl;Nlhk; vd mtu; $wpajd; %yk;

flTSf;F vjpuhd ghtf;fhuu;. ePl;Nrapd; ,Ug;gpay;thj rpe;jidfis fUj;jpw;

nfhs;shky; rka epiyikfis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mtUila rpe;jid

ngWkjpahdjy;y vdf; $w Kidtjhy; Nghyp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

II. khf;fs; epahag; Nghyp (Argumentum ad populum)

mwpahik epahag; Nghypapd; gpupNjhu; tifr; rhu;ej; gytPdkhd njhFj;jwpg;

NghypahFk;. ,jd;gb xU nfhs;if my;yJ fUj;ij Mjhuq;fSld; ep&gpf;fhJ

nrhw;fs; %yk; rhjhuz kf;fis czu;r;rptrg;gLj;jp mtu;fsJ Kw;Nfhl;lq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp jkJ fUj;ij my;yJ nfhs;ifia ep&gpf;f Kay;tNj khf;fs; epahag;

NghypahFk;. mjhtJ rhjuhz kf;fis kpifg;gLj;jpa nrhw;fs; %yk; jk;trg;gLj;jp

mtu;fspd; Mjuitf; nfhz;L xU epahaj;ij Kd;itj;jyhFk;.

I. ez;gNu! ftpQu; m\;u/g; rp`hg;jPdhy; vOjg;gl;l “xU Flk; jz;zPu;” vDk;

ehtiyj; jaT nra;J Kbe;jtiu tpiutpy; thrpAq;fs;. Vw;fdNt rpy Mapuk;

gpujpfs; tpw;W Kbe;Jtpl;ld. ,d;W mNefkhdf xt;nthUtUk; ,ijg;

gw;wpj;jhd; NgRfpd;wdu;.

II. lhu;tpdpd; gupzhkf; nfhs;ifia Vw;ff; $lhJ fhuzk; mJ ek; Kd;Ndhu;fis

Fuq;fpd; topte;jtu;fs; vd;W $WfpwJ.

,t;tpU ciufSk; jk;fUj;ij Mjuhq;fSld; vLj;Jf; fhl;lhky;

kf;fis jk;trg;gLj;jp jk;ik type;J epahag;gLj;Jtjhy; Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

III. mQ;Qhdg; Nghyp (Argumentum ad ignorantiam)

mwpahik epahag; Nghypapd; gpupnjhU tbtkhFk;. vt;tifapYk; ep&gpf;fg;glhj

$w;Wf;fis Nfl;gtu; jdJ mwpahik fhuzkhf ep&gpf;fg;gl;lit vd

ek;gpf;nfhz;L mtw;iw Vw;fr;nra;jNy mQ;Qhd epahag;NghypahFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

flw; fd;dpfs; ,y;iy vd ep&gpg;gJ fbdk;. Mifahy; flw;fd;dpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd

vd;W $Wk;NghJ ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ,J cz;ikapy; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l

$w;wd;W.

IV. nfsut epahag;Nghyp my;yJ gf;jp epahag;Nghyp ((Argumentum ad Vereccundiam)

,g;NghypAk; mwpahik epahag;Nghyp tifiar; rhu;e;jjhFk;. ghuk;gupak;> kuG

Mfpatw;wpd; Jiznfhz;L xUthjj;ij nka;apg;gpg;gjhy; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jd;


19

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

%yk; kjpg;gpw;Fupa Mjhuk; xd;iw fhl;b $w;iw Vw;fr; nra;tjhFk;. mjhtJ

kjpg;gpw;Fupa ngupatu; xUtu; mf;fUj;ij Mjhupf;fpd;whu; my;yJ vjpu;f;fpd;whu;

vd;gjd; %yk; thjj;ij nka;g;gpf;f Kay;tJ NghypahFk;. Xu; Mjhuj;jpd; ghy;

nfhz;Ls;s mjpfkhd kjpg;G my;yJ gf;jp fhuzkhf jug;gl;l Xu; vLg;gpw;F

MjuthfTk; vjpuhfTk; jug;gl;l thjj;jpid NrhjpahJ tpLk; kdg;ghd;ikapdhy;

Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j thjj;ij NkNyhu; $w;W epahak; (ipse dixit) vd;Wk; $Wtu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. gpNshl;Nlh> igjf;fu]; Nghd;w Gfo; ngw;w nka;apayhsu;fs; kWgpwg;gpid

ek;gpAs;sdu;. MfNt kWgpwg;gpYs;s cz;ikj; jd;ikapy; IaNkw;gl;l xU

epahakkpy;iy.

II. ePu; ,e;jf; nfhs;ifia> fUj;ij Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ ,e;j khw;wj;jpid

Mjupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; Nguhrpupau; kz;ilad; mjid Mjupf;fpd;whu;.

,e;j ,U ciug;gFjpfspYk; Fwpg;gpl;l egu;fis Mjhuj;jpd;ghy; nfhz;L

epahaj;ij Vw;fr; nra;tjdhy; Nghyp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. mjpfhug; Nghyp (Argumentum ad Authority )

Fwpj;j Jiw rhu;e;j mwpT> mDgtk; vJTkw;w xUtu; mj;Jiw gw;wp NgRk; NghJ

,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; Fwpj;j Jiwapy; tpN\lj;JtKs;stu;fspd;

fUj;Jf;fis mj;Jiw rhuhj xUtu; kWjypj;Jg; NgRk; NghJk; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gl

tha;g;Gz;L. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. cyf moF uhzp jdJ tapw;W Nehit ePf;Ftjw;F Digusi mps kUe;J

vLf;fpd;whs;. cyf moF uhzpf;F gytifahd tapw;W NehTfs; ,Uf;Fk;

vd;gJ re;Njfj;jpe;F ,lkw;w tplak;. vdNt Digusi mps jhd; tapw;W Nehtpw;F

rpwe;j kUe;J.

cyf moF uhzpia Nkw;nfhs;fhl;b tapw;W Nehtpw;F Digusi mps

kUe;ij rpghu;R nra;J NgRk; NghJ mjpfhug; Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ

cyf mofp rUkj;ij Ngh\pf;fTk; kpUJthfTk; tdg;ghfTk; itj;jpUg;gJ

Fwpj;j mDgtKilatNu jtpu kUj;Jt Jiwrhu; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wtuy;y.

II. Nguhrpupau; rf;jP\; gy tUlq;fshf Muha;r;rp nra;J njhy;nghUspay; Jiwf;F

Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfs; gytw;iw toq;fpa Gfo; ngw;w Gyikahsu;. MfNt

jiytypf;fhf kpfr; rpwe;jJ vd mtuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;s Vapo Rup

kUe;jpidg; gad;gLj;j ,UKiw Nahrpf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.


20

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Nguhrpupau; rf;jP\; njhy;nghUs;j; Jiwapy; gy Muha;r;rp nra;J Gfo; ngw;w

GyikahsNu jtpu jiytypf;fhd kUe;J gw;wpa epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wtuy;y.

MfNt Nguhrpupaiu jiytypf;fhd kUe;jpw;F Nkw;nfhs; fhl;bg;NgRk; NghJ

mjpfhug; Nghyp epfo;fpwJ.

4. fhfjhypag; Nghyp (Fallacy of post hocergo propeter hoc )

fhuz fhupag; Nghyp tifiar; rhu;e;j gytPdkhd njhFj;jwpg; Nghyp tbtq;fspy;

xd;whf ,jidf; nfhs;tu;. “,jdhy; ,J” vd thjpLk; Nghyp tbtk; vd;Wk;

Fwpg;gpLtu;. vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf my;yJ jw;nrayhf ele;j Kd; epfo;r;rp xd;iw

mLj;J ele;j gpd; epfo;r;rp xd;wpw;F fhuzk; vdf; $Wtjhy; Vw;gLk; Nghyp

fhfjhypag; NghypahFk;. mjhtJ jtwhd fhuzj;ij my;yJ fhuzkpy;yhj

fhuzj;ij $Wtjdhy; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. mtrug;gl;L epjhdj;ij ,oe;J

tpLtjhy; ngUk;ghYk; vkf;Fj; Njhd;Wk; Kw;fUj;ijNa tpsf;fkhff; nfhs;fpNwhk;.

,jdhNyNa ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. ghu;itahsu;fs; kQ;rs; njhg;gp mzpe;J eldk; Mbajdhy;jhd; fle;j ,U

khjq;fshf ele;j Nghl;bfspy; ,yq;if fpupf;nfw; mzp Njhy;tp fz;Ls;sJ.

mLj;J tUk; fhyj;jpyhtJ ,yq;if fpupf;nfw; mzpg;Nghl;bfspy;

Njhy;tpailtijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lkhapd; ghu;itahsu;fs; kQ;rs; njhg;gp

mzpe;J eldkhLtij iftpl Ntz;Lk;.

II. kioAld; vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhff; Nfl;l ,bNahir kio nga;af; fhuzkhFk;.

,q;F Kbtpw;Fk; Nkw;NfhSf;Fk; mjhtJ Fwpj;j epfo;r;rpf;Fk;

tpistpw;Fk; vJtpjj; njhlu;Gk; fhzg;glhj NghJk; njhlu;gpUg;gjhf thjpLk;

NghJ ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

5. jbab epahag; Nghyp (Argumentum ad baculum / Appeal to force)

,J mjpfhug; Nghyp tbtq;fspy; xd;W. xUtu; jdJ> jhd; rhu;e;j fl;rpapd;> FOtpd;>

,dj;jpd; nfhs;ifia my;yJ fUj;ij Mjhuj;Jld; nka;gpf;f Kbahj

re;ju;g;gj;jpy; jdj gyj;ijAk;> rf;jpiaAk; gad;gLj;jp NeubahfNth my;yJ

kiwKfkhNth mt;mgpg;gpuhaj;ij Vw;fr; nra;jNy jbab epahakhFk;. ,J

xUtdpd; rf;jpiaAk;> gyj;ijAk;> nry;thf;ifAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LNkad;wp thjj;jpd;

nrk;ikiaf; fhl;lhJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. ruj; ,d;W khiy cdJ irf;fpis vdf;Fj; jUtha; vd;W njupAk;. ,d;W eP

ghlrhiyf;F nry;ytpy;iy vd;gij cd; jha; mwptij eP tpUk;g khl;lha;.


21

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

II. ckJ epjp epiyikiaf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;lhy; ck;ik vkJ mikg;gpy; Nru;j;J

nfhs;SkhW MNyhriz $wj; Njhd;WfpwJ. cile;J nehUq;fpg; Nghd

ad;dy;> fjTfs;> tPl;Lj; jsghlq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; nehUq;fpg; Nghd thfdk;

Kjypatw;wpd; e\;lj;ijAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L ghu;j;jhy; vkJ mikg;gpy; ePu;

mq;fj;jtuhf Nruhky; ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gij ck;khy; ed;F czu KbAk;.

,q;F KbT Mjhuj;Jld; ep&gpf;f Kbahky; ,t;thwhd MNyhriz kw;Wk;

mr;RWj;jy; %yk; jdJ fUj;ij Vw;fr; nra;jy; jbabthjg; NghypahFk;.

6. mDjhg topg;Nghyp my;yJ gupT epahag;Nghyp (Argumentum ad misericordiam)

,J nghUe;jh KbTg;Nghyp tifiar; rhu;e;j njhFj;jwp jw;ju;f;fg; NghypahFk;.

,jid ,uf;fg; Nghyp vdTk; miog;gu;. xU thjj;jpy; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhf jtwhd

topapy; mDjhgj;ij ngw Kay;tNj mDjhg topg; NghypahFk;. mjhtJ thjp

mDjhgj;jpw;Fupa my;yJ ,uf;fj;jpw;Fupa Mjhuk; xd;iwf; fhl;b Kbnthd;wpw;Fr;

nry;fpd;w epiyapy; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLk;. ,g;NghypahdJ xUtu; ,d;ndhUtiu

vg;gbahtJ fhg;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd epidf;Fk; NghJ vOfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf @

I. nfsut rhghehafu; mtu;fNs! gpujk ePjpauru; fyhepjp rpuhzp gz;lhuehaf;f

kPjhd Fw;wg; gj;jpupf;ifia kPsg; ngw Ntz;Lk; . Vnddpy; mtu; ,yq;ifapd;

Kjw; ngz; gpujkepjpauru; mjpYk; $l mtu; rpwe;j jhAkhthu;. mj;Jld;

mtUf;F Foe;ijfSk; cz;L. NkYk; Z Gs;sp njhlu;ghf khzt r%fj;jpw;F

rpwe;j jPu;g;igf; nfhLj;jtuhthu;.

,e;j ciuapy; Fw;wk; nra;atpy;iy vd;gJ Mjhuj;Jld;

vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;glhky; gpujk ePjpauru; kPJ ,uf;f czu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;

mtu; kPjhd Fw;wg;gj;jpupifia kPsg;ngw Kay;tjdhy; ,g;Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

II. mjpgu; mtu;fNs! gl;bdp fplf;Fk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk;> tyJ Fiwe;j kidtpf;Fk;

VO gps;isfSf;Fk; cztspf;f Ntz;bapUg;gjdhy; rk;gs cau;tpw;F ehd;

jFjpahdtd;.

,t;Tiuapy; rk;gs cau;tpw;fhd epahakhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;fhky;

jd; FLk;g epiyiaf; $wp ,uf;f czu;it Vw;gLj;jp cau;tpw;F Kay;tjhy;

Nghyp epfo;fpwJ.

7. mrpj;jg; Nghyp (Fallacy of non sequitur)

,jid njhlu;gpd;ik epahak; vdTk; miog;gu;. mjhtJ KbT vL$w;Wf;fspypUe;J

ju;f;fKiwapy; ngwg;glhjjd; tpisthf epfo;tNj mrpj;jg;NghypahFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@


22

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

I. rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghf jdp mikr;Rk; ,Jtiu ,y;yhj rl;ljpl;lq;fSk;

,d;W fhzg;gbDk; $l rpWtu; ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk; ehSf;F ehs; mjpfupj;j

tz;zk; cs;sJ. MfNt rpWtu;fis ghypay; J\;gpuNahfj;jpypUe;J

ghJfhg;gjw;Fr; nra;a Ntz;baJ vd;dntdpy; mJ njhlu;ghf cs;s jdp

mikr;irAk; rl;ljpl;lq;fisAk; $Lkhdtiu mfw;wp tpLtNjahFk;.

rpWtu;fis ghJfhg;gjw;F cupa fhuzq;fisf; fz;L rpWtu; ghypay;

J\;gpuNahfj;jpypUe;J rpWtu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gf;

Fwpj;j jdp mikr;irAk; mjd; rl;ljpl;lq;fisAk; mfw;wp tpLtJ vd;gJ

ju;f;f uPjpahd KbT my;y. Mf> ,t; ciuapy; ju;f;f uPjpahf KbT

ngwg;glhjjhy; mrpj;jg; Nghyp epfo;e;Js;sJ.

II. f.ngh.j. rhjhuz juj;Nju;T ehbfs; mwpTs;stu;fs;. MfNt Nju;T ehbahd

ruj; mwpTs;stdhthd;.

,t; ciug;gFjpia gpupg;Gg; Nghypahf epidf;f

Ntz;bajpy;iy. ,J mrpj;jg;NghypNa. Vnddpy; KbTiu vL$w;Wf;F

khw;whfNtAs;sJ. KbTiuapy; ngau; Fwpg;gpl;l ‘ruj;’ vt;tif guPl;irf;Fupa

Nju;T ehb? vd;gJ milahsg;gLj;jg;glhjjhy; mrpj;jg; Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

8. jlj;jw; Nghyp (Fallacy of Accident)

nghJtthd tpjp my;yJ tplaq;fis mtjhdkpd;wp vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;

gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ ,t;thwhd Nghyp epfo;tijf; fhzyhk;. xU nghJthd tpjpia

mjw;F xg;ghd nghUj;jkhd rk;gtq;fSf;F gad;gLj;jhJ fUj;jpd;wp

nghUj;jkpy;yhj re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ ,j;jifa Nghyp epfOk;.

cjhuzkhf@ ahuhtJ xUtu; gpupnjhUtiu fj;jpahy; ntl;bdhy; mtu;

Fw;wthspahff; fUjg;gLthu;. rj;jpu rpfpr;irapd;NghJ itj;jpau; Nehahspapd;

mDkjpAld; mtupd; tapw;iw ntl;b rj;jpurpfpr;ir nra;jhYk; mtu;

Fw;wthspahthu;. vdf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

,jpy; ,uz;L tbtq;fs; cs;sd:

I. Neu; jlj;jw; Nghyp

II. kiw jlj;jw; Nghyp

i. Neu; jlj;jw; Nghyp (Direct fallacy of accident)

rhjhuz epiyikfspy; nghJthf cs;s ,ay;ig rpwg;ghd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

nghUe;Jk; vd; nfhs;tjhy; ,g;Nghyp epfOk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@


23

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

[dehaf murpy; Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk; murpay; ahg;gpd; %yk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

MfNt ,df;fytuj;jpw;F JhgkpLk; Ngr;Rf;fis ahNuDk; Ngrpdhy; mtiu

ifJ nra;tJ [dehaf Rje;jpuj;ij kPWtjhFk; vdg;NgRtJ Neu; jlj;jw;

NghypahFk;.

ii. kWjiy jlj;jw;Nghyp (Counter fallacy of accident)

rpwg;ghd rpy rkaq;fspy; kl;Lk; xU tplaj;jpw;Fs;s gz;gpid nghJthf

vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; nghUe;Jfpd;w gz;ghf fUJtjhy; my;yJ

fhl;Ltjhy; epfOk; NghypahFk;;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

cly; eykpd;wp ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ Nehahsp gLf;ifapy;

Xa;ntLg;gJ ey;yJ. vdNt vg;nghOk; gLf;ifapy; Xa;ntLj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gJ

cly; eyj;jpw;F ey;yJ vd;W tpthjpf;Fk; NghJ kWjiy jlj;jw; Nghyp

epfo;fpd;wJ.

9. gy;tphdg; Nghyp (Fallacy of Complex Question)

ePjp kd;wj;jpy; FWf;F tprhuizapd; NghJ rl;lj;juzpfs; ,g;Nghypia mjpfk;

gad;gLj;Jtu;. ,k;Kiwapy; KbTiu Vw;fdNt xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ

jhd; epiy epWj;j tpUk;Gk; cz;ikia my;yJ tpilia mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L

Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F ve;jtifapy; tpilaspg;gpDk; mJ Fw;wj;ij

xg;Gf;nfhs;sf; $bajhf mikAk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,g;Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. cdJ kidtpf;F mbg;gij ,g;NghJ tpl;L tpl;lhah?

II. eP Fbg;gij epWj;jp tpl;lhah?

,t;tpU Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; ‘Mk;’ vd;W gjpy; $wpdhy; mtd; Vw;fdNt kidtpf;F

mbg;gtdhfTk;> Fbfhudhf ,Ue;jtd; vd;gJk; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ‘,y;iy’

vd;why; mtd; ,d;Dk; kidtpf;F mbg;gtdhfTk;> Fbfhudhf ,Ug;gJk;

xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;epiy fhuzkhfNt Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

10. ,U nghUs;g;Nghypfs; (Fallacy of Ambiguity)

nkhopg; Nghypfshd ,it ,yf;fzj; njsptpd;ikapdhy; epfOk; nrhw;gjq;fis

jtwhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjhYk; xU nrhw;gjk; ,uz;L nghUspy; tUk;NghJk; epfOk;

Nghyp tbtq;fshFk;. ,jw;Fs; gpd;tUk; tbtq;fs; cs;slq;Fk;@

I. ftu; nghUl;ghl;Lg; Nghyp

II. ,ul;Lw nkhopjw; Nghyp


24

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

III. cr;rupg;Gg; Nghyp

IV. rKjhag; Nghyp

V. gpupg;Gg; Nghyp

I. ftu; nghUl;ghl;Lg; Nghyp (Falacy of Aequivocation)

epakg;Nghyp tbtq;fspy; xd;whfTk; ,jidf; nfhs;tu;. xU thj;jpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU nrhy; my;yJ ,U nrhw;fs; xd;wpy; NeubahfNth my;yJ

kiwKfkhfNth ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l mu;j;jq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; me;epiyapy; ftu; nghUl;ghl;Lg; Nghyp epfOk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

xU tpw;gidahsd; xU kdpjdhthd;. MfNt ey;ynjhU tpw;gidahsd; ey;ynjhU

kdpjdhthd; vDk;NghJ ,g;Nghyp epfo;fpwJ.

II. ,ul;Lw nkhopjw; Nghyp (Fallacy of Amphibolia)

thjj;jpd; ,yf;fz mikg;gpd; Fiwghl;lhy; ,yf;fz ,ul;LW cz;lhfp <ubapay;Gf;F

,lk; jUfpwJ. trd mikg;gpd; %yk; vOk; <ubapay;gpdhNyNa ,t;tifg;Nghyp

cz;lhfpwJ. cz;ikapy; Xu; vLg;gpw;Fj; jtwhf nghUs; nfhs;sNy ,ul;Lw nkhopjw;

NghypahFk;. Mifahs; ftu;nghUl;ghl;Lg; NghypfSf;Fk; ,ul;LW nkhopjw;

NghypfSf;Fk; mbg;gilapy; NtWghL vJTk; ,y;iynadyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

,yq;if Nkhl;lhu; jpizf;fsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;why; mq;F “jufu;fs; ftdk;” vd;gij

mwptpg;Gg; gyifapy; fhzyhk;. ,t;twptpg;G mq;F tUk; thbf;ifahsUf;fh? my;yJ

mq;F elkhbj; jpupAk; jufu;fSf;fh? ,t;twptpg;G ,UnghUs; nfhz;l thf;fpakhf

miktjhy; Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,q;F nrhw;gjj;jpw;Fr; rkkhd vz;zf;fU njspTk;

epu;zaKk; ,d;ikNa Nghypf;F fhuzkhFk;. ,J xU tO vdyhk;.

III. cr;rupg;Gg; Nghyp my;yJ mOj;jw; Nghyp (The Fallacia Accontus or Prosodiac)

Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,t;tifg; Nghypfs; Vw;gLtjhf mup];Nuhl;by; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

mjhtJ thu;j;ijfis cr;rupf;fpd;w tpjj;jhYk; Nghyp Vw;glyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf;

B.Nkhfd; jUk; ciuia Nehf;fyhk;@ ‘eP cd; may; tPl;lUf;F vjpuhf ngha;r;rhl;rpak;

nrhy;yhNj’ ,jpy; may; tPl;lhu; vd;gij mOj;jp cr;rupj;jhy; may; tPl;lhiuj; jtpu

kw;wtu;fSf;F vjpuhf ngha;r;rhl;rpak; $wyhk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. ‘eP’ vd;gij mOj;jp

cr;rupj;jhy; eP nrhy;yf; $lhJ kw;wtu;fs; nrhy;yyhk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. ‘vjpuhf’

vd;gij tw;GWj;jpdhy; “vjpuhfr; nrhy;yf; $lhJ” Mdhy; rhjfkhfr; nrhy;yyhk;


25

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

vd;W nghUs;gLk;. NkYk; xU $w;Wf;F cupj;jhd xypia ePf;fp mjidf; $Wk;NghJ

mOj;jw; Nghyp epfo;tjhf B.Nkhfd; $Wfpd;whu;.

IV. rKjhag; Nghyp (Fallacy of Composition)

ahNjDk; jdpaDf;Fupa my;yJ gFjpf;Fupa gz;Gfis jdpad; rhu;e;j tFg;G my;yJ

rKjha KOikf;Fupa gz;ghf nfhs;Sk; NghJ Vw;gLtNj rKjhag; NghypahFk;.

mjhtJ jdp xUtUf;Fupa my;yJ epfo;r;rp my;yJ nghUSf;Fupa gz;ig mjd; KO

tFg;gpd; kPJ Rkj;Jk; NghJk; mt;tFg;gpw;Fupa gz;ghf fUJk; NghJk; mjd;

mikg;gpy; cs;s jtwpdhy; Vw;gLk;. ,g;Nghypia mikg;Gg; Nghyp vdTk; miog;gu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. xU fhu; XLtjw;F Njitahd vupnghUisg; ghu;f;fpYk; xU nyhwp XLtjw;Fj;

Njitahd vupnghUs; msT mjpfkhFk;. MfNt ,yq;ifapy; nyhwpia tpl

kpff;Fiwthd vupnghUNs fhUf;fhf vupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vd;W $Wk;NghJ

,g;Nghyp vOfpd;wJ.

II. mT];jpNuypa fpupf;nfw; njhlupd; nghJ ,yq;if fpupf;nfw;j; jiytUk;

cgjiytUk; rpwg;ghf tpisahbdu;. MfNt mT];jpNuypaj; njhlupd; NghJ

,yq;if mzpNa rpwg;ghf tpisahbaJ vd mDkhdpg;gJ rKjhag;

NghypahFk;.

V. gpupg;Gg; Nghyp (Fallacy of Division)

xU r%fk; my;yJ xU tFg;G KOikf;Fk; nghJthd gz;gpid mjw;Fs; cs;s jdp

xU egUf;Fk; my;yJ jdpad; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; vd thjpLk; NghJ gpupg;Gg;

Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. ,e;j thfdk; kpfTk; ghukhdJ. MfNt ,e;j thfdj;jpd; xt;nthU ghfKk;

kpfTk; ghukhdjhFk;. ,q;F ,e;j thfdk; ghukhdJ vd;w KOikf;Fupa

gz;gpid mjd; xt;nthU ghfKk; kpfg;ghukhdJ vd jdp myfpw;Fupajhf

mDkhdpj;jpUg;gjhy; gpupg;Gg; Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

II. ePu; xUtdpd; jhfj;ij jPu;f;Fk;. ePu; i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; xl;rprdpd; $l;lkhFk;.

vdNt i`l;u[Dk; xl;rprDk; xUtdpd; jhfj;ijj; jPu;f;Fk;.

,e;j ciuapd; gb> ePu; vd;gJ i`l;u[d;> xl;rprd; vDk; ,U

%yfq;fspd; $l;lhFk;. ePu; jhfj;ij jPu;f;Fk; gz;G nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; ePupd;

%yfq;fshd i`l;u[Dk; xl;rprDk; jdpj;jdpahf jhfj;ijj; jPu;f;Fk; vd

Kbtpw;F tUk; NghJ gpupg;Gg; Nghyp epfo;fpwJ.


26

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

,e;jpa msitapaypy; mDkhdf; Nfhl;ghL

xU nghUis fz;L> fhzg;glhj mjDld; njhlh;Gila nghUis mwpjNy mDkhdk;.

jpd;dhfh; mDkhdj;jpid ,uz;lhfg; ghFghL nra;Js;shu;. mit>

1. Rthu;j;jDkhdk; (jd; nghUl;L mDkhdk;) - VJ> tpahg;jp> gf;~k;> rhj;ak;

VJ - kiyapy; Gif ,Ug;gjhy;

tpahg;jp - vq;F gif cz;Nlh mq;F jP cz;L

gf;~k;- kiyapy; jP cz;L

rhj;ak;- jP cz;L

2. guhu;j;jDkhdk; (gpwh; nghUl;L mDkhdk; ) - gf;;fk;> VJ> jpl;lhe;jk;> cgeak;> epfkd;

gf;fk; (gpujpf;iQ) - kiyapy; jP cs;sJ.

VJ – Vnddpy; mq;F Gif fhzg;gLfpwJ.

jpl;lhe;jk;- Gif vjpypUe;J te;jhYk; mq;F jP cs;sJ.

cgeak; - kiyapy; GifAld; jPAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

epfkdk; - MfNt kiyapy; jP cs;sJ

“vq;nfy;yhk; Gif ,Uf;fpwNjh mq;nfy;yhk; jP ,Uf;Fk; mg;gbg;gl;l xU Gif kiy Nky;

cs;sJ”. – stcherbatsky

[e;JWg;G epahaj;njhil

1. gf;fk;: (proposition, thesis) - kiyapy; jP cs;sJ

2. VJ (Reason) - Vnddpy; mq;F GifapUg;gjdhy;

3. jpl;lhe;jk; (Example) – Gif vjpypUe;J te;jhYk; mq;F jP cs;sJ.

4. cgeak; (application ) - ;kiyapy; GifAld; jPAKz;L

5. epfkdk; (conclusion) – MfNt kiyapy; jP cz;L


27

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

,e;jpa msitapaiyAk; mup];Nuhl;bypd; msitapaiyAk; xg;G Nehf;fpd;>

mup];Nuhl;bypa msitapay; ,U tbtq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mit ca;j;jwpTk; njhFj;jwpTk; MFk;. ,e;jpa msitapaypy; ,jpy; njspthd NtWghl;bidf; fhzKbahJ.

,e;jpa msiutapay; mjd; gd;gpy; epak msitapay; Kiwia mjpfk; jOtpAs;sJ. mup];Nuhl;bypd; msitapay; gd;kjpg;G jUf;fj;ij nfhz;lJ.

mup];Nuhl;bypd; msitapaiyg;Nghy ,e;jpa msitapay; ,Wf;fkhd tbtikg;igf; nfhz;ljy;y.

mup];Nuhl;bypd; msitapaiy tpl fPioj;Nja msitapay; mjpfsT mwpthuhl;r;rp mbg;gilia nfhz;ljhFk;.

,e;jpa msitapay; ,U mDkhdq;fisg; gw;wpa tpsf;fkhFk; mitahtd RthHj;j mDkhdk; kw;Wk; guHj;jDkhdkhFk;. ,e;j mDkhdq;fspd; VJtpypUe;J (rhd;W) rhj;jpaj;ij (KbT) mDkhdpf;fpd;Nwhk;. rhj;jpaj;jpypUe;J VJit mDkhdpg;gjpy;iy. mjdhy; KbT vg;NghJk; cld;ghlhd tifapy; ngwg;gLk;. Mdhy; mup];Nuhl;bypd; epahaj; njhilapy; vL$w;W xd;W Fiwahapd; KbTk; FiwahFk;> vL$w;W xd;W kiwapad; KbTk; kiwahFk; vDk; fpis kw;Wk; gpujhd tpjp mwpaj;jf;fjhFk;.

,e;jpa msitapaypy; thjj;jpd; KbT typjhdjAk; vspikahdjhAk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mup];Nuhl;bypd; jUf;fj;jpy; thjk; xd;wpd; KbT typjhjhdjhf kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;. Vnddpy; mup];Nlhl;bypd; Kf;$w;W epahaKiw thjj;jpd; mikg;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUj;jj;ijANk ftdj;jpw; nfhz;ljhFk;.

crhj;Jizfs;:

1. [kh`pu; gp. vk;.> (2013) etPd msitapay;> ejh ntspaPL> fz;b.

2. [kh`pu; gp. vk;.> (2016) msitapaYk; msitapay; Nfhl;ghLfSk;> ejh ntspaPL>

kUjKid.

3. N[k;]; nty;ld; kw;Wk; Nkhdfd;> V.Na.> (1967)> ,ilepiy msitapay;> ,yq;if

mur fUk nkhopj; jpizf;fsk;> nfhOk;G.

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