Central Middle East

Sarah Warren, Danielle Goren-Hill, Ethan Braun, and Emily

Rubenstein

•With the creation of Israel in 1947 Palestinians grew hatred for Israel.

•Palestinians and Arabs made a call for Israel to be destroyed.

•Palestinian Army attacks Israel from Jordan and Syrian

Palestinian Exile

oPalestinian Liberation Organization formed.

oYasser Arafat believed to be Anti-Semetic because of his hatred for Israel.

oAfter 1967, P.L.O. turns from conventional war fighting to terrorism.

o197 Olypmic Massacre, plan hijacking

oExpelled from Jordan in “Black September”

PLO And Yassir Arafat

Victims of violence.

IntifadaIntifada

o Palestinians frusterated at at lack of progress of PLO against Israel.

o Riots destroy property street riots breakout rocks thrown at Israeli Police in 1987-1993 (stoning)

o Palestinian-Israel agreement made in Oslo.

oHamas rejects Oslo, continues to fight on destruction of Israel. Oslo

Palestinian terrorism on Italian ship; American killed.

U.S. embassy bombed.

Intifada and Terrorism

Yassir Arafat is leader

No specific civil code

religious Islamic Ared

To become a full government in the future

Civil rights violations

Rivalry with Hamas

Palestinians divided. To fight, or to make peace?

Libya Punished for sponsoring terrorism

Pan Am terrorist bombing with 244 dead over Scotland.

Palestinian Authority In Palestine

Western InfluenceBritain used to have control of Jordan, called Transjordan.

Britain dropped control over this area.

Due to lack of natural resources Jordan is/was dependent on foreign aid.

King Hussein’s Reign

Came into power at a age 16 due to family difficulties.

Arab (Palestinian) – Western problems.

Threats and relations with the Arab nationalism.

1967 War

Hussein’s DeathHad a 46-year reign

Died at age 63 of Cancer on February 4, 1999

Were more than 40 kings [at the funeral], presidents, prime ministers, and other leaders,former leaders and other dignitaries. The largest gathering leaders since the funeral of Yitzhak Rabin

Hussein’s Son: The New King and Jordan’s Future

He is King Hussein’s son and his name is Abdullah.

He is 37 and is a novice when it comes to politics and he has little knowledge about international affairs.

He says he will continue the policies of his father.

Nasser: Arab MessiahRise and Power

In favor of Arab nationalism.

1956 war against England, France, and Israel.

Lost Arab unity, but won control over Suez canal.

Nasser becomes hero to Arab world.

Nasser’s Downfall

• Forms United Arab Emirates. Alley of Soviet Union, enemy of U.S.

• Wants to expel Israel and West from region.

• Defeated decisively in 1967 war with Israel, humiliated.

• Nasser dies on September 28, 1970.

• Arab world loses unity.

Anwar Sadat (1918-1981)

November 1979- Sadat signs Peace Treaty with Israel.

Becomes ally of United States.

Tourists pile into Egypt, Egyptians become associated with West.

1973- Yom Kippur War, victory for Sadat.

Arab pride restored.

*Loyal supporter of Sadat and 1973 war hero

*Continues Sadat’s pro-West policy, peace with Israel

*Worked effectively with Muslim extremists who threaten to overturn the government and kill him.

*Egypt threatened by overpopulation, poverty, and Islamic fundamentalism.

Mohammad Hosni Mubarak

Assad was born on October 6, 1930 to a family of respected Alawites.

In February of 1969 Assad is declared ruler of Syria.

Hafiz Assad also supports radical and violent Muslim groups that are based in Lebanon and Syria.

Political control has affected most aspects in his life.

Hafiz Assad-The Lion Of Damascus

Called Yom Kippur War because it started on Yom Kippur on October 6, 1973.

It was a surprise attack by Egypt and Syria against Israel.

The reason for the attack was for recapturing the territories lost in the 1967 War. ( Sinai by the Egyptians, and the Golan Heights by Syria)

It lasted for approximately three weeks

1973 War

Ancient Syria had many conquerors: Egypt (1500 BCE) and the Turks (1516 CE)

20th Century control vied for between French and English for Syria

Formed United Arab Republic with Egypt from 1959-1961

1961- Present a dictatorship under Hafiz Assad

1999 peace talks with Israel- want the return of Golan Heights (which were lost on 1967 war.)

Syria

Since May 1999 elections in Israel when Barak was elected as prime minister, renewed Israeli efforts brought about two recent important meeting with Syria

Both weere held near Washington D.C. in the presences of U.S President Cinton as facilitator

While the third round of meeting was postponed there is high hope that Israel and Syraai will sign a peace agreement after Israel gives back the Golan heights.

Current Peace Negotiations

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The Central Middle East Focus Group

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