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FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
Center for Remote Sensing and Computational Ecology
PREDICTION OF HYPERSPECTRAL IOPs ON THE WEST FLORIDA SHELF
W. Paul Bissett
Florida Environmental Research Institute
John J. Walsh, Dwight A. Dieterle, and Jason Jolliff
Department of Marine Science, University of South Florida
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
Contributors to the Presentation
• This work presented here is part of a larger program to predict Inherent and Apparent Optical Properties (IOPs and AOPs) in the coastal ocean (ONR HyCODE program) and the Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (ONR/NSF/NOAA/EPA ECOHAB).
• Field data provided by –– R. Arnone, Naval Research Laboratory-Stennis Space Center
– T. Hopkins & T. Sutton, University of South Florida
– G. Kirkpatrick, Mote Marine Laboratory
– S. Lohrenz, University of Southern Mississippi
– R. Weisberg, University of South Florida
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
Red Tides on the West Florida Shelf
Gymnodinium breve
Breve-toxin causes fish kills and respiratory ailments.
In 1996, an extended G. breve bloom was implicated in the deaths of 149 manatees off west coast of Florida.
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
West Florida Shelf (WFS)
ECOHAB Control Volume
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 1.0 Review
–four functional groups of phytoplankton
–heterotrophic and chemolithic bacteria
–two forms of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen
–spectral light (5 nm resolution)
–differential (non-redfield) carbon and nitrogen cycling
–grazing, sinking, and excretion
–particulate remineralization
–nitrification and nitrogen-fixation
–surface gas exchange
–colored dissolved organic carbon cycling
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Formulation
Pro-Chloro-coccus
Dino-flagellate
SedimentDetritus
PelagicDiatom
s
G. breveTricho-
desmium
CoastalDiatoms
Synecho-coccus
RelictDOM
PredatorClosure
LysedDOM
Iron NH4 NO3CO2
Air/SeaCO2
ExcretedDOM
Dust Physical Mixing and Advection
Light
Copepod Ciliates Hetero-Flagellet
Bacteria
Viruses
N2PO4 SiO4
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Formulation
• Transition from 1- to 3-dimensional coding.
• Addition of phosphorous, silica, and iron as limiting nutrients. – All POM and DOM state variables are independent, allowing for
“non-Redfield” stoichiometry.
• Addition of 3 new phytoplankton functional groups.– Coastal diatoms, coastal dinoflagellates, and G. breve.
• Living particulate detritus absorption addition to phytoplankton inherent optical properties (IOPs).
• New CDOM cycling dynamics.– Color is now conserved and assumed to be recalcitrant to bacterial
remediation.
• Bottom boundary claims all fluxing particulate material.– Sediment chlorophyll a can be as high as overlying waters.
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim Light Model
For each depth interval
light attenuationc(,t) = a(,t) + b(,t)
absorptiona(,t) = awater() + aphyto() + aCDOM() + ased() scatteringb(,t) = bwater() + bphyto() + bCDOM() + bsed() backscatteringbb(,t) = bb,water() + bb,phyto() + bb,CDOM() + bb,sed()geometric structure of lightd() = fxn[b(,t),c (,t), 0()] diffuse light attenuationd() = [a(,t) + bb(,t)]/d()]water leaving radiance to a satelliteLu() = fxn[a(,t),b(,t), bb(,t),Ed(,t), d(), d(u()]
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
West Florida Shelf (WFS)
ECOHAB Control Volume
Florida Middle Grounds
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
Aerial Photograph of TrichodesmiumSt. Petersburg Beach, FL July 7, 1995
Trichodesmium Bloom
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
Location of G. breve October 2000
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
Location of G. breve October 2000
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
Mooring Locations on WFSOcean Circulation Group (http://ocg6.marine.usf.edu/)
R. Weisberg USF
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
September 1998
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
October 1998
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
November 1998
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
December 1998
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
2-Dimensional Representation of WFS
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
34
34.5
35
35.5
36
Dep
th (
m)
A
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
10
20
30
40
oC
20
22
24
26
28
Dep
th (
m)
B
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
10
20
30
40
c(m-1)
1.42
1.548
1.679
Dep
th (
m)
Distance (km) from initial offshore deployment
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
C
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
10
20
30
40
High Resolution Sampler (HRS) T. Hopkins & T. Sutton (USF) September 22-23, 1998
FloridaEnvironmental
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Mote Marine EcoHAB CruiseG. Kirkpatrick September 22, 1998
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Nutrients (Day 270)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Phytoplankton Carbon (Day 270)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Chlorophyll a (Day 270)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim Phytoplankton C:N Ratio (Day 270)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Particulate and CDM Absorption412 and 487 nm (Day 270)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Absorption and Diffuse Attenuation412 and 487 nm (Day 270)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0Predicted Particulate
Absorption (Day 270)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
Wavelength(nm)
aph
(m
-1)
apig
TfapigStation A1
(mouth of Tampa Bay)
Measured Absorption aph()
S. Lohrenz (USM) October 1998
9 m, near-shore
Chl a = 1.34 mg m-3
2 m, near-shore
Chl a = 1.61 mg m-3
Chl a = 0.95 mg m-3
(>3 micron)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
Wavelength(nm)
aph
(m
-1)
apigTfapig
Station A11 Offshore (2.9 m)
EcoSim 2.0Predicted Particulate
Absorption (Day 270)
Measured Absorption aph()
S. Lohrenz (USM) October 1998
1 m, off-shore
Chl a = 0.18 mg m-3
3 m, off-shore
Chl a = 0.14 mg m-3
Chl a = 0.14 mg m-3 (>3 micron)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
Wavelength(nm)
aph
(m
-1)
apigTfapig
Station A11 Offshore (67.6 m)
EcoSim 2.0Predicted Particulate
Absorption (Day 270)
Measured Absorption aph()
S. Lohrenz (USM) October 1998
39 m, off-shore
Chl a = 0.46 mg m-3
68 m, off-shore
Chl a = 0.45 mg m-3
Chl a = 0.38 mg m-3
(>3 micron)
FloridaEnvironmental
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EcoHAB Process CruiseG. Kirkpatrick (MML) October 5 – 12, 1998
FloridaEnvironmental
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SeaWiFS Kd(490) CalculationOctober 6, 1998 B. Arnone (NRL-Stennis)
5.00
1.25
0.31
0.08
0.02
m-1
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
SeaWiFS (SeaBAM) Chlorophyll aOctober 6, 1998 B. Arnone (NRL-Stennis)
45.0
7.61
1.32
0.23
0.04
m-1
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Nutrients (Day 306)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Phytoplankton Carbon (Day 306)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Chlorophyll a (Day 306)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Absorption and Diffuse Attenuation412 and 487 nm (Day 306)
FloridaEnvironmental
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Mote Marine EcoHAB CruiseG. Kirkpatrick November 23, 1998
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Phytoplankton Carbon (Day 324)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Chlorophyll a (Day 324)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Absorption and Diffuse Attenuation412 and 487 nm (Day 324)
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoHAB Process CruiseG. Kirkpatrick November 16-19, 1998
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
EcoSim 2.0 Phytoplankton Carbon (Day 324)Reduced Grazing Pressure on G. breve
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
Summary
• EcoSim 2.0 appears to generate reasonable IOP predictions across the West Florida Shelf in 1998.– But freshwater fluxes are critical to near-shore predictions of IOPs.
– Reconstruction of phytoplankton absorption spectral from pigment specific absorption yields errors in the blue.
• G. breve populations are minimal at all times during the year, including Loop Current intrusions.– Only way to get G. breve bloom is to increase nutrients without Si
and reduce grazing.
– Nitrogen-fixation may yield excess N, but is phosphorous limited in shelf waters.
FloridaEnvironmental
ResearchInstitute
Movies
Nutrients
Phytoplankton Carbon
Chlorophyll a
Particulate and CDM Absorption
Total Absorption and Diffuse Attenuation