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Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
AN EVALUATION OF WILDLIFE CROSSINGS FOR MULE DEER AND OTHER WILDLIFE IN
NEVADA
Ivy Attah
Zong Z. Tian (PhD) Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
University of Nevada, Reno
Email: [email protected]
1
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Outline
Introduction Background Methods Results Conclusions
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Introduction
Observed high mortalities of mule deer along U.S Highway 93 in Elko County.
• During Spring and Autumn migrations.
75 - 150 known deer killed seasonally; estimated total of approximately 300 deer killed per year.
This lead to construction of several overpasses and underpasses to mitigate issue.
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Background Approximately 1.5 million deer-vehicle
collisions occur resulting in:
Over 29,000 human injuries, 200 human fatalities, 1.3 million deer fatalities, and over 1 billion dollars worth of property damage in the United States.
200,000 deer killed on U.S. roadways in deer vehicle collisions in 1980.
An estimate of more than 538,000 deer killed by vehicles in the United States in 1991.
In 2002, NDOT reported 698 collisions between large ungulates and motor vehicles throughout the state.
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Objectives
Evaluate the effectiveness of the US Highway 93 wildlife overpass in reducing DVCs by conducting: • A Before-After study on crash reductions• A Benefit-Cost Analysis
Analyze discrepancies with DVC data and Carcass removal data
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Deer Collisions by Month on US 93 of Wells, NV FOR 2000-2004
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Mortalities
Collisions
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Methods Overview
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Methods Overview Cont.
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Methods Overview Cont.
Benefit-Cost Estimate-• Purpose- To determine the economic justifiability of having
wildlife crossings at high deer vehicle locations.
• Quantifies and compares benefits and costs of a project to determine if it is a sound investment.
• Costs- Largely construction oriented in present terms (design, implementation, maintenance and removal efforts)
• Benefits- Distributed more uniformly over the life of the project.
• Includes savings accrued by reducing the number of crashes.• Effectiveness of mitigation measures in reducing collisions
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Case Study
Before-After Study
Treatment Group Comparison Group
Before (2001-2010) K=30 M =17
After (2011) L= 1 N = 2
thus a reduction in the expected number of crashes by 2.53.
ʎ = L
rc = N/M = 2/17 = 0.1176
π = rcK = 0.1176*30 = 3.528
δ = π- ʎ = 2.528,
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Crashes 0 4 0 1 8 2 6 4 2 3 30
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Case Study Cont.11
• E-B Method
)582.23
5066.0(*101
1
8232.0
30*)8232.01()582.23(*8232.0}/{ KkE 717.24}/{ KkE
SPFNEVADA = Cr*SPF
SPF = 0.02652×ADT^0.53, AMF=0.95
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Case Study Cont.
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
ADT 5060 5270 5350 5200 5200 5050 5500 5400 5200 5200
Accidents 0 4 0 1 8 2 6 4 2 3 30
μ year(mile-year)2.436 2.489 2.509 2.472 2.472 2.434 2.546 2.522 2.472 2.472 24.823
(μyear)*AMF2.314 2.365 2.384 2.348 2.348 2.312 2.419 2.396 2.348 2.348 23.582
Expected accidents/yr 9.988 10.206 10.288 10.134 10.134 9.978 10.440 10.339 10.134 10.134 101.774
Expected Annual Acc for Segment (μyear/∑μyear)
2.426 2.479 2.498 2.461 2.461 2.423 2.535 2.511 2.461 2.461 24.717
..ds 717.24)8232.01( 091.2
Thus, the expected accidents = 24.72 ± 2.09 accidents in 10yrs.
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Case Study Cont.
Benefit-Cost Analysis (i = 4%, n = 40 years)
CONSTRUCTION COST (CC)
Approximate cost of overpass $2,018,000
Backfill and Top Soil $112,085
Fencing and Vegetation $196,150
Maintenance Cost (annual) $3,363 Total Construction Cost $2,329,598.00
COST ASSOCIATED WITH DEER-VEHICLE COLLISIONS (DC, IC, FC)
Damage Cost (DC) (2011) $7,625.16
2003 Utah data adjusted to 2011 $1,941.32
Value of deer in Nevada (2011) $4,990.04
2011 value of hunters’ travel, food, lodging, equipment, etc. $693.81
Injury Cost (IC) (2011) $91,091.74
Fatality Cost (FC) (2011) $3,068,359.10 Total Collision Cost $3,174,701.00
Total $5,504,299.00
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
NPW = {(DC) (PD) + (IC) (PI) + (FC) (PF)} (N) (PWF) – {CC + (MC) (PWF)}
NPW = {7625.16 *0.9591 + 91,091.74*0.0407 + 3,068,359.10*0.0002} (10.4*3.5*0.90)*19.79– {2,329,598+3,363*19.79)
NPW= $5,146,665million
B/C ratio = 3.15
Case Study Cont.14
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Wildlife Crossings US 93 in Wells, Nevada
OverpassUnderpass
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Practical Results
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Conclusions
The Empirical Bayes method provides a more accurate estimate compared with other methods.
• Combines crash counts with knowledge about the safety of similar entities
• Corrects the regression-to-the-mean bias
A reduction of 17.6% crashes gives overpass some credibility of effectiveness
A B/C ratio of 3.15 proves that wildlife crossings are economically justifiable.
Center for Advanced Transportation Education and ResearchUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Student PaperIvy Attah
Thank You!Slow down
for Deer