Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Centec Competence
in Water Treatment
Overview about Water Purification
and Deaeration Technologies
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Usually, for water treatment, a complex regime of various technologies is necessary !
Sand filter and multi-layer filter for de-ironing and de-manganizing
Activated carbon filter for de-chlorination and removal of impurities
Ion exchanger for softening, and removal of positive and negative ions
Nanofiltration / Reverse Osmosis (RO) for partial and full demineralization
Products for Water Treatment
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Electro de-ionization (EDI) for highly purified water (HPW) production
Ultrafiltration for removal of endotoxin and pyrogens
WFI distillation for production of water for injection (WFI)
Water deaeration for removal of oxygen and other gases
The analysis of the raw water is essential in order to design the appropriate water treatment regime !
Products for Water Treatment
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
De-ironing and de-manganizing to meet the official requirements for iron and manganese in water
Continuous production with fully automated aeration and optional back flushing
Capacity from 1 m³/h up to 500 m³/h
Sand Filter and Multi-Layer Filter
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
De-Ironing and De-Manganizing - Example
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Activated carbon is a form of carbon with a large number of small pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reaction
One gram of activated carbon has a surface area of 500 to 2.000 m2
The bigger the surface the more contaminants
can be absorbed
Chemical treatment of activated carbon often enhances adsorption properties
Activated carbon is produced from carbonaceous source materials such as coal, nutshells, coconut husk
Activated Carbon Filter
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Activated Carbon Filter
Activated carbon filters remove completely all coarse and fine impurities by chemical adsorption
Pollutant molecules in the fluid to be treated are trapped inside the pore structure of the carbon substrate
Typical particle sizes that can be removed by carbon filters range from 0.5 to 50 micrometres
Carbon filters are highly effective at removing chlorine, fluoride, sediment, herbicides and pesticides from water
They improve taste and odor
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
The hardness of the water is caused by ions of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
These minerals and ions are responsible for limescale in pipework and units
Systems for water softening reduce the hardness of the water
They replace the ions in the water by ions loosely bound to the ion exchange resin
Once all ions of the resin are replaced, the resin is exhausted and needs to be regenerated
Ion Exchanger
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Regeneration of water softerens is done with brine, a solution of sodium chloride (NaCl); for brackish water hydrochloric acid (HCl) and caustic soda (NaOH) are used
The brine is stored in a small vessel and dosed through a venturi nozzle into the softener tank
For fully automated regeneration, a flow counter permanently monitors the hardness of the raw water
The PLC system of the softener controls the regeneration cycles without need for an operator
Ion Exchanger
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Osmosis is a natural phenomenon which forces water to pass a semipermeable membrane from the side of lower concentration of salt to the side of higher concentration
This process continues until equilibrium is reached, i.e. the same concentration of salt
Once equilibrium is reached, the osmotic pressure on both sides is the same
Nanofiltration / Reverse Osmosis (RO)
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Nanofiltration / Reverse Osmosis (RO)
For RO, an external pressure has to be applied
This pressure needs to be higher than the natural osmotic pressure
As a result of this external pressure, water and salt can be separated
Reverse osmosis provides the basis for complete demineralization of water
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
EDI is an electrochemical polisher step downstream to a reverse osmosis system leading to highly purified water (HPW)
This technology utilizes electrodes to ionize water molecules and separate dissolved ions from water
The compartments of an EDI unit are filled with ion-exchange resins; they allow that the ions in the water are transported and cross the ion exchange membranes to be separated from the purified water
Water treated by EDI can be de-mineralized to reach a conductivity of 0,06 µS/cm; pyrogen-free water is produced by ultrafiltration
Electro De-ionization (EDI)
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Electro De-ionization - Example
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Water for Injection (WFI) is required to manufacture parenteral drugs
The unit consists of several distillation columns producing pyrogen-free steam
Each column is heated by steam produced in the previous one; for the first column plant steam is used for heating
The steam condenses into WFI and is further processed
WFI Distillation
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Softener and UV Lamp
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Reverse Osmosis with Fine Filter and SIP
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Electro De-ionization and Ultrafiltration
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
WFI Distillation
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
WFI Manufacturing Unit
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
WFI Manufacturing Unit
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
WFI Loop Buffer Tank
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Centec DeGaS deaeration units contain
structured packings
They can be designed as cold water deaerator or as a hot water deaerator
Column Water Deaeration DeGaS
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
Structured packings typically consist of thin corrugated metal plates arranged in a way that they force liquids to take multiple paths through the column when rinsing top-down
Thereby, a large surface area for contact between water and gas phases is created
The water passes the column in counter current to the strip gas CO2
The stripped O2 and the undissolved CO2 are removed by a separator at the column top
A discharge pump forwards the water from the bottom of the column to the DAW process
Column Water Deaeration DeGaS
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
The Centec membrane deaeration system DGS is a modular water deaerator utilizing hydrophobic, hollow fibre membrane technology
The use of these highly efficient membrane contactors results in very low residual oxygen values
A minimum of energy and strip gas (CO2 or N2) is consumed by the DDS unit
Membrane deaeration requires extremely low operating costs
Membrane Water Deaeration DGS
© Copyright 2013. All rights reserved. www.centec.de
A compact bundle of hollow fibres maximizes the surface for the gas exchange between the water and the vacuum strip gas mixture inside the fibres
The membranes offer compact and flexible operation with the ability to increase capacity as water needs increases
Membrane Water Deaeration DGS