CEN/TC304 N932 Source: Secretariat Date · CEN/TC304 N932 Source: Secretariat Date: 15 Dec 1999 Title: European Fallback Rules, ballot Mailed: 15 Dec 1999 Status: TC-enquiry: DEADLINE

CEN/TC304 N932Source: SecretariatDate: 15 Dec 1999Title: European Fallback Rules, ballotMailed: 15 Dec 1999Status: TC-enquiry: DEADLINE 1st March 2000

Action required: Respond before 1 March 2000*Notes:This is a TC-enquiry, to establish the suitability of N932 to be sent forFormal vote as prENV. National member body officers, responsible forCEN/TC304 issues are asked to fill in this form and send it to theTC-secretariat before 1 March 2000.

Comments in any form will be forwarded to the CEN/TC 304 Project Team ofEuropean Fallback Rules. The PT will before the next plenary of TC304 inApril 2000 produce a disposition of comments and a revised draft. The PTwill produce a disposition of comments and plans to ask the TC304 plenary inNovember to approve a revised draft to be sent for Formal Vote.Comments from affiliated members of CEN and liaisons are welcome and will beconsidered.

Country:______________________________

Approves without comments ___

Approves with comments ___

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Signature_____________________________________(National Member Body officer)

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EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD DRAFTPRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE prENV_____EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM

ICS: 35.040

Descriptors: Data processing, information interchange, text processing, text communication, graphic characters,character sets, representation of characters, coded character sets, conversion, fallback

English version

Information TechnologyEuropean fallback rules

This draft ENV is submitted to CEN members for Formal Vote. It has been drawn up by theTechnical Committee CEN/TC 304.

This draft ENV was prepared by CEN in one off icial version (English). A version in anotherlanguage made by translation under the responsibilit y of a CEN member into its own language andnotified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the off icial version.

CEN members are the national bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, and United Kingdom.

CEN

European Committee for StandardisationComité Européen de NormalisationEuropäisches Komite für Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36,B-1050 Brussels

© CEN 1999 Copyright reserved to all CEN membersRef.No. ENV_____:1999

Technologies de l'information-Character repertoire and coding transformations:European fallback rules - Nº 1

Informations technologiesCharacter repertoire and coding transformations:European fallback rules - Nº 1

This page has been left intentionally blank.

Contents

Foreword .............................................................................................................................................40. Introduction.................................................................................................................................5

0.1 Rationale for the standard provision of fallback rules.............................................................50.2 Basic concepts.........................................................................................................................60.2 Requirements...........................................................................................................................60.3 Satisfying the requirements.....................................................................................................7

1. Scope and field of application.....................................................................................................71.1 Scope.......................................................................................................................................71.2 Field of application..................................................................................................................7

2. Normative references...................................................................................................................73. Definitions and abbreviations......................................................................................................8

3.1 Basic definitions......................................................................................................................83.2 Other definitions........................................................................................................................83.2 Abbreviations............................................................................................................................9

4. Conformance...................................................................................................................................95. Fallback rules specification.............................................................................................................9

5.1 Specification of the general fallback rules................................................................................9ANNEX 1. (Normative) The list of fallback specification per character ...........................................9

Table I GENERAL FALLBACK TABLE ............................................................................9ANNEX II (Informative) EXAMPLES OF TEXT IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES PRESENTEDWITH FALLBACKS FROM TABLE IANNEX III (Informative) Notes on fallback for Latin, Greek and Cyrilli c charactersANNEX IV (Informative) Bibliography...............................................................................................

Foreword

This ENV was prepared by CEN/TC304 European Localisation Requirements. It was approved inthe month of_____ 1999. No other organisation than CEN took part in the preparation of thisdocument.

This European Standard is intended to facilit ate cross border communications and data exchangeand to ensure that European cultural requirements are safeguarded in the increasinglyinterconnected world of today. It provides rules for fallback for multili ngual European texts into theinvariant set of ISO/IEC 646. These rules come into effect if data from different languages must berepresented by equipment and systems which do not support the presentation of all the characters inthe different language repertoires.

This European Standard does not intend to influence, let alone substitute itself for, nationalstandards or customs in this field. Nevertheless, national standards have the opportunity to adaptthis European Standard by declaring a formalized set of deviation rules (»delta«) if they so wish.

This document does not cancel or replace another standard.

There is no known identical national standard in Europe.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Common Rules the following countries are bound to announcethe existence of this ENV: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland,Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, andUnited Kingdom.

0. Introduction

0.1 Rationale for the standard provision of fallback rules

Users who are trying to write text in a language which is not their mother language often wish towrite that text using a character repertoire which does not contain all the letters needed for thatlanguage, especially those with diacriti c marks. A standard method of character substitution wouldbe useful for such users.

In spite of the computers being able to process larger repertoires of graphic characters than everbefore, there are cases where it is not possible to render all the characters of a processing repertoireon an output device. In these cases, not all the characters in a processing repertoire are available inan output repertoire. In order to cater for these situations, a widely applicable standard method ofcharacter substitution (fallback) is required which will allow an approximate rendition to be madeof the unsupported characters of the processing repertoire for output and rendition.

Examples of key applications are:

a) a multili ngual information service offered across Europe where personal or business documents come from different countries and are presented in a standardised rendition using MES 2 characters and which cannot be properly represented by the information service; and

b) search engines in the World Wide Web which make use of "fuzzy" search techniques based onthe use of search terms which have diacritical marks removed and make use of commonsubstitutions for less frequently used letters of the Latin alphabet. Examples of the latter are -eth (ð), thorn (Þ), æ, œ and the German sharp s (ß)

The provision of single fallback rules with a collection of fallback representations for MES 2 willenable the services to be improved and the applications easier for use by the human end user. Astandard set of substitutions would be useful for such applications in order to avoid confusion. Thesame applies for the other two scripts represented by MES-2, Cyrilli c and Greek.

The justification for preparing an ENV for these purposes is that the concept of representing thecharacters without diacriti cal marks is not useful for scripts originating outside Europe.Furthermore, Standardisation bodies of Europe that may wish to specify National schemes forfallback may modify the scheme given in this ENV for a limited set of characters and promulgatenational standards for fallbacks. Greek and Cyrilli c fallback representation specified in this ENVshould be used with caution since transliteration into various Latin script languages depends on thetarget language. Local standards or local best practice should be referenced where they exist.

The European standard fallback specification can be used as a default in all relevant situations. Itcan be used as the basis for national standards with local preferences being used for specificsubstitutions defined by particular nation. It is expected that national standards for fallback will beregistered in the international cultural registry as part of national locales. Well known localsolutions will also be documented in addition to the default values.

0.2 Basic concepts

This standard specifies how a source stream of coded characters from a processing repertoire isrepresented in a target stream of an output repertoire. The worst case that is covered by thesubstitutions defined in this standard is where the processing repertoire is MES-2 and the outputrepertoire is the invariant repertoire of ISO/IEC 646. The coding of the processing repertoire andthe coding of the output repertoire are outside the scope of this standard.

Characters in the source stream which occur in the output repertoire are transferred directly to thetarget stream without substitution. Characters in the source stream which do not occur in the outputrepertoire are subject to substitution.

There are two types of substitution. In the first type, the target characters are represented in a waythat disables the reverse transformation of the target stream to the source stream because of loss ofinformation. A very common example of this type of presentation is when the Latin small l etter eacute (é) is presented by Latin small l etter e (e). This type of substitution when a letter withdiacritical mark is represented with the same character but without diacriti cal mark is known asaccent dropping The second type of presentation introduces special symbols that preserve theinformation about the original graphical symbol enabling transformation of the character stream tothe original encoding. An example of this is the use of the SGML symbols (e.g. &eacute in thecase above). This type of substitution is outside the scope of this standard.

The substitution with loss of information can have more forms, but two main classes are alwaysrecognised as basic:

-one-to-many when one graphical character of the source stream is substituted with more than onegraphical character from the output repertoire in the target stream. An example of this type ofpresentation is Latin capital letter Æ presented as AE. This class is recommended for general use.

-one-to-one when one graphical character of the source stream is substituted with one graphicalcharacter of the output repertoire in the target stream. This type of presentation is required inapplications were the number of characters in the data entries or fields (e.g. in data bases orapplication forms) is fixed. The accent dropping is a type of one to one substitution. It isanticipated that this class will have minority application and should be discouraged, only to beused when there are strong technical reason for doing so.

0.3 Requirements

It is desirable that a standard fallback specification have a very large field of application so that itmay be used across a wide range of platforms. To achieve this, a fallback specification is neededfor a processing repertoire which is a superset of a large proportion of existing processingrepertoires. Also, a fallback repertoire is needed which is a subset of a large proportion of existingoutput repertoires.

The characters contained in the collection Multili ngual European Subset No.2 (MES-2) specified inISO/IEC 10646, have a wide usage across Europe. In many cases, MES-2 will become theprocessing repertoire of choice. MES-2 is a large repertoire for which there will be a need for afallback specification.

0.4 Satisfying the requirements

MES-2 has been designed to be a superset of a wide range of processing repertoires for commercialand administrative applications in off ice environments across the EEA.

It is a valid assumption that the minimum output repertoire that is implemented in computersystems is the invariant repertoire of ISO/IEC 646. Therefore a substitution with one or morecharacters from the invariant repertoire of ISO/IEC 646 will always be able to be rendered on anoutput device. The invariant repertoire of ISO/IEC 646 does not have letters with diacriti c marksnor letters from national alphabets used in Europe.

This standard satisfies the requirements by providing a fallback specification which can representeach character of MES-2 with one or more characters of the invariant repertoire of ISO/IEC 646.

1. Scope and field of application

1.1 Scope

This standard specifies the representation of the characters of the collection Multili ngual EuropeanSubset No.2 (MES 2) with the characters from the repertoire of the invariant part of ISO/IEC 646(83 graphic characters). Where a character of MES-2 is not available in the invariant set ofISO/IEC 646, a fallback representation for rendering is specified.

1.2 Field of application

The fallback rules given here are only intended for data in more than one European language, i.e.for use in pan-European applications. They are not meant to influence, let alone replace existingnational standards or practices.

2. Normative references

2.1 ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993, Information technology-Universal Multiple-Octet Coded CharacterSet (UCS)-Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane.

2.2 ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993/Cor.1:1996, Information technology-Universal Multiple-Octet CodedCharacter Set (UCS)-Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane, Technical Corrigendum 1.

2.3 ISO/IEC 646:1991, Information technology - ISO 7-bit coded character set for informationinterchange.

3. Definitions and abbreviations

3.1 Basic definitions

For the purposes of this standard the basic definitions of ISO/IEC 10646-1 section 4 apply. Thefollowing are reproduced here for ease of reference:

3.1.1 character: A member of a set of elements used for organisation, control, or representation ofdata.

3.1.2 coded character: A character together with its coded representation.

3.1.3 coded character set: A set of unambiguous rules that establishes a character set and therelationship between the characters of the set and their coded representation.

3.1.4 repertoire: A specified set of characters that are represented in a coded character set

3.1.5 presentation: To present: the process of writing, printing, or displaying of a graphic symbol.

3.1.6 graphic symbol: The visual representation of a graphic character or of a composite sequence.

3.1.7 graphic character: A character, other than a control function, that has a visual representation,normally hand-written, printed, or displayed.

3.2 Other definitions

Also, the following definitions apply:

3.2.1 diacritical mark: Any of a number of recurring graphical structures placed over, under, nextto, or through a basic letter which does not significantly modify the shape of the basic letter itselfand which in combination with that basic letter is a graphic character of the identified repertoire ofMES-2.

3.2.2 letter with diacritical mark: A letter which is constructed as the combination of a basic letterand a diacriti cal mark.

3.2.3 basic letter: a letter that is one of the letters of the repertoire of the IRV of ISO 646.

3.2.4 character stream: A series of coded characters in sequence, sometimes referenced as a stream.

3.2.5 character classification: The characters of the repertoire characters are classified into letters,digits and special characters.

3.2.6 processing repertoire: This is the repertoire used by an application for processing characterbased information.

3.2.7 output repertoire: This the repertoire used by a computer system for external representation ofcharacter based information.

3.2 Abbreviations

The following abbreviations apply:

3.2.1 MES-2: Multili ngual European Subset No. 2

4. Conformance

A claim of conformance to this standard during a fallback operation implies representing thecharacters of MES-2 (as specified in Table 1 columns 1-3) by the characters of the InvariantSubset of ISO/IEC 646 (as specified in Table 1, column 4).

The fallbacks used in Table 1, column 5 should only be used where no other fallback is possible.

5. Fallback rules specification

5.1 Specification of the general fallback rules

This standard provides two mappings for substitution. The first mapping is one to many (1:many) and the second is one to one (1:0) fallback for characters outside of the ISO/IEC 646Invariant Subset. The one-to-one mapping should be avoided, and used only when technicaldiff iculties prevent the use of the one-to-many fallback.

Common practice is used as the basis for determining fallbacks, where possible. Both fallbackmethods drop accents (diacriti cal marks). Common practice in several European countries leads tofallbacks to digraphs for several accented and modified vowels used in Nordic countries and inGerman-speaking countries (aa, ae, oe, ue, etc). One character may default to several characters,especially in the case of symbols, where fallbacks are sometimes based on the name of thecharacter.

Fallbacks for the letters of the Greek and Cyrilli c alphabets are based on the internationalromanisation standards ISO 843 and ISO 9 where possible, amended where necessary to allowfallbacks to be limited to the Invariant Subset of ISO/IEC 646.

ANNEX 1. (Normative) The list of fallback specification per character

Table I GENERAL FALLBACK TABLE

Column 1 contains the ISO/IEC 10646-1 code for the source characterColumn 2 contains a glyphColumn 3 contains the ISO/IEC 10646-1 character nameColumn 4 contains a glyph or glyphs for the one-to-many fallbackColumn 5 contains a glyph for the one-to-one fallback

ANNEX II . (Informative)

Examples of fallback representation of text in different languages and scripts

Multili ngual original text

Notre ancienne langue est le fondement de notre héritage culturel et spirituel sans lequel nous nepourrions exister de la façon prévue par notre Créateur.L’éducation est la transmission de la cultureet des valeurs; parconséquent, nous déclarons que l’éducation de la langue ancienne sera le moyende transmission de la de l’héritage spirituel et culturel.

In alten, alten Zeiten, als die Menschen nochin ganz anderen Sprachen redeten, gab es in denwarmen Ländern schongroße und prächtige Städte. Da erhoben sich die Paläste derKönige undKaiser, da gab es breite Straßen, enge Gassen und winkelige Gäßchen, da standen herrliche Tempelmit goldenen undmarmornen Götterstatuen, da gab es bunte Märkte, wo Waren aus allerHerrenLänder feilgeboten wurden, und weite schöne Plätze, wo dieLeute sich versammelten, umNeuigkeiten zu besprechen und Reden zu halten oder anzuhören. Und vor allem gab es dortgroßeTheater.

Internet je tehnološki in ��

beni fenomen devedesetih let. O Internetu se povsod govori in piše.Nekateri opisujejo Internet kot pojav novega obdobja v razvoju

��in jo imenujejo globalna

informacijska ��

ali bolj �� informacijska infrastruktura te ��

Poenostavljenoinformacijska

��je globalna širokopasovna komunikacijska infrastruktura in storitve za

� � � � �� podjetja, ustanove in vse ostale subjekte svetovnega gospodarstva.

Kroz projekt Hrvatske akademske i �� ! #"$�%�� e CARnet i Klinike za bolesti srca i krvnih� ��& � Medicinskog fakulteta po prvi put u kardioloskoj praksi biti ' izvršenoudaljeno podešavanjeelektrostimulatora srca na bolesniku putem Interneta. ()��+* �, ovakve prakse u -�� ., medicine /0 � �0� niz prednosti za bolesnike sa

��12�%� * �� " elektrostimulatorom 34#57698;:=< >�?�@BA0CB5!D�E�FG;HJILK�@�>MK�@5�H � @5!N!OPK�QRK�FFG;HSFT5VU�5!N�K

WYX O[ZT5�F?�?]\^D�>�?_IL`�abK!D�K W+X OcUBK�N>�N!?OP5�F?�dfe X Z X D�F?�A�K�D�E2F X+ghX Z�D�5!A�Gi> W D�j#k�K�FT5l> X N!O XMm F X I!A�En?TI�Z X D�E�N X >M5�F?BdpoTq)osr ��t 5LI�u$?�@K�F?TKv 5 g D X > � ?_I�Z X D�EwNxCBK�O X KyeYD+d X U2@5LU X A W ?zoTqfo �p{ X+W CMOPK�F�A25�|?�dVZ X o}q)osr~?�e+@BCM��?O�I�@K�e�I!A�>M5WWW

Z�@ X �x@5�O^O[?�@ X >+5�F?�d�e X I!ALCMZFT5�ALC2A �~� >M5 m 5LK�O[G�K�� X D�E�N X >M5!A�K�D�? ! 4#KLI�O X A�@Yd$FT5)>2>+K!eK�F?TK>�� X I W >+K�I��?jpD+d~��Y�Y�l� X e�5��B��.F X � X FT5�D X �L5�I�Z�@ X e�5 m , WYX O[ZT5�F?Bd�\^��69�f89`�a�:=��:��Z�@�?�F�d2D�5P@K�uRK�F?TK#�nFTK9Z X >2G�u�5!AwEpI�> X ?$A25�@�? v GiFT59>MILK9>2?�e�G�CYI!DYC��

� W 5 X u�A X I�>M5 W 5�UB5 jka jeDYA�K#Z X kB?�pK K�> X ?¡O ?£¢�K�O X Z X k�K!Aw?�5 W 5 WYX ¢�K�ILKpN�5�>L@�u ?�A�?¤N�5�>�?TI�? X eFT5�u�KVZB@B¥ 5�>MKfOP5�u�A�K � 4�K W 5�e�5)e�5�>�F XRm ?>MK!D�?¡I!CR�f>2?|T5p?¦�i5x@�?|T5VC��CYI!A Xx§ u�C+O[? � �iK!MC2A�?OiC?TI�A Xx§ u�C+O[? § K m ?>MK!D�5�I!A�5x@59>+K�u�A�?�|T5 �

©�ª�«;¬P�®�Mª�®±°B²0³;°_�²0µ²�¶fª�®�¶$·Y�°�®¹�º �ª�ºf²L �»Bw®¼Y½=¾�¿M¶w»�²LÀRÁB¶2Â�!ÃÄ»�Y®Y²L ÀM²�¶�Á�$Á� ²�®�¬[ÅYxÆ�º�Á�%»B�¬ÇÈ�®�w®��¾�¬;w»�ÀMÆL��¬�Ç=É�¶+®_Àw»BÊ+¿+«[ª�¶+®_Á�9�»��ªYË}¿�Ã±�¬ �0Ì °�Íw¶MÅY¶2ÎTÁ�+®TÁ�µ²�Ë+»�¾��¶B°BË ²�¶2Â�ª�0¿�®�¶Bw®¹�¶2ÎÌ�Ï#ÌpÐnÑfÒ}Ó�Ì7ÔÖÕfÒ_Ì ��Ê�³;¬[�Y®_Á� ²�¶�°B²�ÉT°�®�Á�¶ 2ÂB²0³�»f²0«�»�°�ÅMÃ�2«�»

Multili ngual text with fallbacks

Notre ancienne langue est le fondement de notre heritage culturel et spirituel sans lequel nous nepourrions exister de la facon prevue par notre Createur. L'education est la transmission de la cultureet des valeurs; par consequent, nous declarons que l'education de la langue ancienne sera le moyende transmission de l'heritage spirituel et culturel.

In alten, alten Zeiten, als die Menschen nochin ganz anderen Sprachen redeten, gab es in denwarmen Laendern schongrosse und praechtige Staedte. Da erhoben sich die Palaeste derKoenigeund Kaiser, da gab es breite Strassen, enge Gaessen und winkelige Gasschen, da standenherrliche Tempel mitgoldenen und marmornen Goetterstatuen, da gab es bunte Maerkte, woWarenaus aller Herren Laender feilgeboten wurden, und weite schoene Plaetze, wo die Leute sichversammelten, um Neuigkeiten zu besprechen und Reden zu halten oder anzuehoren. Und vorallemgab es dortgrosse Theater.

Internet je tehnoloshki in druzhbeni fenomen devedesetih let. O Internetu se povsod govori in pishe.Nekateri opisujejo Internet kot pojav novega obdobja v razvoju druzhbe in jo imenujejo globalnainformacijska druzhba ali bolj natanchno informacijska infrastruktura te druzhbe. Poenostavljenoinformacijska druzhba je globalna shirokopasovna komunikacijska infrastruktura in storitve zaobchane, podjetja, ustanove in vse ostale subjekte svetovnega gospodarstva.

Kroz projekt Hrvatske akademske i istrazhivachke mrezhe CARnet i Klinike za bolesti srca ikrvnih zhila Medicinskog fakulteta po prvi put u kardioloshkoj praksi biti ce izvrsheno udaljenopodeshavanje elektrostimulatora srca na bolesniku putem Interneta. Uvodjenje ovakve prakse upodruchje medicine znachi niz prednosti za bolesnike sa ugradjenim elektrostimulatorom.

Na VSEKH virtualynih serverakh, razmeshchennyikh na baze kompanii Yelvis-Telekom bezvzimaniya dopolnitel”noj oplat’ i vklyuchena vozmozhnost’ ispol’zovaniya RNR3. Rasshireniefajlov, ispol’zuemoe dlya obrabotki RNR. Dokumentatsiya po RNR3 i drugim sredstva WWWprogrammirovaniya dostupna tut. Uvazhaemye Polz’ovateli ! Nesmotrya na vvedenie v Moskve s 1iyuliya 1999 goda 2%-nogo naloga s prodazh, kompaniya YELVIS-TELEKOM prinyala reshenie:ne povyshat’ svoi tarif’ i na vse vidyi uslug.

I kao shto svaka bajka jelte pochinje evo i mi c'emo pocheti a kako c'e se zavrshiti zavisi od nasheprljave mashte. Nekada davno zhiveli su Ivica i Marica u gustoj shumi. Medjutim u istoj shumi jezhivela stara veshtica.

Opo6- diapisto-sate to pio basiko apo ta endiaferonta moy einai ta atoma me ti6- legomene6-“eidekes anagke6-“ i- oi anthro-poi me anapi-rie6-. Ascholoymai me ti-n ekdosi- toy periodikoyANAPI-RIA TO-RA katho-6- kai me to sti-sipso ayto-n to-n selido-n.

Annex III: Notes on fallback for Latin, Greek and Cyrillic characters

III .0 Fallback from extended Latin characters

Diacritics as parts of pre-composed Latin characters are not recorded, although non-combining free-standing diacritics (rarely used in practice, compared to their precomposed forms in MES-2 (or incombination with their combining forms if this fallback standard were to be extended to MES-3)are recorded as " . "

Note: sometimes extended Latin to basic Latin fallback is described as transliteration. This shouldmore correctly be described as fallback, as transliteration really relates to the Conversion of Scripts:transliteration is a form of Romanization as noted below insection III .1.

III .1 Fallback from Greek characters to Latin characters

Fallback from Greek characters to the ISO/IEC 646 Invariant Subset is effectively the same asRomanization. There are two types of romanization: transliteration and transcription.

Transliteration is a simple character by character conversion, irrespective of pronunciation.

Transcription undertakes additional conversions to maximise compatibilit y with pronunciation, andmay differ in detail from a simple transliteration. For some languages and scripts the two outcomescan be identical, but for some languages, including Greek, transcription is desirable due to the waythe Greek language is written in Greek script.

In some cases, including Greek to Latin, transcription can also be undertaken through a multiple-pass (usually a two pass) process, to achieve a more pronouncable fallback. Restoration of theoriginal script is possible both from fallback using transliteration, and from fallback usingtranscription. Transcription is the preferred method used in Greece.

In this context transcription provides different conversions on some character pairs, beforeundertaking a simple transliteration fallback. The fallback repertoire in both cases is the InvariantSubset of ISO/IEC 646.

From the Greek characters in Table 1 it is is possible to derive: - one-to-many transliteration fallbacks, - one-to-many transcription fallbacks, or - one-to-one transliteration fallbacks.

In any body of Greek text that has been converted via a fallback conversion to the repertoire of theISO/IEC 646 Invariant Subset, it should be possible to compare the text against Table 1 or Table 2,to determine whether the fallback conversion has used (in order of preference) a one-to-manytransliteration fallback, a one-to-many transcription fallback, or a one-to-one transliterationfallback.

III .2. one-to-many transliteration fallbacks

Fallbacks that are listed in Table 1 for Greek characters provide a one-to-many transliterationfallback for Greek according to the provisions of the Romanization standards ISO 843 and ELOT743 with minor modifications to ensure that the fallbacks are limited to the repertoire of theInvariant Subset of ISO/IEC 646.

The most obvious modification is use of " - " (HYPHEN-MINUS) instead of the macron specifiedin ISO 843 and ELOT 743. In one-to-many fallback, this is used with the Greek letters OMEGAand ETA, as is typically used in Greece. The use of " - " is also extended to the much more rarelyused Greek symbols outside the range of basic Greek characters in order to maximisedistinctiveness in characters, while maximising readabilit y.

In Greek text there is littl e use of HYPHEN-MINUS within words, so ambiguous fallback text isunlikely as a result of this usage.

In addition, diacriti cs as parts of pre-composed Greek characters are not recorded, although non-combining free-standing diacritics (rarely used in practice, compared to Greek letters includingprecomposed diacritics) are recorded as " . " which is identical to the treatment of such characters infallback from Latin script characters.

III .3. one-to-many transcription fallbacks

Note: for Greek characters, a one-to-many transcription fallback is strongly preferred to a one-to-many transliteration fallback. It is the transcription tables from ISO 843 and ELOT 743 that areused in Greece and Cyprus, not simply the transliteration tables.

Transcription can also be achieved automatically, using a multiple stage fallback conversion, againusing only the repertoire of the ISO/IEC 646 Invariant Subset.

Transcription provides a better equivalence to Greek pronunciation, by using a simple automaticmultiple-pass conversion on some digraphs or trigraphs used in Greek before performing a simplefallback conversion on the remaining single characters.

Transcription can be applied either to the source data or the target data, after a one-to-manytranscription fallback has been performed.

The transcription table appears as Table 2 in this standard.

III .4. Restoring Greek text from Latin script fallback text

A reversible transformation from the Invariant Subset of ISO/IEC 646 back to the equivalent Greekcharacters is also possible, whether this is done using a one-to-many transcription fallback or a one-to-many transliteration fallback, although information on restoration of relevant Greek diacritics isoutside the scope of this standard.

III .5. one-to-one transliteration fallbacks

Note that the use of a one-to-one transliteration fallback would result in incorrect data if a similarLatin to Greek conversion were to be applied. Use of one-to-one fallback is generally discouragedin this standard, and should be particularly avoided when dealing with Greek text.

III .6 Fallback from Cyrilli c characters to Latin characters

From the Cyrilli c characters in Table 1 it is possible to derive one-to-many transliteration fallbacksor one-to-one transliteration fallbacks.

In any body of Cyrilli c script text that has been converted via a fallback conversion to the repertoireof the ISO/IEC 646 Invariant Subset, it may be possible to use statistical analysis of fallback text todetermine the likely languages used in fallback text.

Specification of such analyses is outside the scope of this standard: however it may be useful tonote that the characters in the Cyrilli c section of Table 1 can be loosely grouped as:

(a) 0410-044F Basic Slavonic Cyrilli c characters (in Russian/Bulgarian)(b) 0490-0491 Additional Ukrainian/Belarusian characters(c) 0401-040F&) Additional modern Slavonic Cyrilli c characters 0451-045F ) (in the above languages and in Serbian and Macedonian)(d) 0492-04F9 ) + 048C-048F ) Additional modern non-Slavonic Cyrilli c characters + 04EC-04ED )(e) 0460-0486 Additional archaic Slavonic Cyrilli c characters + indicates new to ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000.

Languages using ranges (b), (c), (d) and (e) also tend to use most of the characters from the range(a). Russian (except for using 0401 CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IO and 0451 CYRILLICSMALL LETTER IO) and Bulgarian generally use only characters from the range (a).

Diacritics as parts of pre-composed Cyrilli c script characters are noted in the same way as othermodifications to basic characters, mainly through use of " ' " (APOSTROPHE).

[Combining diacritics, which are rarely used in practice, compared to their pre composed forms inMES-2 (or in combination with their combining forms if this fallback standard were to be extendedto MES-3) are recorded as " . "]

III .7. one-to-many transliteration fallbacks

Fallbacks that are listed in the section of Table 1 listing Cyrilli c characters provide a one-to-manytransliteration fallback for Cyrilli c script, based where possible on tables in the Cyrilli cRomanization standard ISO 9, with modifications to ensure that the fallbacks are limited to therepertoire of the Invariant Subset of ISO/IEC 646, and to allow the possibilit y of conversion offallback text from the repertoire of ISO/IEC 646 back to Cyrilli c characters, if required.

As ISO 9 is currently under process of revision, the fallbacks in the Cyrilli c section of Table 1 alsotake into account approaches being considered during this revision. These include the use of

"fallback-like" transliterations available as an option in ISO R/9, the predecessor of ISO 9 for thefollowing characters:0416; 0419; 0425; 0426; 0427; 0428; 0429; 042E and 042F (upper-case)0436; 0439; 0445; 0446; 0447; 0448; 0449; 044E and 044F (lower-case).

It is also planned to document language-specific romanizations both in the revised ISO 9 and in thisEuropean fallback standard.

The main modification of ISO 9 is use of " ' " (APOSTROPHE) instead of the various diacriticsspecified in ISO 9. APOSTROPHE is mainly used for the fallback of less common characters, inorder to maximise distinctiveness of characters, while maximising readabilit y. In Cyrilli c text thereis very littl e use of APOSTROPHE within words, so ambiguous fallback text is unlikely as a resultof this usage.

III .8 Restoring Cyrilli c text from Latin script fallback text

Unequivocal reversible transformation from the Invariant Subset of ISO/IEC 646 back to theequivalent Cyrilli c text is not possible, due to the number of Cyrilli c characters with identicalfallbacks.

However, it may still be possible to produce readable Cyrilli c text, in transforming back fromfallback text which may contain errors due to information loss, and to use other comparisonmethods, including the use of spelli ng checkers, to improve the text. Before any suchtransformation back to Cyrilli c script text, it would be essential to do a multiple pass conversionfirst, transforming various multiple character fallbacks first.

Specification of such comparison methods to improve the accuracy of text converted back toCyrilli c script is outside the scope of this standard.

III .9 One-to-one transliteration fallbacks

One-to-one transliteration fallbacks are discouraged due to the resulting ambivalent text, which islikely to be much more diff icult to read, or to enable reconstruction of the original text, than is thecase for Latin or Greek text, as there are more basic Cyrilli c script letters in many languages than isthe case for basic letters in Greek script or Latin script.

Note that the use of a one-to-one transliteration fallback would result in incorrect data if a similarLatin script to Cyrilli c script conversion were to be applied. Use of one-to-one fallback is generallydiscouraged in this standard, and should be particularly avoided when dealing with Cyrilli c text.

Table 2ISO 843 Transcription modified for ISO/IEC 646 Invariant Subset fallbackTransliteration, and Transcription possibiliti es for character pairs (transcription shown only where different fromtransliteration)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UCS ID 1st and 2nd letters Transliterated Transcription-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0391 03B1 ALPHA A a ALPHA + UPSILON Ay ay AV av [1] ALPHA + UPSILON Ay ay AF af [2]---------------------------------------------------------------------0392 03B2 BETA V v---------------------------------------------------------------------0393 03B3 GAMMA G g GAMMA + GAMMA Gg gg NG ng GAMMA + XI Gx gx NX nx GAMMA + CHI Gch gch NCH nch---------------------------------------------------------------------0394 03B4 DELTA D d---------------------------------------------------------------------0395 03B5 EPSILON E e EPSILON+UPSILON Ey ey EV ev [1] EPSILON+UPSILON Ey ey EF ef [2]---------------------------------------------------------------------0396 03B6 ZETA Z z---------------------------------------------------------------------0397 03B7 ETA I- i- ETA + UPSILON I-y i-y IV iv [1] ETA + UPSILON I-y i-y IF if [2]---------------------------------------------------------------------0398 03B8 THETA Th th---------------------------------------------------------------------0399 03B9 IOTA I i---------------------------------------------------------------------039A 03BA KAPPA K k---------------------------------------------------------------------039B 03BB LAMDA L l---------------------------------------------------------------------039C 03BC MU M m MU + PI Mp mp B b [3]---------------------------------------------------------------------039D 03BD NU N n---------------------------------------------------------------------039E 03BE XI X x---------------------------------------------------------------------039F 03BF OMICRON O o OMICRON+UPSILON Oy oy OU ou [4]---------------------------------------------------------------------03A0 03C0 PI P p---------------------------------------------------------------------03A1 03C1 RHO R r---------------------------------------------------------------------03A3 03C3 SIGMA S s [5]---------------------------------------------------------------------03A4 03C4 TAU T t---------------------------------------------------------------------03A5 03C5 UPSILON Y y---------------------------------------------------------------------03A6 03C6 PHI F f---------------------------------------------------------------------03A7 03C7 CHI Ch ch---------------------------------------------------------------------03A8 03C8 PSI Ps ps---------------------------------------------------------------------03A9 03C9 OMEGA O- o----------------------------------------------------------------------

[1] Before BETA, GAMMA, DELTA, ZETA, LAMDA, MU, NU, RHO & before all vowels,unless the fallback is from an accented UPSILON,when a simple transliteration is used. [2] Before THETA, KAPPA, XI, PI, SIGMA, TAU, CHI, PSI and at end of words,unless the fallback is froman accented UPSILON, when a simple transliteration is used.[3] "B" At the beginning or end of words; "mp" in the middle of words. Note that sometimes 03D0 GREEK BETA SYMBOL is used as an explicitB, in cases where users want to make clear its distinction as sounding like a B, in comparison to BETA (romanized as V). Unlike MU with PI, notethat NU with TAU are not transcribed to LATIN LETTER D in ISO 843 or ELOT 743.[4] If a vowel in the pair is accented, then a simple transliteration is used.[5] 03C2 GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA only occurs at the end of words, so it is straightforward to distinguish 03C3 from 03C2 inreconversion, even though in Latin fallback text both default to a single character s.

ANNEX IV (Informative) Bibliography

1. ISO/IEC 8879, 1986 (SGML), Standardised General Mark up Language

2.Satz und Korrektur Anweisungen mit aus Fuhrili cher Beispiel Sammlung, Publisher: DudenVerlag, Menheim Wien, Zuerich 1986

3. EWOS EG/ODA/91/Technical Guidance in Fallbacks for ENV 41 510: 1992

4. CWA TC304/MES-2:1999

5.Information Technology -Character Repertoire and Coding for Interworking with Telex services,EN 1922:1997

CH

AR

AC

TE

RS

AN

D F

AL

LB

AC

KS

ME

S-2

SOU

RC

E C

HA

RA

CT

ER

FA

LL

BA

CK

SC

HA

RA

CT

ER

SF

AL

LB

AC

KC

HA

RA

CT

ER

Cod

eG

lyph

Cha

ract

er n

ame

One

-to-

man

y gl

yph(

s)O

ne-t

o-on

egl

yph

0020

SPACE

0021

EXCLAMATION MARK

0022

QUOTATION MARK

0023

NUMBER SIGN

24

DOLLAR SIGN

0025

PERCENT SIGN

0026

AMPERSAND

0027

APOSTROPHE

0028

LEFT PARENTHESIS

0029

RIGHT PARENTHESIS

002A

ASTERISK

002B

PLUS SIGN

002C

COMMA

002D

HYPHEN-MINUS

002E

FULL STOP

002F

SOLIDUS

0030

DIGIT ZERO

0031

DIGIT ONE

0032

DIGIT TWO

0033

DIGIT THREE

0034

DIGIT FOUR

0035

DIGIT FIVE

0036

DIGIT SIX

0037

DIGIT SEVEN

0038

DIGIT EIGHT

0039

DIGIT NINE

003A

COLON

003B

SEMICOLON

003C

LESS-THAN SIGN

003D

EQUALS SIGN

003E

GREATER-THAN SIGN

003F

QUESTION MARK

0040

COMMERCIAL AT

0041

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A

0042

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B

0043

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C

0044

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D

0045

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E

0046

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F

0047

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G

0048

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H

0049

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I

004A

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J

004B

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K

004C

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L

004D

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M

004E

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N

004F

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O

0050

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P

0051

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q

0052

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R

0053

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S

0054

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T

0055

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U

0056

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V

0057

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W

0058

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X

0059

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y

005A

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z

005B

LEFT SQUARE BRACKET

005C

REVERSE SOLIDUS

005D

RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET

005E

CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT

005F

LOW LINE

0060

GRAVE ACCENT

0061

LATIN SMALL LETTER A

0062

LATIN SMALL LETTER B

0063

LATIN SMALL LETTER C

0064

LATIN SMALL LETTER D

0065

LATIN SMALL LETTER E

0066

LATIN SMALL LETTER F

0067

LATIN SMALL LETTER G

0068

LATIN SMALL LETTER H

0069

LATIN SMALL LETTER I

006A

LATIN SMALL LETTER J

006B

LATIN SMALL LETTER K

006C

LATIN SMALL LETTER L

006D

LATIN SMALL LETTER M

006E

LATIN SMALL LETTER N

006F

LATIN SMALL LETTER O

0070

LATIN SMALL LETTER P

0071

LATIN SMALL LETTER Q

0072

LATIN SMALL LETTER R

0073

LATIN SMALL LETTER S

0074

LATIN SMALL LETTER T

0075

LATIN SMALL LETTER U

0076

LATIN SMALL LETTER V

0077

LATIN SMALL LETTER W

0078

LATIN SMALL LETTER X

0079

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y

007A

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z

007B

LEFT CURLY BRACKET

007C

VERTICAL LINE

007D

RIGHT CURLY BRACKET

007E

TILDE

00A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

00A1

INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK

00A2

CENT SIGN

00A3

POUND SIGN

00A4

CURRENCY SIGN

00A5

YEN SIGN

00A6

BROKEN BAR

00A7

SECTION SIGN

00A8

DIAERESIS

00A9

COPYRIGHT SIGN

00AA

FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR

00AB

LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE

QUOTATION MARK

00AC

NOT SIGN

00AD

SOFT HYPHEN

00AE

REGISTERED SIGN

00AF

MACRON

00B0

DEGREE SIGN

00B1

PLUS-MINUS SIGN

00B2

SUPERSCRIPT TWO

00B3

SUPERSCRIPT THREE

00B4

ACUTE ACCENT

00B5

MICRO SIGN

00B6

PILCROW SIGN

00B7

MIDDLE DOT

00B8

CEDILLA

00B9

SUPERSCRIPT ONE

00BA

MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR

00BB

RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE

QUOTATION MARK

00BC

VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER

00BD

VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF

00BE

VULGAR FRACTION THREE

QUARTERS

00BF

INVERTED QUESTION MARK

00C0

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH

GRAVE

00C1


ACUTE

00C2


CIRCUMFLEX

00C3


TILDE

00C4


DIAERESIS

00C5


RING ABOVE

00C6

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE

00C7

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH

CEDILLA

00C8

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH

GRAVE

00C9


ACUTE

00CA


CIRCUMFLEX

00CB


DIAERESIS

00CC

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH

GRAVE

00CD


ACUTE

00CE


CIRCUMFLEX

00CF


DIAERESIS

00D0

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH

00D1

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH

TILDE

00D2

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH

GRAVE

00D3


ACUTE

00D4


CIRCUMFLEX

00D5


TILDE

00D6


DIAERESIS

00D7

MULTIPLICATION SIGN

00D8


STROKE

00D9

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH

GRAVE

00DA


ACUTE

00DB


CIRCUMFLEX

00DC


DIAERESIS

00DD

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH

ACUTE

00DE

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN

00DF

LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S

00E0

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH

GRAVE

00E1


ACUTE

00E2


CIRCUMFLEX

00E3


TILDE

00E4


DIAERESIS

00E5


RING ABOVE

00E6

LATIN SMALL LETTER AE

00E7

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH

CEDILLA

00E8

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH

GRAVE

00E9


ACUTE

00EA


CIRCUMFLEX

00EB


DIAERESIS

00EC

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH

GRAVE

00ED


ACUTE

00EE


CIRCUMFLEX

00EF


DIAERESIS

00F0

LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH

00F1

LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH

TILDE

00F2

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH

GRAVE

00F3


ACUTE

00F4


CIRCUMFLEX

00F5


TILDE

00F6


DIAERESIS

00F7

DIVISION SIGN

00F8


STROKE

00F9

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH

GRAVE

00FA


ACUTE

00FB


CIRCUMFLEX

00FC


DIAERESIS

00FD

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH

ACUTE

00FE

LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN

00FF


DIAERESIS

0100


MACRON

0101


MACRON

0102


BREVE

0103


BREVE

0104


OGONEK

0105


OGONEK

0106


ACUTE

0107


ACUTE

0108


CIRCUMFLEX

0109


CIRCUMFLEX

010A


DOT ABOVE

010B


DOT ABOVE

010C


CARON

010D


CARON

010E

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH

CARON

010F

LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH

CARON

0110


STROKE

0111


STROKE

0112


MACRON

0113


MACRON

0114


BREVE

0115


BREVE

0116


DOT ABOVE

0117


DOT ABOVE

0118


OGONEK

0119


OGONEK

011A


CARON

011B


CARON

011C

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH

CIRCUMFLEX

011D

LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH

CIRCUMFLEX

011E


BREVE

011F


BREVE

0120


DOT ABOVE

0121


DOT ABOVE

0122


CEDILLA

0123


CEDILLA

0124

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH

CIRCUMFLEX

0125

LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH

CIRCUMFLEX

0126

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH

STROKE

0127

LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH

STROKE

0128


TILDE

0129


TILDE

012A


MACRON

012B


MACRON

012C


BREVE

012D


BREVE

012E


OGONEK

012F


OGONEK

0130


DOT ABOVE

0131

LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS

I

0132

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE IJ

0133

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE IJ

0134

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J WITH

CIRCUMFLEX

0135

LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH

CIRCUMFLEX

0136

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH

CEDILLA

0137

LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH

CEDILLA

0138

LATIN SMALL LETTER KRA

0139

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH

ACUTE

013A

LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH

ACUTE

013B


CEDILLA

013C


CEDILLA

013D


CARON

013E


CARON

013F


MIDDLE DOT

0140


MIDDLE DOT

0141


STROKE

0142


STROKE

0143


ACUTE

0144


ACUTE

0145


CEDILLA

0146


CEDILLA

0147


CARON

0148


CARON

0149

LATIN SMALL LETTER N

PRECEDED BY APOSTROPHE

014A

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ENG

014B

LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG

014C


MACRON

014D


MACRON

014E


BREVE

014F


BREVE

0150


DOUBLE ACUTE

0151


DOUBLE ACUTE

0152

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE

0153

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE

0154

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH

ACUTE

0155

LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH

ACUTE

0156


CEDILLA

0157


CEDILLA

0158


CARON

0159


CARON

015A

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH

ACUTE

015B

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH

ACUTE

015C


CIRCUMFLEX

015D


CIRCUMFLEX

015E


CEDILLA

015F


CEDILLA

0160


CARON

0161


CARON

0162

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH

CEDILLA

0163

LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH

CEDILLA

0164


CARON

0165


CARON

0166


STROKE

0167


STROKE

0168


TILDE

0169


TILDE

016A


MACRON

016B


MACRON

016C


BREVE

016D


BREVE

016E


RING ABOVE

016F


RING ABOVE

0170


DOUBLE ACUTE

0171


DOUBLE ACUTE

0172


OGONEK

0173


OGONEK

0174

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH

CIRCUMFLEX

0175

LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH

CIRCUMFLEX

0176


CIRCUMFLEX

0177


CIRCUMFLEX

0178


DIAERESIS

0179

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH

ACUTE

017A

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH

ACUTE

017B


DOT ABOVE

017C


DOT ABOVE

017D


CARON

017E


CARON

017F

LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S

018F

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCHWA

0192

LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH

HOOK

01B7

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EZH

01DE


DIAERESIS AND MACRON

01DF


DIAERESIS AND MACRON

01E0


DOT ABOVE AND MACRON

01E1


DOT ABOVE AND MACRON

01E2


WITH MACRON

01E3

LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH

MACRON

01E4


STROKE

01E5


STROKE

01E6


CARON

01E7


CARON

01E8

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH

CARON

01E9

LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH

CARON

01EA


OGONEK

01EB


OGONEK

01EC


OGONEK AND MACRON

01ED


OGONEK AND MACRON

01EE

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EZH

WITH CARON

01EF

LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH

CARON

01FA


RING ABOVE AND ACUTE

01FB


RING ABOVE AND ACUTE

01FC


WITH ACUTE

01FD

LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH

ACUTE

01FE


STROKE AND ACUTE

01FF


STROKE AND ACUTE

0218

LA

TIN

CA

PIT

AL

LE

TT

ER

SW

ITH

CO

MM

A B

EL

OW

0219

LA

TIN

SM

AL

L L

ET

TE

R S

WIT

H C

OM

MA

BE

LO

W

021A

LA

TIN

CA

PIT

AL

LE

TT

ER

TW

ITH

CO

MM

A B

EL

OW

021B

LA

TIN

SM

AL

L L

ET

TE

R T

WIT

H C

OM

MA

BE

LO

W

021E

LA

TIN

CA

PIT

AL

LE

TT

ER

HW

ITH

CO

MM

A B

EL

OW

021F

LA

TIN

SM

AL

L L

ET

TE

R H

WIT

H C

OM

MA

BE

LO

W

0259

LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA

027C


LONG LEG

0292

LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH

02BB

MODIFIER LETTER TURNED

COMMA

02BC

MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE

02BD

MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED

COMMA

02C6

MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX

ACCENT

02C7

CARON

02C9

MODIFIER LETTER MACRON

02D8

BREVE

02D9

DOT ABOVE

02DA

RING ABOVE

02DB

OGONEK

02DC

SMALL TILDE

02DD

DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT

02EE

MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE

APOSTROPHE

0374

GREEK NUMERAL SIGN

0375

GREEK LOWER NUMERAL SIGN

037A

GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI

037E

GREEK QUESTION MARK

0384

GREEK TONOS

0385

GREEK DIALYTIKA TONOS

0386

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA

WITH TONOS

0387

GREEK ANO TELEIA

0388

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER

EPSILON WITH TONOS

0389

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA

WITH TONOS

038A

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA

WITH TONOS

038C


OMICRON WITH TONOS

038E


UPSILON WITH TONOS

038F

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA

WITH TONOS

0390

GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA

WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS

0391


0392

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA

0393

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA

0394

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA

0395


EPSILON

0396

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA

0397


0398

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA

0399


039A

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA

039B

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA

039C

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU

039D

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU

039E

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI

039F


OMICRON

03A0

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI

03A1

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO

03A3

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA

03A4

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU

03A5


UPSILON

03A6

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI

03A7

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI

03A8

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI

03A9


03AA


WITH DIALYTIKA

03AB


UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA

03AC

GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA

WITH TONOS

03AD

GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON

WITH TONOS

03AE

GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH

TONOS

03AF


WITH TONOS

03B0

GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON

WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS

03B1


03B2

GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA

03B3

GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA

03B4

GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA

03B5


03B6

GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA

03B7

GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA

03B8

GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA

03B9


03BA

GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA

03BB

GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA

03BC

GREEK SMALL LETTER MU

03BD

GREEK SMALL LETTER NU

03BE

GREEK SMALL LETTER XI

03BF

GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON

03C0

GREEK SMALL LETTER PI

03C1

GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO

03C2

GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL

SIGMA

03C3

GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA

03C4

GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU

03C5


03C6

GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI

03C7

GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI

03C8

GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI

03C9

GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA

03CA


WITH DIALYTIKA

03CB


WITH DIALYTIKA

03CC


WITH TONOS

03CD


WITH TONOS

03CE


WITH TONOS

03D7

GR

EE

K K

AI

SYM

BO

L

03DA

GREEK LETTER STIGMA

03DB

GREEK SMALL LETTER STIGMA

03DC

GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA

03DD

GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA

03DE

GREEK LETTER KOPPA

03DF

GREEK SMALL LETTER KOPPA

03E0

GREEK LETTER SAMPI

03E1

GREEK SMALL LETTER SAMPI

O400

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE

WITH GRAVE

0401

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IO

0402

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DJE

0403

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GJE

0404

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER

UKRAINIAN IE

0405

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZE

0406


BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I

0407

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YI

0408

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER JE

0409

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER LJE

040A

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER NJE

040B


TSHE

040C

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KJE

040D

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I

WITH GRAVE

040E


SHORT U

040F


DZHE

0410

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A

0411

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BE

0412

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER VE

0413

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE

0414

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DE

0415

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER E

0416

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE

0417

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZE

0418


0419


SHORT I

041A

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA

041B

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EL

041C

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EM

041D

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EN

041E

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O

041F

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE

0420

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ER

0421

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES

0422

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE

0423

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U

0424

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EF

0425

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA

0426

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSE

0427

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE

0428

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA

0429


SHCHA

042A


HARD SIGN

042B


YERU

042C


SOFT SIGN

042D

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER E

042E

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YU

042F

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YA

0430

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A

0431

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE

0432

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE

0433

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE

0434

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE

0435

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE

0436

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE

0437

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE

0438

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I

0439

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT

I

043A

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA

043B

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL

043C

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM

043D

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN

043E

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O

043F

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE

0440

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER

0441

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES

0442

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE

0443

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U

0444

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF

0445

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA

0446

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE

0447

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE

0448

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA

0449

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA

044A

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD

SIGN

044B

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU

044C

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT

SIGN

044D

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E

044E

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU

044F

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA

0450


WITH GRAVE

0451

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO

0452

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DJE

0453

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GJE

0454

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER

UKRAINIAN IE

0455

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZE

0456


BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I

0457

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YI

0458

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER JE

459

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LJE

045A

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NJE

045B

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSHE

045C

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KJE

045D

CY

RIL

LIC

SM

AL

L L

ET

TE

R I

WIT

H G

RA

VE

045E

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT

U

045F

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZHE

048C

CY

RIL

LIC

CA

PIT

AL

LE

TT

ER

SEM

ISO

FT S

IGN

048D

CY

RIL

LIC

SM

AL

L L

ET

TE

RSE

MIS

OFT

SIG

N

048E

CY

RIL

LIC

CA

PIT

AL

LE

TT

ER

ER

WIT

H T

ICK

048F

CY

RIL

LIC

SM

AL

L L

ET

TE

R E

RW

ITH

TIC

K

0490


WITH UPTURN

0491


WITH UPTURN

0492


WITH STROKE

0493


WITH STROKE

0494


WITH MIDDLE HOOK

0495


WITH MIDDLE HOOK

0496


WITH DESCENDER

0497


WITH DESCENDER

0498


WITH DESCENDER

0499


WITH DESCENDER

049A


WITH DESCENDER

049B


WITH DESCENDER

049C


WITH VERTICAL STROKE

049D



049E


WITH STROKE

049F


WITH STROKE

04A0


BASHKIR KA

04A1


BASHKIR KA

04A2


WITH DESCENDER

04A3


WITH DESCENDER

04A4

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LIGATURE

EN GHE

04A5

CYRILLIC SMALL LIGATURE EN

GHE

04A6

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE

WITH MIDDLE HOOK

04A7

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE

WITH MIDDLE HOOK

04A8


ABKHASIAN HA

04A9


ABKHASIAN HA

04AA

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES

WITH DESCENDER

04AB

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES

WITH DESCENDER

04AC

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE

WITH DESCENDER

04AD

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE

WITH DESCENDER

04AE


STRAIGHT U

04AF


STRAIGHT U

04B0


STRAIGHT U WITH STROKE

04B1


STRAIGHT U WITH STROKE

04B2

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA

WITH DESCENDER

04B3

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA

WITH DESCENDER

04B4

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LIGATURE

TE TSE

04B5

CYRILLIC SMALL LIGATURE TE

TSE

04B6


WITH DESCENDER

04B7


WITH DESCENDER

04B8



04B9



04BA


SHHA

04BB

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHHA

04BC


ABKHASIAN CHE

04BD


ABKHASIAN CHE

04BE


ABKHASIAN CHE WITH

DESCENDER

04BF


ABKHASIAN CHE WITH

DESCENDER

04C0

CYRILLIC LETTER PALOCHKA

04C1


WITH BREVE

04C2


WITH BREVE

04C3


WITH HOOK

04C4


WITH HOOK

04C7


WITH HOOK

04C8


WITH HOOK

04CB


KHAKASSIAN CHE

04CC


KHAKASSIAN CHE

04D0


WITH BREVE

04D1


WITH BREVE

04D2


WITH DIAERESIS

04D3


WITH DIAERESIS

04D4

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LIGATURE A

IE

04D5

CYRILLIC SMALL LIGATURE A

IE

04D6

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE

WITH BREVE

04D7


WITH BREVE

04D8


SCHWA

04D9

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SCHWA

04DA


SCHWA WITH DIAERESIS

04DB

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SCHWA

WITH DIAERESIS

04DC


WITH DIAERESIS

04DD


WITH DIAERESIS

04DE


WITH DIAERESIS

04DF


WITH DIAERESIS

04E0


ABKHASIAN DZE

04E1


ABKHASIAN DZE

04E2


WITH MACRON

04E3


WITH MACRON

04E4


WITH DIAERESIS

04E5


WITH DIAERESIS

04E6

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O

WITH DIAERESIS

04E7

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O

WITH DIAERESIS

04E8


BARRED O

04E9


BARRED O

04EA


BARRED O WITH DIAERESIS

04EB


BARRED O WITH DIAERESIS

04EC


BARRED E WITH DIAERESIS

04ED


BARRED E WITH DIAERESIS

04EE


WITH MACRON

04EF


WITH MACRON

04F0


WITH DIAERESIS

04F1


WITH DIAERESIS

04F2


WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

04F3


WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

04F4


WITH DIAERESIS

04F5


WITH DIAERESIS

04F8


YERU WITH DIAERESIS

04F9

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU

WITH DIAERESIS

1E02

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH

DOT ABOVE

1E03

LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH

DOT ABOVE

1E0A


DOT ABOVE

1E0B


DOT ABOVE

1E1E

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F WITH

DOT ABOVE

1E1F

LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH

DOT ABOVE

1E40

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH

DOT ABOVE

1E41

LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH

DOT ABOVE

1E56

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH

DOT ABOVE

1E57

LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH

DOT ABOVE

1E60


DOT ABOVE

1E61


DOT ABOVE

1E6A


DOT ABOVE

1E6B


DOT ABOVE

1E80


GRAVE

1E81


GRAVE

1E82


ACUTE

1E83


ACUTE

1E84


DIAERESIS

1E85


DIAERESIS

1E9B

LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S

WITH DOT ABOVE

1EF2


GRAVE

1EF3


GRAVE

1F00


WITH PSILI

1F01


WITH DASIA

1F02


WITH PSILI AND VARIA

1F03


WITH DASIA AND VARIA

1F04


WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F05


WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F06


WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI

1F07


WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI

1F08


WITH PSILI

1F09


WITH DASIA

1F0A



1F0B



1F0C


WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F0D


WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F0E



1F0F



1F10


WITH PSILI

1F11


WITH DASIA

1F12



1F13



1F14


WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F15


WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F18


EPSILON WITH PSILI

1F19


EPSILON WITH DASIA

1F1A


EPSILON WITH PSILI AND

VARIA

1F1B


EPSILON WITH DASIA AND

VARIA

1F1C


EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F1D


EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F20


PSILI

1F21


DASIA

1F22


PSILI AND VARIA

1F23


DASIA AND VARIA

1F24


PSILI AND OXIA

1F25


DASIA AND OXIA

1F26


PSILI AND PERISPOMENI

1F27


DASIA AND PERISPOMENI

1F28


WITH PSILI

1F29


WITH DASIA

1F2A



1F2B



1F2C


WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F2D


WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F2E



1F2F



1F30


WITH PSILI

1F31


WITH DASIA

1F32



1F33



1F34


WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F35


WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F36



1F37



1F38


WITH PSILI

1F39


WITH DASIA

1F3A



1F3B



1F3C


WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F3D


WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F3E



1F3F



1F40


WITH PSILI

1F41


WITH DASIA

1F42



1F43



1F44


WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F45


WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F48


OMICRON WITH PSILI

1F49


OMICRON WITH DASIA

1F4A


OMICRON WITH PSILI AND

VARIA

1F4B


OMICRON WITH DASIA AND

VARIA

1F4C


OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F4D


OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F50


WITH PSILI

1F51


WITH DASIA

1F52



1F53



1F54


WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F55


WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F56



1F57



1F59


UPSILON WITH DASIA

1F5B


UPSILON WITH DASIA AND

VARIA

1F5D


UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F5F


UPSILON WITH DASIA AND

PERISPOMENI

1F60


WITH PSILI

1F61


WITH DASIA

1F62



1F63



1F64


WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F65


WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F66



1F67



1F68


WITH PSILI

1F69


WITH DASIA

1F6A



1F6B



1F6C


WITH PSILI AND OXIA

1F6D


WITH DASIA AND OXIA

1F6E



1F6F



1F70


WITH VARIA

1F71


WITH OXIA

1F72


WITH VARIA

1F73


WITH OXIA

1F74


VARIA

1F75


OXIA

1F76


WITH VARIA

1F77


WITH OXIA

1F78


WITH VARIA

1F79


WITH OXIA

1F7A


WITH VARIA

1F7B


WITH OXIA

1F7C


WITH VARIA

1F7D


WITH OXIA

1F80


WITH PSILI AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F81


WITH DASIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F82


WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F83


WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F84


WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F85


WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F86



AND YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F87



AND YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F88


WITH PSILI AND

PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F89


WITH DASIA AND

PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F8A



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F8B



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F8C



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F8D



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F8E



AND PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F8F



AND PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F90


PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F91


DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F92


PSILI AND VARIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F93


DASIA AND VARIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F94


PSILI AND OXIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F95


DASIA AND OXIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F96


PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F97


DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1F98


WITH PSILI AND

PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F99


WITH DASIA AND

PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F9A



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F9B



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F9C



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F9D



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F9E



AND PROSGEGRAMMENI

1F9F



AND PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FA0


WITH PSILI AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FA1


WITH DASIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FA2



YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FA3



YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FA4



YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FA5



YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FA6



AND YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FA7



AND YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FA8


WITH PSILI AND

PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FA9


WITH DASIA AND

PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FAA



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FAB



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FAC



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FAD



PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FAE



AND PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FAF



AND PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FB0


WITH VRACHY

1FB1


WITH MACRON

1FB2


WITH VARIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FB3


WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FB4


WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FB6


WITH PERISPOMENI

1FB7


WITH PERISPOMENI AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FB8


WITH VRACHY

1FB9


WITH MACRON

1FBA


WITH VARIA

1FBB


WITH OXIA

1FBC


WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FBD

GREEK KORONIS

1FBE

GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FBF

GREEK PSILI

1FC0

GREEK PERISPOMENI

1FC1

GREEK DIALYTIKA AND

PERISPOMENI

1FC2


VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FC3


YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FC4


OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FC6


PERISPOMENI

1FC7


PERISPOMENI AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FC8


EPSILON WITH VARIA

1FC9


EPSILON WITH OXIA

1FCA


WITH VARIA

1FCB


WITH OXIA

1FCC


WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FCD

GREEK PSILI AND VARIA

1FCE

GREEK PSILI AND OXIA

1FCF

GREEK PSILI AND PERISPOMENI

1FD0


WITH VRACHY

1FD1


WITH MACRON

1FD2


WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA

1FD3


WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA

1FD6


WITH PERISPOMENI

1FD7


WITH DIALYTIKA AND

PERISPOMENI

1FD8


WITH VRACHY

1FD9


WITH MACRON

1FDA


WITH VARIA

1FDB


WITH OXIA

1FDD

GREEK DASIA AND VARIA

1FDE

GREEK DASIA AND OXIA

1FDF

GREEK DASIA AND PERISPOMENI

1FE0


WITH VRACHY

1FE1


WITH MACRON

1FE2


WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA

1FE3


WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA

1FE4

GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH

PSILI

1FE5

GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH

DASIA

1FE6


WITH PERISPOMENI

1FE7


WITH DIALYTIKA AND

PERISPOMENI

1FE8


UPSILON WITH VRACHY

1FE9


UPSILON WITH MACRON

1FEA


UPSILON WITH VARIA

1FEB


UPSILON WITH OXIA

1FEC

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO

WITH DASIA

1FED

GREEK DIALYTIKA AND VARIA

1FEE

GREEK DIALYTIKA AND OXIA

1FEF

GREEK VARIA

1FF2


WITH VARIA AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FF3


WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FF4


WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FF6


WITH PERISPOMENI

1FF7


WITH PERISPOMENI AND

YPOGEGRAMMENI

1FF8


OMICRON WITH VARIA

1FF9


OMICRON WITH OXIA

1FFA


WITH VARIA

1FFB


WITH OXIA

1FFC


WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI

1FFD

GREEK OXIA

1FFE

GREEK DASIA

2013

EN DASH

2014

EM DASH

2015

HORIZONTAL BAR

2017

DOUBLE LOW LINE

2018

LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK

2019

RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK

201A

SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK

201B

SINGLE HIGH-REVERSED-9

QUOTATION MARK

201C

LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK

201D

RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK

201E

DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK

2020

DAGGER

2021

DOUBLE DAGGER

2022

BULLET

2026

HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS

2030

PER MILLE SIGN

2032

PRIME

2033

DOUBLE PRIME

2039

SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE

QUOTATION MARK

203A

SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE

QUOTATION MARK

203C

DOUBLE EXCLAMATION MARK

203E

OVERLINE

2044

FRACTION SLASH

204A

TIRONIAN ET SIGN

207F

SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL

LETTER N

2082

SUBSCRIPT TWO

20A3

FRENCH FRANC SIGN

20A4

LIRA SIGN

20A7

PESETA SIGN

20AC

EURO SIGN

20AF

DRACHMA SIGN

2105

CARE OF

2116

NUMERO SIGN

2122

TRADE MARK SIGN

2126

OHM SIGN

215B

VULGAR FRACTION ONE EIGHTH

215C

VULGAR FRACTION THREE

EIGHTHS

215D

VULGAR FRACTION FIVE

EIGHTHS

215E

VULGAR FRACTION SEVEN

EIGHTHS

2190

LEFTWARDS ARROW

2191

UPWARDS ARROW

2192

RIGHTWARDS ARROW

2193

DOWNWARDS ARROW

2194

LEFT RIGHT ARROW

2195

UP DOWN ARROW

21A8

UP DOWN ARROW WITH BASE

2200

FOR ALL

2202

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL

2203

THERE EXISTS

2206

INCREMENT

2208

ELEMENT OF

2209

NOT AN ELEMENT OF

220F

N-ARY PRODUCT

2211

N-ARY SUMMATION

2212

MINUS SIGN

2219

BULLET OPERATOR

221A

SQUARE ROOT

221E

INFINITY

221F

RIGHT ANGLE

2227

LOGICAL AND

2228

LOGICAL OR

2229

INTERSECTION

222A

UNION

222B

INTEGRAL

2248

ALMOST EQUAL TO

2259

ESTIMATES

2260

NOT EQUAL TO

2261

IDENTICAL TO

2264

LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO

2265

GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO

2282

SUBSET OF

2283

SUPERSET OF

2295

CIRCLED PLUS

2297

CIRCLED TIMES

2302

HOUSE

2310

REVERSED NOT SIGN

2320

TOP HALF INTEGRAL

2321

BOTTOM HALF INTEGRAL

2329

LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET

232A

RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE

BRACKET

2500

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT

HORIZONTAL

2502

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL

250C

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND

RIGHT

2510


LEFT

2514

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND

RIGHT

2518


LEFT

251C


AND RIGHT

2524


AND LEFT

252C


HORIZONTAL

2534


HORIZONTAL

253C


AND HORIZONTAL

2550

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE

HORIZONTAL

2551

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE

VERTICAL

2552

BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE

AND RIGHT DOUBLE

2553

BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE

AND RIGHT SINGLE

2554

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN

AND RIGHT

2555


AND LEFT DOUBLE

2556


AND LEFT SINGLE

2557


AND LEFT

2558

BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND

RIGHT DOUBLE

2559

BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND

RIGHT SINGLE

255A

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE UP AND

RIGHT

255B


LEFT DOUBLE

255C


LEFT SINGLE

255D


LEFT

255E

BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL

SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE

255F


DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE

2560

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE

VERTICAL AND RIGHT

2561


SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE

2562


DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE

2563

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE

VERTICAL AND LEFT

2564


AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE

2565


AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE

2566


AND HORIZONTAL

2567


HORIZONTAL DOUBLE

2568


HORIZONTAL SINGLE

2569


HORIZONTAL

256A


SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL

DOUBLE

256B


DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL

SINGLE

256C

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

2580

UPPER HALF BLOCK

2584

LOWER HALF BLOCK

2588

FULL BLOCK

258C

LEFT HALF BLOCK

2590

RIGHT HALF BLOCK

2591

LIGHT SHADE

2592

MEDIUM SHADE

2593

DARK SHADE

25A0

BLACK SQUARE

25AC

BLACK RECTANGLE

25B2

BLACK UP-POINTING TRIANGLE

25BA

BLACK RIGHT-POINTING

POINTER

25BC

BLACK DOWN-POINTING

TRIANGLE

25C4

BLACK LEFT-POINTING POINTER

25CA

LOZENGE

25CB

WHITE CIRCLE

25D8

INVERSE BULLET

25D9

INVERSE WHITE CIRCLE

263A

WHITE SMILING FACE

263B

BLACK SMILING FACE

263C

WHITE SUN WITH RAYS

2640

FEMALE SIGN

2642

MALE SIGN

2660

BLACK SPADE SUIT

2663

BLACK CLUB SUIT

2665

BLACK HEART SUIT

2666

BLACK DIAMOND SUIT

266A

EIGHTH NOTE

266B

BEAMED EIGHTH NOTES

FB01

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FI

FB02

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FL

FFFD

REPLACEMENT CHARACTER

Documents

CEN/TC304 N932 Source: Secretariat Date · CEN/TC304 N932 Source: Secretariat Date: 15 Dec 1999 Title: European Fallback Rules, ballot Mailed: 15 Dec 1999 Status: TC-enquiry: DEADLINE