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Concrete Mix Design As Per Indian

Standard Code

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Concrete Mix Design

Introduction

The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative

amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability, and

workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. The

proportioning of ingredient of concrete is governed by the required performance of concrete

in 2 states, namely the plastic and the hardened states. If the plastic concrete is not workable,it cannot be properly placed and compacted. The property of workability, therefore, becomes

of vital importance.

The compressive strength of hardened concrete which is generally considered to be an index

of its other properties, depends upon many factors, e.g. quality and quantity of cement, water

and aggregates; batching and mixing; placing, compaction and curing. The cost of concrete is

made up of the cost of materials, plant and labour. The variations in the cost of materials arise

from the fact that the cement is several times costly than the aggregate, thus the aim is to

produce as lean a mix as possible. From technical point of view the rich mixes may lead to

high shrinkage and cracking in the structural concrete, and to evolution of high heat of

hydration in mass concrete which may cause cracking.

The actual cost of concrete is related to the cost of materials required for producing a

minimum mean strength called characteristic strength that is specified by the designer of the

structure. This depends on the quality control measures, but there is no doubt that the quality

control adds to the cost of concrete. The extent of quality control is often an economic

compromise, and depends on the size and type of job. The cost of labour depends on the

workability of mix, e.g., a concrete mix of inadequate workability may result in a high cost of

labour to obtain a degree of compaction with available equipment.

Requirements of concrete mix design
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The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix

ingredients are :

a )The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration

b) The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compactingequipment available.

c) Maximum water-cement ratio and/or maximum cement content to give adequate

durability for the particular site conditions

d) Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle in

mass concrete.

Types of Mixes

1.Nominal Mixes

In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine

and coarse aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio which ensures

adequate strength are termed nominal mixes. These offer simplicity and under normal

circumstances, have a margin of strength above that specified. However, due to the

variability of mix ingredients the nominal concrete for a given workability varies

widely in strength.

2.Standard mixes

The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely in strength and

may result in under- or over-rich mixes. For this reason, the minimum compressive strength

has been included in many specifications. These mixes are termed standard mixes.

IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10, M15, M20,

M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this designation the letter M refers to the mix and the number

to the specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm2. The mixes of grades M10, M15, M20

and M25 correspond approximately to the mix proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4), (1:1.5:3) and

(1:1:2) respectively.

3.Designed Mixes

In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer but the mix

proportions are determined by the producer of concrete, except that the minimum cement

content can be laid down. This is most rational approach to the selection of mix proportions

with specific materials in mind possessing more or less unique characteristics. The approach

results in the production of concrete with the appropriate properties most economically.

However, the designed mix does not serve as a guide since this does not guarantee the correct

mix proportions for the prescribed performance.

For the concrete with undemanding performance nominal or standard mixes (prescribed in

the codes by quantities of dry ingredients per cubic meter and by slump) may be used only


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for very small jobs, when the 28-day strength of concrete does not exceed 30 N/mm2. No

control testing is necessary reliance being placed on the masses of the ingredients.

Factors affecting the choice of mix proportions

The various factors affecting the mix design are:

1.Compressive strength

It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many other describable

properties of the hardened concrete. The mean compressive strength required at a specific

age, usually 28 days, determines the nominal water-cement ratio of the mix. The other factor

affecting the strength of concrete at a given age and cured at a prescribed temperature is the

degree of compaction. According to Abrahams law the strength of fully compacted concrete

is inversely proportional to the water-cement ratio.

2.Workability

The degree of workability required depends on three factors. These are the size of the section

to be concreted, the amount of reinforcement, and the method of compaction to be used. For

the narrow and complicated section with numerous corners or inaccessible parts, the concrete

must have a high workability so that full compaction can be achieved with a reasonable

amount of effort. This also applies to the embedded steel sections. The desired workability

depends on the compacting equipment available at the site.

3.Durability

The durability of concrete is its resistance to the aggressive environmental conditions. High

strength concrete is generally more durable than low strength concrete. In the situations when

the high strength is not necessary but the conditions of exposure are such that high durability

is vital, the durability requirement will determine the water-cement ratio to be used.

4.Maximum nominal size of aggregate

In general, larger the maximum size of aggregate, smaller is the cement requirement for a

particular water-cement ratio, because the workability of concrete increases with increase in

maximum size of the aggregate. However, the compressive strength tends to increase with the

decrease in size of aggregate.

IS 456:2000 and IS 1343:1980 recommend that the nominal size of the aggregate should be

as large as possible.

5.Grading and type of aggregate

The grading of aggregate influences the mix proportions for a specified workability and

water-cement ratio. Coarser the grading leaner will be mix which can be used. Very lean mix

is not desirable since it does not contain enough finer material to make the concrete cohesive.

The type of aggregate influences strongly the aggregate-cement ratio for the desiredworkability and stipulated water cement ratio. An important feature of a satisfactory


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aggregate is the uniformity of the grading which can be achieved by mixing different size

fractions.

6.Quality Control

The degree of control can be estimated statistically by the variations in test results. Thevariation in strength results from the variations in the properties of the mix ingredients and

lack of control of accuracy in batching, mixing, placing, curing and testing. The lower the

difference between the mean and minimum strengths of the mix lower will be the cement-

content required. The factor controlling this difference is termed as quality control.

Mix Proportion designations

The common method of expressing the proportions of ingredients of a concrete mix is in the

terms of parts or ratios of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. For e.g., a concrete mix of

proportions 1:2:4 means that cement, fine and coarse aggregate are in the ratio 1:2:4 or the

mix contains one part of cement, two parts of fine aggregate and four parts of coarse

aggregate. The proportions are either by volume or by mass. The water-cement ratio is

usually expressed in mass

Factors to be considered for mix design

The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of concrete.

The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength of concrete.

Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as possible withinthe limits prescribed by IS 456:2000.

The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.

The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the size and

shape of section, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used for transportation,

placing and compaction.

Procedure

1.Determine the mean target strength ft from the specified characteristic compressive strength at28-day fckand the level of quality control.

ft = fck+ 1.65 S

where S is the standard deviation obtained from the Table of approximate contents given after

the design mix.

2. Obtain the water cement ratio for the desired mean target using the emperical relationship

between compressive strength and water cement ratio so chosen is checked against the

limiting water cement ratio. The water cement ratio so chosen is checked against the limiting

water cement ratio for the requirements of durability given in table and adopts the lower of

the two values.


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3.Estimate the amount of entrapped air for maximum nominal size of the aggregate from the

table.

4.Select the water content, for the required workability and maximum size of aggregates (for

aggregates in saturated surface dry condition) from table.

5.Determine the percentage of fine aggregate in total aggregate by absolute volume from table

for the concrete using crushed coarse aggregate.

6.Adjust the values of water content and percentage of sand as provided in the table for any

difference in workability, water cement ratio, grading of fine aggregate and for rounded

aggregate the values are given in table.

7.Calculate the cement content form the water-cement ratio and the final water content as arrived

after adjustment. Check the cement against the minimum cement content from the

requirements of the durability, and greater of the two values is adopted.

8.From the quantities of water and cement per unit volume of concrete and the percentage of

sand already determined in steps 6 and 7 above, calculate the content of coarse and fine

aggregates per unit volume of concrete from the following relations:

where V = absolute volume of concrete

= gross volume (1m3) minus the volume of entrapped air

Sc = specific gravity of cement

W = Mass of water per cubic metre of concrete, kg

C = mass of cement per cubic metre of concrete, kg

p = ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume

fa, Ca = total masses of fine and coarse aggregates, per cubic metre of

concrete, respectively, kg, and

Sfa, Sca = specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine and coarse aggregates,

respectively

9.Determine the concrete mix proportions for the first trial mix.

10.Prepare the concrete using the calculated proportions and cast three cubes of 150 mm size and

test them wet after 28-days moist curing and check for the strength.


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11.Prepare trial mixes with suitable adjustments till the final mix proportions are arrived at.

More Entries :

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Comments

gaglani kapilAugust 14, 2012 at 1:55 pmrespected sir,

im preparing concrete cube size of 15x15x15.sir problem is that the weight of this

cube is nearly 8.0kg, but i want to decrease it 6.5kg, so which material i have to used

for solving it.

also sir the curing period is fixed consider as 3 day after casting. so how to select

material so that the cubes strength is high & time is less.

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o Arun SagarAugust 16, 2012 at 2:41 amYou can use accelarator( Concrete Admixture) for fast setting. Also you have

to check curing method i.e steam curing/Traditional curing method(Please

specify).

Also to get 6.5 Kg cube weight to have to mention the product to be use for

which purpose.

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Krishna August 15, 2012 at 9:49 pmSir plz tel me the mix design procedure for light weight concrete

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sudhakar chauhan August 17, 2012 at 7:59 amwhat is the melting point of M20 Concrete .

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senthil kumarAugust 22, 2012 at 7:56 am
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sir please i want model mix design calculation

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hv [prasadAugust 23, 2012 at 5:22 amwhat factors r influenced in design of concrete mix design

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sunil kumarAugust 23, 2012 at 6:40 ami want to know all the basics concepts of civil engineering in easy manner

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Mukesh keshri August 27, 2012 at 3:03 amDear Sir, I want to know how to calculate of Quantity & weight of Cement , Sand &

coarse aggregate Required for any Grade of Concrete

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o shankar Reddy November 8, 2012 at 7:52 amAns:1devided by grade of concrete multiply by 1.52X1000

example 1:2:41/(1+2+4)X1.52X1000

=1/(7)X1.52X1000

=0.143X1.52X1000

Cement=217kg/m3

sand = 2Xcement

Aggr= 4Xsand

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Riyaz khan September 7, 2012 at 1:41 pmdear sir i want to know how many type of the steel checking and what is the formula

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pankaj chaudhary September 11, 2012 at 12:48 pmDear sir. i want to know how do explain m35,m45,m50 and whats prapotion and how

to calculation mix

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AbbubakkarsiddikSeptember 15, 2012 at 9:08 am
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bikramjeetOctober 20, 2012 at 1:16 pmrespected sir,

can you plz tell me how to make the concrete mix design table on excel.

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mohnishvora October 22, 2012 at 12:04 pmsir,i want to know that how we can reuse the material that has been use for foundation

but not capable for strength but i have to reuse with flyash , can i ?

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poosai durai October 26, 2012 at 2:06 amDear sir. i want to know how do explain m35,m45,m50 and whats prapotion and howto calculation mix

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