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7/27/2019 Cellular Phones as Embedded Systems
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Cellular Phones as
Embedded Systems
Liza RodriguezAurelio Morales
EEL 6935 - Embedded Systems
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Florida
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Outline
Introduction
Todays Cellular Phone
Architecture Challenges for Wireless Access Memory, OS, and Power Challenges
Conclusions
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Outline
Introduction
Todays Cellular Phone
Architecture Challenges for Wireless Access Memory, OS, and Power Challenges
Conclusions
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Cellular Generationso Analog Cellular Technology (1G)
Early 1980s
NMT, AMPS (FDMA) Susceptible to noise and interference. No protection.
o Digital Mobile Communication (2G, 2.5G) Early 1990s
GSM (TDMA), IS-95 (CDMA), IS-136 (D-AMPS, TDMA), PDC (TDMA)
Data services: SMS Digital encryption of conversations. Enhanced privacy.
o Wide Band Mobile Communication (3G, 3.5G) Early 2000s
EDGE (TDMA), CDMA 2000, UMTS (CDMA)
Data transfer rates >= 2 Mbit/s
Data & Voice convergence, Internet access.
o Broadband Mobile Communication (4G) LTE Advanced, IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)
Data transfer rates >= 100 Mbits/s
Mobile IPTV, Wireless VoIP.
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Evolution of Radio Systems, Mobility, Data Rates
Introduction (cont.)
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Convergence enables people to create, share and
consume digital content, using interoperable devices
Cellular phones evolve from traditional cost-optimizedhandhelds to multifunctional terminals
Cellular phones: key platform for mobile convergence
applications (web browsing, video streaming, etc.)
Digital Convergence
Introduction (cont.)
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Agenda
Introduction
Todays Cellular Phone
Architecture Challenges for Wireless Access Memory, OS, and Power Challenges
Conclusions
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Extremely complex embedded system
Functional blocks are custom-made for mobility
Chips are either proprietary designs or based
on available chips.
Miniaturization and functionality
Todays Cellular Phone
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Block diagram of triple-band cellular phone
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Example: Blackberry Bold
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Example: Blackberry Bold
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Example: Blackberry Bold
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Example: Blackberry Bold
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Example: Nokia N95
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Example: Nokia N95
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Example: Nokia N95
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Example: Nokia N95
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Agenda
Introduction
Todays Cellular Phone
Architecture Challenges for Wireless Access Memory, OS, and Power Challenges
Conclusions
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Development of Cellular phones
Miniaturization
Functionality
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Baseband and RF domains challenges
Challenge Possible solution New Challenges
Baseband ASICs are
limited in performance by
computational power, on-
chip communication and
clock distribution
Decentralized architectures:
small distributed controller
processors running at lower
frequencies
Management of processing
power resources
Baseband flexibility and
support for multiple radio
systems
Use configurable logic,
configurable processors, or
processor generators
Design methodology,
verification and testability
RF Cost and size of
BiCMOS chips
RF on digital CMOS
technology
Substrate-coupling effects,
device models
RF design portability RF on digital CMOS
technologyNew RF circuits and
architectures based on fast
sampling and time-discrete
signal processing needed
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RF challenges: Multiradio
o Wide variety of radio
systems
o Combination of systems at
reasonable cost and sizeo Interference
o Miniaturization challenges
Antennas
Filters
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Outline
Introduction
Todays Cellular Phone
Architecture Challenges for Wireless Access Memory, OS, and Power Challenges
Conclusions
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Memory Challenge
Total memory requirement is increasing rapidly
Mass Memories interactive games, high
quality video
Large memories are required to support data
downloading and local storage
Supported by external memory cards: MMC or SD
Small Memories processing and small
applications
Memory chips and their interconnections consume large
areas on PCBs and are accessed frequently
New types of NVRAM may challenge memory chips to
provide smaller and more cost effective memory solutions
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NVRAM Alternatives to Flash Memory
Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) DRAM cell with ferroelectric dielectric in the storage capacitor
Advantages: low power, faster reads and writes (single word vs. entire
block erase), greater number of write-erase cycles (1016 vs. 106)
Disadvantages: lower storage density, higher cost
Phase Change Memory
Glass cells that become crystalline
or amorphous by cooling
Advantages: faster reads and writes,greater number of write-erase cycles
(108 vs. 106), longer hold times
Disadvantages: temp sensitivity,
no pre-programming
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Application Platform
Mobile internet web browsing, videocalls and high bit rate streaming
Java ME provides flexible user
interfaces, built in network protocols,
multimedia support
Fact: 2.1 Billion mobile phones use
Java platforms
3rd
Party Mobile Applications ifdeveloped in Java, are portable
enough to run on almost all cell phones
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Java Hardware or Software?
Hardware an additional small processor dedicated forrunning Java
Improves performance, minimizes memory requirements
Software becomes dependent on inflexible hardware
implementation
Software Java is run on
baseband processor
Virtual machine Java commands
are interpreted as equivalentmicroprocessor commands -- slow!
Just In Time compiler that would
translate Java classes into processor
instructions --- fast!
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Power Challenge
Recent evolution of communication and applicationfunctions have substantially increased power
consumption
Constant annual growth of 10% in battery capacity has
enabled battery volume shrinkage while having mAhlevel constant
However, when 3G or WLAN communication is run
simultaneously with multimedia applications, power
consumption must be reduced
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Power consumption and Battery Capacity
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Solutions to Power Gap
10% increase in battery capacity will continue forever
Reduce power hungry components:
Antennas Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RF
Digital displays
Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS)
Reconfigurable RF components to reduce the number
of ICs.
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Outline
Introduction
Todays Cellular Phone
Architecture Challenges for Wireless Access Memory, OS, and Power Challenges
Conclusions
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Cellular phones have come a long way from analog
communication devices to digital mobile computers.
Today, a cellular phone is a paradigm of an embedded
system having highly optimized cost, size, efficiency
and performance.
Challenges in RF circuits, implementation architecture,
memory, and power consumption are still affecting the
development and growth of mobile devices.
New technologies such as decentralized architectures,reconfigurable circuits, advanced memories, and low
power designs will help overcome challenges.
Conclusions
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References
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1332581
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone
http://www.portioresearch.com/resources.htmlhttp://www.phonewreck.com/wiki/index.php?title=BlackBerry_Bold
http://www.phonewreck.com/wiki/index.php?title=Nokia_N95
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1332581http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://www.portioresearch.com/resources.htmlhttp://www.phonewreck.com/wiki/index.php?title=BlackBerry_Boldhttp://www.phonewreck.com/wiki/index.php?title=Nokia_N95http://www.phonewreck.com/wiki/index.php?title=Nokia_N95http://www.phonewreck.com/wiki/index.php?title=BlackBerry_Boldhttp://www.portioresearch.com/resources.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=13325817/27/2019 Cellular Phones as Embedded Systems
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Questions?