CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF THE PLANT HORMONE ETHYLENE

Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture

VOLUME 16

Scientific Advisory Board: P.S. Baenziger, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA K. Barton, Agracetus Corp., Middleton, Wisconsin, USA F. Cannon, Biotechnica Int., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA A. Galston, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA J. Lyman Snow, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA C.P. Meredith, University of California at Davis, California, USA N.C. Nielsen, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA J. Sprent, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK D.P.S. Verma, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

Aims and Scope The book series is intended for readers ranging from advanced students to senior research scientists and corporate directors interested in acquiring in-depth, state-of-the-art knowledge about research findings and techniques related to plant science and biotechnology. While the subject matter will relate more particularly to agricultural applications, timely topics in basic science and biotechnology will also be explored. Some volumes will report progress in rapidly advancing disciplines through proceedings of symposia and workshops while others will detail fundamental information of an enduring nature that will be referenced repeatedly.

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene Proceedings of the Intemational Symposium on

Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Biosynthesis and Action of the Plant Hormone Ethylene, Agen, France, August 31-September4, 1992

edited by

J. C. PECH, A. LATCHE and C. BALAGUE

Ecole Nationale Superieure Agronomique, Toulouse Cedex, France

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International Symposium an Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Biosynthesis and Action of the Plant Hormone Ethylene 1992 : Agen, Franca>

Cellular and molecular aspects of the plant hormone ethylene : proceedings of the International Symposium an Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Biosynthesis and Action of the Plant Hormone Ethylene, Agen, Franca, August 31st - September 4th, 1992 1 edited by J.C. Pech, A. Latche, and c. Balague.

p. cm. -- <Current plant science and biotechnology in agricultura : 16>

Includes indexes. ISBN 978-90-481-4249-1 ISBN 978-94-017-1003-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1003-9

1. Ethylene--Congresses. 2. Ethylene--Synthesis--Congresses. 3. Plants, Effect of ethylene on--Congresses. 4. Plant hormones--Congresses. I. Pech, J. C. <Jean Clauda> II. Latche, A. <Alain> III. Balague, C. <Claudine> IV. Title. V. Series. OKB98.EBI57 1992 582.13'041927--dc20 93-9351

ISBN 978-90-481-4249-1

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1993

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Table of Contents

Preface J. C Pech, A. Latche, and C Balague

Ethylene Biosynthesis and Fruit Ripening

Structural characteristics of ACC synthase isozymes and differential expression of their genes. Mori H., Nakagawa N, Ono T, Yamagishi H. and Imaseki H.

Monomeric and dimeric forms and mechanism-based inactivation of 1-aminocyc1opropane-l-carboxylate synthase.

xiii

Satoh 8., Mon' H. and Imaseki H. 7

Characterization of the l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylate (ACC) synthase isoenzymes (genes) in tomato. Yip W.K 13

Modifying fruit ripening by suppressing gene expression. Theologis A., Oeller P. W. and Min- Wong L. 19

Cloning and expression analysis of an Arabidopsis thaliana l-aminocyc1opropane­I-carboxylate synthase gene : pattern of temporal and spatial expression. Rodrigues-Pousada RA., Van Der Straeten D., Dedonder A. and Van Montagu M. 24

Relationship of ACC oxidase RNA, ACC synthase RNA and ethylene, in peach fruit. Callahan A.M, Fishel D., and Dunn L.J. 31

Maximising the activity of the ethylene-forming enzyme. Smith J.J. and John P. 33

Purification, characterization and subcellular localization of ACC oxidase from fruits. Latche A., Dupzlle E, Rombaldi C, Cleyet-Marel J. C, Lelievre J.M and Pech J.C 39

vi

Purification and characterization of ACC oxidase and its expression during ripening in apple fruit. Dilley D.R., Kuai I., Poneleit L., Zhu Y., Pekker Y., Wilson JD., Burmeister DM., Gran e. and Bowers A. 46

Mechanistic aspects of ACC oxidation to ethylene. Acosta M, Amao MB., Sanchez-Bravo 1., Casas I.L., Vioque B., Femandez-Maculet 1. e., Castellano I.M 53

Apple ACC oxidase : Purification and characterization of the enzyme and cloning of its cDNA. Yang S.F., Dong I.G, Femandez-Maculet I.e. and Olson D.e. 59

Biochemical and molecular characterization of ethylene-forming enzyme from avocado. Christoffersen R.E, McGarvey D.J. and Savarese P. 65

Identification of genes encoding EFE in tomato. Hamilton A.I., Bouzayen M and Grierson D. 71

EFE multi-gene family in tomato plants: Expression and characterization. Bouzayen M, Cooper w., Barry e., Zegzouti H, Hamilton A. 1. and Grierson D. 76

Altered gene expression, leaf senescence, and fruit ripening by inhibiting ethylene synthesis with EFE-antisense genes. Gray I.E, Picton s., Fray R., Hamilton A.I., Smith H, Barton S. and Grierson D. 82

Conversion of l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid to ethylene and its regulation by calcium in sunflower protoplasts. Bailly e., Corbineau F, Rona I.P. and Come D. 90

Isolation of a ripening and wound-induced cDNA from Cucumis melo L. with homology to the ethylene-forming enzyme. Watson CF., Balague C., Turner AJ., Pech I.C. and Grierson D. 92

Isolation and characterisation of ethylene-forming enzyme genes from melon. BulII.H, Lasserre E., Brame S and Pech 1. e. 94

Immunocytolocalisation of ACC oxidase in tomato fruits. Rombaldi e., Petitproz M, Cleyet-Marel 1. e., Rouge P., Latche A., Pech 1. e. and Lelievre I.M 96

Biochemical and immunocytological characterization of ACC oxidase in transgenic grape cells. Ayub R.A., Rombaldi e., Petitproz M, Latche A., Pech 1. e. and Lelievre I.M 98

vii

Effect of E8 protein on ethylene biosynthesis during tomato fruit ripening. PeiIarrobia L., Aguilar M, Margossian L. and Fischer R.L. 100

Expression of a bacterial ACC deaminase gene in tomato. Sheehy R.E, Ursin v., Vanderpan S. and Hiatt W.R. 106

Stereospecific reaction of l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylate deaminase. HonmaM III

Biochemical and molecular aspects of low oxygen action on fruit ripening. Kanellis A.K., Loulakakis KA., Hassan MM and Roubelakis-Angelakis K.A. 117

Functional analysis of CX-Cellulase (endo-~-I,4-g1ucanase) gene expression in transgenic tomato fruit. Lashbrook C. C. and Bennett A.B. 123

Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and suppression of cellulase and polygalacturonase in avocado fruit subjected to low oxygen storage. Metzidakis J. and Sfakiotalds E 129

Cold-induced climacteric rise of ethylene metabolism in Granny Smith apples. Larrigaudiere C. and Vendrell M 136

Regulation by temperature of the propylene induced ethylene biosynthesis and ripening in "Hayward" kiwifruit. Stavroulakis G. and Sfakiotalds E 142

Ethylene involvement in raspberry fruit ripening. Perkins-Veazie P., Nonnecke G.R. and GJadon R.J. 144

Effect of ethylene on sesquiterpene nootkatone production during the maturation­senescence stage in grapefruit (Citrus paradisiMacf.). Garcia-Puig D., Ortuiio A., Sabater F., Perez ML., Porras 1, Garcia-Lidon A.and Del Rio J.A. 146

Ethylene biosynthesis during the ripening of cherimoya (Annona cherimola, Mill). Martinez G., Serrano M, Protei M T., Amoros A., RiqueJme F and Romojaro F. 148

Effects of C02 on ethylene production by apples at low and high 02 concentrations. Levin A., Sonego L., Zutkhi Y. and Ben Arie R. 150

High carbon dioxide treatment before storage as inducer or reducer of ethylene in apples. Pesis E, Ampunpong c., Shusiri B. and Hewett E W. 152

ADH activity, via ethanol, affects ethylene production in tomato pericarp discs. BoJandi R., Gobattoni E, Massantini R. and Mencarelli F. 154

viii

Two-dimensional protein patterns of cherimoya fruits during ripening. Montero L.M., Bscribano MI, Zamorano J.P. and Merodio C

Involvement of ethylene levels in delayed ripening of avocado cv. "Hass" at low temperature. Zamorano P. and Merodio C

Relationship between polyamines and ethylene in cherimoya fruit ripening. Escribano MI, Montero L.M, Zamorano J.P. and Merodio C

Modulation of gene expression under ethylene treatment in the latex of Hevea brasiliensis. Pujade-Renaud v., Perrot-Rechenman c., d'Auzac f., Jacob fL. andGuemJ.

Imrnunodetection of ethylene-induced chlorophyllase from citrus fruit peel. Trebitsh-Sitrit T., Riov f. and Goldschmidt EE.

Ascorbate oxidase of Cucumis melo. Moser 0. and Kanellis AX.

Ethylene Action

Ethylene receptors. Hall MA. , Aho H.M, Beny A. W, Cowan D.S, Harpham N. v.J., Holland MG., Moshkov I Ye., Novikova G. and Smith A.R.

Buckminsterfullerene (C60 buckyball) inhibition of ethylene release from senescing legume foliage and cut carnations. Leshem Y. Y, Rapoport D., Frimer A.A., Strul G., AsafU and FeIner I

Effect of diazocyclopentadiene (DACP) on cut carnations. Sisler £ C, Blankenship SM, Feam J. C and Haynes R.

Reduced sensitivity to ethylene and delayed senescence in a group of related carnation cultivars. Van Doom WG., Woltering £J., Reid MS, Wu MJ.

In vitro study of ethylene binding sites in pea seedlings. Moshkov I E., Novikova G. V, Smith A.R. and HaJl MA.

Stress Ethylene

Fungal xylanase elicits ethylene biosynthesis and other defense responses in tobacco. Anderson J.D., Bailey B.A., Taylor R., Sharon A., A vni A., Mattoo A.K andFuchs Y.

156

158

160

162

164

166

168

174

182

188

195

197

Stress ethylene in Hevea brasiliensis: Physiological, cellular and molecular aspects. d'Auzac J., Bouteau F., Chrestin fl, Clement A, Jacob J.L., Lacrotte R.,

ix

Prevot J.C, Pujade-Renaud V. and Rona J.P. 205

Wound ethylene synthesis in the stress-affected cells. Kacperska A, Kubacka-Zebalska M 211

Ethylene in early signaling phenomena at the plant-microorganism interface. Esquerre-Tugaye M T., Bottin A, Rickauer M, Sancan J.P., Fournier J. and Pouenat ML. 217

Tomato ACC synthase: regulation of gene expression and importance of the C-terminal region in enzyme activity. Mattoo AK, Li N and Liu D. 223

Regulation of ethylene synthesis in maize roots responses to stress. Morgan P. w., Sarquis J.I, He CJ., Jordan W.R. and Drew MC 232

Heavy metal induction of ethylene production and stress enzymes I. Kinetics of the responses. Wech J., Vangronsve1d J. and C1ijsters fl 238

Heavy metal induction of ethylene production and stress enzymes. II. Is ethylene involved in the signal transduction from stress perception to stress responses? Vangronsve1d J., Wech J., Kubacka-Zeba1ska M and C1ijsters fl 240

Flooding resistance and ethylene. I. An ecophysiological approach with rumex as a model. Rijnders J. G., Voesenek L.A CJ., Van Der Sman AJ.M and B10m C W.P.M 247

Flooding resistance and ethylene. II. Application of an advanced laser-driven photoacoustic technique in ethylene measurements on flooded romex plants. Visser E.J. w., Voesenek L.A CJ., Harren F.J.M and B10m C W.P.M 249

Flooding resistance and ethylene. III. The role of ethylene in shoot elongation of rumex plants in response to flooding. Banga M, Voesenek L.AC.J. and B10m C W.P.M 251

Effect of saline stress on growth of Iycopersicon escu1entum plants and its relation with endogenous ethylene metabolism. Botella F., Del Rio J.A and Ortuno A 253

Ethylene biosynthesis in "Hayward" kiwifruit infected by Botrytis cinerea. Niklis N, Sfakiotakis E. and Thanassou1opou1os CC 255

Ethylene, stress and enzymatic activities in Hevea latex: the diversity of responses. PrevOt J. C, Clement A, Pujade-Renaud v., Siswanto and Jacob J.L. 257

x

Molecular and physiological characterisation of the role of ethylene during pathogen attack of tomato fruit. Cooper w., Bouzayen M, Barry C, Hamilton A.J., Rossall S. and Grierson D. 259

The use of antisense transgenic tomato plants to study the role of ethylene in responses to waterlogging. English P.J., Lycett G. w., Roberts J.A., Hall K. C and Jakson MB. 261

Research on the diurnal courses of abscissic acid, l-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid and its malonyl conjugate contents in needles of damaged and undamaged spruces. Yang C, Wessler A. and Wild A. 263

Flower Senescence. Abscission.

Hormonal and tissue-specific regulation of cellulase gene expression in abscission. Tucker M.L., Matters G.L., Koehler SM., Kemmerer E.C., Baird S.L. and Sexton R. 265

Changes in gene expression during leaf abscission. Roberts J.A., Taylor .I.E., Coupe s.A., Harris N. and Webb S. T.J. 272

Rapid ethylene-induced gene expression during petal abscission. Evensen KB .• Clark D.a and Singh A. 278

Abscission studies in a new mutant of navel oranges. Zacarias L, Tadeo F.R., Bono R. and Primo-Millo Ii 284

Ethylene regulation and function of flower senescence-related genes. Woodson W.R., Brandt A.S., Itzha/d H., Maxson J.M, Wang H., Park K Y. and Larsen P.B. 291

Cloning of ethylene biosynthetic genes involved in petal senescence of carnation and petunia, and their antisense expression in transgenic plants. Michael MZ., Savin K. w., Baudinette S. C, Graham M w., Chandler S.F., Lll C. Y., Caesar C, Gautrais 1, Young R., Nugent aD., Stevenson KR., O'Connor EL.J., Cobbett CS. and Cornish Ii C 298

Interorgan regulation of post-pollination events in orchid flowers. Nadeau J.A., Bui A.Q., Zhang X and O'Neill S.D. 304

Roles of ethylene, ACC and short-chain saturated fatty acids in inter-organ communication during senescence of Cymbidium flowers. Woltering E.J. 310

The role of ethylene in the abscission and ripening of raspberry fruit Rubus idaeus cv Glen Clova. Sexton R., Burdon J.N. and Bowmer J.M 317

Expression of two ACC synthase mRNAs in carnation flower parts during aging and following treatment with ethylene.

xi

Ht:J1sirens H., Somhorst D and Woltering E.J. 323

Promoting the activity of arginine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase by ethylene and its significance to the control of abscission in citrus leaf explants. Goren R., Hubt:nnan M, Levin N. and Altman A. 325

Expression ofEFE antisense RNA in tomato causes retardation of leaf senescence and most fruit ripening characteristics. Murray A.J., Hobson G.B ... Schuch W. and Bird CR. 327

Growth, Development

The role of ethylene in regulating growth of deepwater nce. Kende H., Hoflinann-Benning S. and Sauter M

Gravity dependent ethylene action.

329

Burg S.P. and Kang B.G. 335

Ethylene and the growth of etiolated seedlings of lupinus albus L. Casas J.L., Amao MB., Garrido G., Acosta M, Sanchez-Bravo J. 341

Various conditions of illumination and ethylene evolution. KefeJi v.l, Rakitina T. Y. A, Vlasov P. v., JaJilova F. and Kalevich A.E. 347

Ethylene and vitrification of Fraxinus explants in vitro. Leforestier F. , Joseph C and Come D. 353

Stimulation of somatic embryogenesis in carrot by ethylene. Nissen P. 359

Relationship between ethylene and polyamine synthesis in plant regeneration. Roustan J.P., Chraibi KM, Latche A. and FaJlot J. 365

Ethylene inhibits the morphogenesis of Vitis vinifera cuttings cultured in vitro. Souli60., Roustan J.P. and FaJlot J. 367

Enhanced ethylene production by primary roots of Zea mays L. in response to sub -ambient partial pressures of oxygen. Brailsford R., Voesenek L.A.CJ., Blom C w.P.M, Smith A.R., HaJl MA. and Jackson MB. 369

Ethylene and phosphorylation of pea epicotyl proteins. Novikova 0. v., Moshkov IE., Smith A.R. and HaJl MA. 371

xii

Knowledge of xylem sap flow rate is a pre-requisite for accurate estimates of hormone transport from roots to shoots. Else M.A, Davies w.I., Hall K. C. and Jackson M.B.

Ethylene synthesis by fruit plants cultured in vitro. Jona R., Fronda A, Cattro A and Gallo A

Index of Authors

Index of Keywords

373

375

377

381

Preface

The International Symposium on "Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Biosynthesis and Action of the Plant Hormone Ethylenc" ,vas held in Agen, France from August 31 st and September 4th, 1992. The planning and management of the scientific and social programme of the Conference were carried out jointly by the "Ethylene Research Group" of ENSAlIN"P (Toulouse) and Agropole Congres Service (Agen).

Since the last meetings in Israel (1984) and in Belgium (1988), ethylene physiology has gone through a period of exciting progress due to new developments in cellular and molecular bioiogy. New methods and tools have been developed to better understand the role and functions of ethylene in fruit ripening, flower senescence, abscission, piant growth, and cell differentiation. Genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis have been characterized and transgenic plants with altered ethylene production have been generated. The feasibility of delaying fruit ripening or flower senescence by genetic manipulation is now demonstrated, thus opening new perspectives for the postharvest handling of plant products.

Some progress has also been made on the understanding of ethylene action. However, much remains to be done in this area to elucidate the ethylene signal transduction pathway.

Around 140 scientists from 20 countries attended the Symposium. They presented 47 oral reports and 40 poster demonstrations. All of them are published in these proceedings.

It has been a pleasure for us to organize this important Symposium and to edit this book. We hope that it will remember a week of intense and fruitfull discussions to those who attended the meeting and will provide to others a guide to the most recent developments of research on ethylene biosynthesis and action.

We wish to express our thanks to all Discussion leaders and Chairpersons who largely contributed to the success of the mceting. We are spccially grateful to Professor S.F. Yang (USA) and Professor D. Grierson (UK) for their help in the preparation of the scientific programme.

Tue Symposium would not have been possible without the generous financial support provided by the foHowing organizations:

-Commission of the European Communities; -Conseil Regional d'Aquitaine; -Conseil General de Lot-et-Garonne: -Ministere de la Recherche, de la Technologie et de I'Espace; -Ministere de I'Education Nationale et de la Culture: -Compagnie Fran~aise des Produits Industriels (CFPI); -and Louis Vuitton-Moet Hennessy.

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xiv

We also gratefuily acknowledge the help and support from Mairie d'Agt:n, Comite Economique Fruits et Legumes Aquitaine, Les Vignerons de Buzet, and SICA France Prune.

We are particularly indebted to A.M. Perrin-Naffak (Director of IUFM) and R. Caussieu (Administrative Director) who hosted the Conference at the Ecole Normale d'Agen. We also acknowledge the help of the following persons: J.-F. Runel-Belliard, F. Riboulet and the staff of Agropole-Congres, and J. Bull, C. Sigro, M. Bouzayen, J. Raynal and all the members of the "Ethylene research group" at ENSAT.

Toulouse. 1992 Jean Claude. PECH Alain LATCHE

Claudine BALAGuE