CELLULAR Aberration Mine(TESSA)

8/6/2019 CELLULAR Aberration Mine(TESSA)

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CELLULARA B E R R A T I O N S

Rotessa Joyce D. Ong, R.N.


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What are CELLULAR ABERRATIONS?

A group of disorderscharacterized by

abnormal cell growthand the

ability to metastasize withpotential in killing the host.


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What is CANCER?

The term cancer refers to the group ofdiseases in which cells grow and spread

unrestrained throughout the body.

Derives from the latin crab which meanscancer

Synonymous withneoplasm


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Terminologies Commonly Associated

with Abnormal Cell Growth

Anaplastic=without shape or differentiation

Aneuploid= more or less than the normalnumber of chromosomes

Apoptosis=programmed cell death

Benign=new, non-malignant cell growth notneeded for normal growth or replacement

Carcinogenesis=transformation of a normal cellinto a cancer cell

Doubling time=the amount of time it takes for atumor to double in size by mitotic cell divisions


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Gene expression=the activation orturning on of a specific gene to theextent that it synthesizes a specificprotein that influences the activity of

a cell or a group of cells

Gene suppression=the deactivation orturning off of a specific gene

Malignant=cancerous, new growth ofcells by invasion that is not needed fornormal development or tissuereplacement


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Metastasis=invasive growth of cancer cellsfrom the original tumor into distant areas

Morphology=appearance or shape

Neoplasia=new cell growth not needed fornormal body growth or replacement ofdead or missing tissue

Ploidy=the chromosome content of a cell

Aneuploidy-chromosome content of a cell iseither greater or lesser than the normal cell


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Oncogene=a developmental gene capable oftransforming a normal cell into a cancer cell

Primary tumor=a tumor formed in a specific tissueas a result of a carcinogenic agent or event

Promotion=enhancement of cell division in a cellinitiated by a carcinogen

Secondary tumor=a tumor formed as a result ofbreaking off from a primary tumor and spreading to

distant sites

Suppressor gene=a gene that supresses theexpression of an oncogene


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Cancer Statistics


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Characteristics of Normal & Abnormal

CellsCharacteristic Normal Cell Embryonic Cell Benign Tumor

Cell

Malignant Cell

Cell Division None or slow Rapid, continuous Continuous,

inappropriate

Rapid, continuous

Appearance Specific

morphology

features

Anaplastic Specific

morphologic

features

Anaplastic

Nuclear-

cytoplasmic ratio

Small Lar ge Small Lar ge

Differentiated

functions

Many None Many Some or none

Adherence Tight Loose Tight Loose

Migratory No Yes No Yes

Growth Well regulated Well regulated Expansion Invasion

Chromosomes Diploid (euloid) Diploid (euloid) Diploid (euloid) Aneuploid

Mitotic Index Low High Low High


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Classification of

Neoplasms Benign Neoplasia Generally not life-threatening unless

they occur in a restricted area

Classified according to tissue

involvement:

Glandular tissue (adenoma)

Bone (osteoma)

Nerve cells (neuroma)

Fibrous tissue (fibroma)

Growth remains circumscribed


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MalignantNeoplasia

Cells infiltrate surrounding tissue

Cells produce secondary lesions

May spread (metastasize) by direct extension, lymphatic permeation,embolization, and diffusion of cancer cells by mechanical means

Tumors are classified according to the tissue involved

T

umors are also classified by a universal system of staging classification (T

NMsystem) T=primary tumor N=lymph node involvement

M=designates metastasis

A number (0-4) after any of these letters designates the degree of involvement


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BENIGN TUMOR

MALIGNANT TUMOR


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Classification ofTumors by Tissue of Origin

Prefix Tissue of Origin Benign Tumor Malignant Tumor

Adeno Epithelial glands Adenoma Adenocarcinoma

Chondro Cartilage Chondroma Chondrosarcoma

Fibro Fibrous connective Fibroma Fibrosarcoma

Glio Glial cells (brain) Glioma Glioblastoma

Hemangio Blood vessel Hemangioma Hemangiosarcoma

Hepato Liver Hepatoma Hepatocarcinoma

Leiomyo Smooth muscle Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma

Lipo Fat/adipose Lipoma Liposarcoma

Lympho Lymphoid tissues Hodgkins lymphomaNon-Hodgkins lymphomaBurkitts lymphoma

Melano Pigment-producing skin Meningioma Melanoma

Meningio Meninges MeningiomaMeningioblastoma

Neuro Nerve tissue Neurofibroma NeurosarcomaNeuroblastoma

Osteo Bone Osteoma Osteosarcoma

Rhabdo Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma

Squamous Epithelial layer of skin, mucousmembranes, and organ linings Papilloma Squamous cell carcinoma of skin,bladder, lungs, cervix


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Documents

CELLULAR Aberration Mine(TESSA)