Cells, Tissues, Glands and Membranes

7/24/2019 Cells, Tissues, Glands and Membranes

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cells,tissues,

glands and

membranesaymund Christopher R. dela Pea, RN,RM, MAN

UNP- College of ealth !ciences


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CHEMISTRY

Matter Solid

Liquid gasElements

AtomsNeutronsProtonselectrons


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CHEMISTRY

Isotopes -"sotopes of the sametype of atom di#er in the number ofneutrons and therefore in weight.

Low level radiation- racers !iodine "#"$ PE%

&igh level radiation-'ranium- gamma ra(s for sterili)ingsurgical instruments%


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Chemical Bonds Molecules

*ompounds

".Ionic +onds , electrons are transferredfrom one atom to another

.*ovalent +onds , electrons are shared

#.isul/de 0onds , 0ond of sulfurwithin one protein molecule to

maintain a # structure1.&(drogen +onds , results from

unequal distri0ution of charges


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Ionic bond


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Covalent Bond


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Hydrogen Bond


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CHEMICAL REACTIOS

". S(nthesis 2eactionA 3 + A+

. ecomposition 2eactionA+ A 3 +

#. E4change 2eaction

A+ 3 * A* 3 +

2eversi0le 2eaction

A+ A 3 + A+


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IOR!AIC COM"O#$S

- 5ew have car0on atoms 0ut nonehave *-* or *-& 0ond6 the( tend to0e simple

7AE2

89:;EN AN *A2+8N I89IE

ELE*28L:ES A*IS AN +ASES

SALS


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P28PE2IES 85 7AE2oined 0( s(nthesis

reaction !eh(dration 2eaction%#. Pol(saccharides , multiple6

man( simple sugars


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- Most a0undant organic compound

- Amino acids , 0uilding 0loc?s of proteins

". /0rous@ structural *&8N

- important in 0inding structures togetherand providing strength in certain 0od(tissues

- collagen ! 0ones%$ eratin ! hair and nails%

. ;lo0ular@ 5unctional *&8N

- - Mo0ile and spherical

- Anti0odies$ hormones$ en)(mes


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1 LEBELS 85 *&8N82;ANICAI8N

". P2IMA2: - chains. SE*8NA2: , coiled into sheets

#.E2IA2: , glo0ular in shape

1. D'A2E2NA2: , more than "pol(peptide chain


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ENC:MES

- catal(sts that speed up

chemical reaction- functions 0( the active sitetheor(


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- 7AE2 INS8L'+E M8LE*'LES- 5ats". rigl(cerides , fat deposits

a. Saturated0. unsaturated

. Phospholipids , cell mem0rane#. Steroids !*holesterol$ 0ile salts$ Bit $

Se4 hormones$ Adrenocortical&ormones%

1. 5at Solu0le Bitamins !AE%$prostaglandins$ lipoproteins


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".NA

.2NA


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*ell Structure and 5unction


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*ELL S2'*'2ES

PLASMA MEM+2ANE- separates the cell from its environment- compose of phosholipid 0ila(er

*:8PLASM- contains organelles- thic? gel-li?e su0stance whereorganelles are suspended in the c(tosol

N'*LE'S- control center- protects and holds the NA


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Plasma mem0rane

MI*28BILLI

- /ngerli?e pro>ectionsthat increase the surfacearea for a0sorption


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Plasma mem0rane

MEM+2ANE 'N*I8NS".ight >unctions

- impermea0le >unctions that 0ind cellstogether into lea? proof sheets

.esmosomes- anchoring >unctions that prevent cells from0eing pulled apart

#.;ap >unctions

- allows communication- conne%onsare hollow c(linders composedof proteins that allow passage of ions ornutients


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82;ANELLES

&N'(P)A!M"C R&*"CU)UM

". 28';& E2

-with ri0osomes- *&8N s(nthesis and intracellular

transport

. SM88& E2- s(nthesi)e lipids and *&8


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82;ANELLES

R"$(!(M&!

- protein s(nthesis ,

en)(me production


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82;ANELLES


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+unction-produces@assem0les proteins

-proteins produced are oftentransported out of the cell

-translation< process of the assem0l( of

proteins-translates m2NA !instructions for

0uilding the protein%

-0inds amino acids

-releases and transports proteins into thec(toplasm !pro?ar(otes% or the ;olgiApparatus !eu?ar(otes%


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82;ANELLES

()" APPARA*U!

- processes *&8N from E2

- *&8N leaves the cisterna in avesicle to outside thecell!secretion%

- 2eleases products through golgivesicles !l(sosomes$ secretor(vesicle%


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82;ANELLES

)!(!(M&!

- sacs from ;olgi Apparatus

- contains digestive en)(mes

- destro(ed in o4(gen

deprivation and e4cessiveBit. A


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82;ANELLES

P&R("!(M&!- sacs containing

deto4if(ing su0stances!o4idase en)(mes% thatenter the cell

- disarm free radicals andconvert them to h(drogenpero4ide !&8%


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82;ANELLES

M"*(C(N'R"AStructure

-inner and outer mem0ranes

-phospholipid 0ila(ers with proteins

-outer mem0rane

-encloses organelle

-inner mem0rane

-ver( impermea0le

-folds to form cristae


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G distinct compartments

-outer mem0rane

-intermem0rane space !0etween thetwo mem0ranes%

-inner mem0rane

-cristae

-matri4 !inside inner mem0rane%

-also contains NA particles$ 2i0osomes$;ranules$ and AP particles


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+unction-source of power for eu?ar(otic cells-Hcellular power plantH-generate AP !adenosine triphosphate%

-energ( conversion -on inner mem0rane !in cristae%-other processes -cell c(cle

-cell growth -programmed cell death -cell communication -cell respiration processes


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82;ANELLES

C*(!/&)&*(N- networ? of protein structurese4tending throughout the c(toplasm

". micro/laments !actin and m(osin%, cell motilit(

. intermediate /laments , help formdesmosomes

#. Microtu0ules , dtermine overallshape of the cell and distri0ution oforganelles


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82;ANELLES

C&N*R"()&!- 582MS &E MI8I*

SPINLES '2IN; *ELLIBISI8N


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82;ANELLES

C")"A AN' +)A&))A- Pro>ections of the cell

-he agella !sperm% are longerthen the cilia !respirator( tract%

- 5lagella help in the movement

of the cell6 cilia help inpropelling su0stances across acellJs surface


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C&)) P!"()(


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Mem0rane ransport


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8smotic Pressure

-solute concentration of a solution6determines whether cell gain or lose water

0.ypertonic solution- More solutes and less water than the cells

- *ell shrin? !crenation%1.ypotonic solution

-fewer solutes and more water than the cells- *ell swells and ruputures !l(sis%

2."sotonic !olution-equal ratio of solute to solvent6 no apparent

change


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MEM+2ANE 2ANSP82

PA!!"3& *RAN!P(R*

0. 'i#usion

1. (smosis

2. 4ltration

AC*"3& *RAN!P(R*

0. !olute pumps5pumping

1. $ul6 transport

Passive ransport


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Passive ransport". I55'SI8N

- Movement of solutes from an area of higher

concentration to an area of lower concentration

!imple di#usion

- movement of solutes through a selectivel(permea0le mem0rane !cell 7all%

+acilitated di#usion

-movement of solutes requiring protein carrier

. 8SM8SIS

-di=usion of liquid!water% through a selectivel( permea0lemem0rane

#. 5IL2AI8N

- movement of su0stance from an area of higherh(drostatic pressure to a lower h(drostatic pressure

through a mem0rane


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'"++U!"(N

(!M(!"!


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Active ransport


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Active ransport

- 'ses AP energ(

". S8L'E P'MP@P'MPIN;

- Molecules are moved across amem0rane against an electrical or aconcentration gradient.

. +'L 2ANSP82

a. &%ocytosis- Moves su0stances out of the cell

b.&ndocytosis

- Moves su0stances into the cell


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&(C*(!"!


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&N'(C!*"!


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*ell ivision


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*ell 2eproduction

"nterphase 7 cell grows and carriesusual meta0olic activities

- prepares for NA replication!A$*;%

M"*(!"!

- Produces two identical diploid daughtercells

M&"(!"!-produces 1 haploid daughter cells


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Protein S(nthesis

i h i


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Protein S(nthesis

RNA

- tRNA , gathers amino acids6contains anticodon

- rRNA 7 helps form ri0osomes$arranges *&8N

- mRNA 7 transfers the gene!0lueprint from the NA%6 containscodon

i S h i


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Protein S(nthesis

*RAN!CR"P*"(N

- transfer of information from

NAJs 0ase sequence!triplet%into complementar( 0asesequence!codon% of the

m2NA

P i S h i


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Protein S(nthesis *RAN!)A*"(N

- occurs in c(toplasm6

".m2NA attaches to ri0osome$

. t2NA carr(ing amino acids 0inds its anticodon to thecodon of the m2NA

#. Another t2NA 0inds with the ne4t sequence of codon

1. he amino acids the( carr( are 0ound together 0(en)(mes

G. he /rst t2NA is released into the c(toplasm

K. Another t2NA 0inds with the ne4t codon sequence$and so on until the whoe sequence is used up.

. 7hen the last codon!stop codon% is reached$ theprotein chain is released from the ri0osome.


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Mit i


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Mitosis


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M i i


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Meiosis

2esults in 1 haploid daughter cells

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

8ccurs in the production f se4cells@gametes


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- ;roup of cells similar in structure and function

EPI&ELIAL ISS'ES- lining$ covering and glandular tissue of the 0od(6for protection$ a0sorption$ /ltration$ secretion

*8NNE*IBE ISS'ES- most widespread tissue6 connects 0od( parts$supports$ transports molecules and defends the0od(

M'S*LE ISS'ES

- speciali)ed for contraction6 movement NE2B8'S ISS'ES

- irrita0ilit( and conductivit(6 rapid integration andregulation of 0od( activities


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CARAC*&R"!*"C! 5orm sheets

he mem0ranes have one free

edge@surface he lower surface rests on structureless

material secreted 0( cells !0asementmem0rane%

Avascular

2egenerate easil(


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+UNC*"(N! Protection

- mem0ranes of epithelium Sensor( function

- s?in$ nose$ e(es$ ears Secretion

- glandular epithelium

A0sorption- ;I$ ;'$ 2espirator( tract E4cretion

- ?idne( tu0ules


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C)A!"+"CA*"(N! MEM+2AN8'S EPI&ELI'M

+ased on cell shape

+ased on cell la(ers ;LAN'LA2 EPI&ELI'M

E4ocrine glands

Endocrine glands


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$A!&' (N C&)) !AP& Squamous , attened *u0oidal , cu0e-shaped *olumnar , columns

$A!&' (N C&)) )A&R! SIMPLE , single la(er S2AI5IE , la(ered one on another

2ANSII8NAL , di=erent t(pes of cell perla(er PSE'8S2AI5IE , one la(er of cells tthat

loo?s li?e man( la(ers


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!"MP)& &P"*&)"UM SIMPLE SD'AM8'S - alveoli

SIMPLE *'+8IAL , glands and ducts

SIMPLE *8L'MNA2 , mucous mem0ranesof stomach$ intestines$ uterus$ respirator(tract

PS'8S2AI5IE *8L'MNA2 , lining the

air passages of the respirator( s(tem


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!*RA*"+"&' &P"*&)"UM S2AI5IE SD'AM8'S !E2AINICE%

- s?in S2AI5IE SD'AM8'S !N8N-E2AINICE%

- lining the vagina$ esophagus$ and mouth S2AI5IE *'+8IAL

- protective function6 sweat gland ducts$ phar(n4$epiglottis

S2AI5IE *8L'MNA2- onl( the most super/cial la(er is columnar6segments of urethra$ mucous la(er near the anus


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- Speciali)ed for secretor( activit( &(CR"N& )AN'!

- discharge secretions into ducts

&N'(CR"N& )AN'!- discharge secretions directl( into the

0lood stream


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+UNC*"(NA) C)A!!"+"CA*"(N (+&(CR"N&

AP8*2INE- collects the products near the ape4 and

release 0( pinching of the distended end!mammar( gland% &8L8*2INE

- products are collected inside the cell andthe cell ruptures to release the

products! se0aceous gland% ME28*2INE

- discharges through the cell@plasmamem0rane ! salivar( gland%


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MA2I9- holds the tissues together

;28'N S'+SAN*E

- composed of water $ pol(saccharidesand adhesion proteins


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+"$&R! "N *& MA*R" *8LLA;EN8'S

- white6 form 0undles6 great tensile strength

2EI*'LA2- networ?s6 delicate6 support capillaries andnerve /0ers

ELASI*

- have elastin6 returns to normal length after0eing stretched!e4ternal ear *artillage%


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C)A!!"+"CA*"(N!8 5I+28'S

L88SE@82INA2:- stretcha0le !areolar% AIP8SE , fat cells 2EI*'LA2 , # we0 !spleen%

ENSE , 0undles of /0ers !tendons% +8NE , osteoc(tes and osteo0lasts in the

lacunae *A2ILLA;E - chondroc(tes

&:ALINE , shin( !decreased collagen%

5I+28*A2ILLA;E , strongest6 shoc?-proof6 cushion ELASI* , voice 0o4 and the lar(n4

+L88 7+*$ 2+*$ platelets


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- speciali)ed for contraction*P&! SELEAL@S2IAE B8L'NA2:

- o0vious striations6 gross 0od( movements

*A2IA*@S2IAE IN*8L'NA2:- m(ocardium6 uninucleate 0ranching cellsthat /t tightl( at the >unction calledintercalated disks

SM88&@BIS*E2AL@N8N-S2IAE

INB8L'NA2:- spindle-shaped elongated uninucleates6found in hollow organs!intestines$ stomach$0lood vessels$ 0ladder%


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NE'28NS- conduct electrochemical su0stances A98N

- conducts impulses awa( from the cell0od(!soma%

EN2IES

-conducts@receives impulses towards the cell0od(

NE'28;LIA

- connecting and supporting cells


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- thin tissue la(ers that cover surfaces$ linecavities$ and divide spaces or organs

EPI&ELIAL MEM+2ANES *'ANE8'S

SE28'S

M'*8'S

*8NNE*IBE ISS'E MEM+2ANE

S:N8BIAL MEM+2ANE


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*'ANE8'S !SIN%- covers the 0od( surface e4posed to theenvironment

SE28'S , lines cavities and covers the organsinside it Parietal layer5membrane

- covers the wall of the cavit( 3isceral layer5membrane

- covers the surface of the viscera!organ%

M'*8'S

- lines 0od( surfaces opening directl( to the e4terior- respirator($ urinar($ reproductive tract

- produces a /lm of mucous


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TISS#E RE"AIR


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TISS#E RE"AIR

IN5LAMMAI8N

- generali)ed!non-speci/c% 0od( response thatattempts to prevent further in>ur(.

- comple4 wa( in which cells and tissues react to in>ur(

IMM'NE 2ESP8NSE- speci/c response and mounts a vigorous attac?against recogni)ed invaders

2E;ENE2AI8N

- replacement of destro(ed tissue 0( the same ?ind ofcells

5I+28SIS

- repair 0( dense !/0rous% connective tissue


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IN5LAMMAI8N


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*ELS'S proposed the /rst four cardinalsigns of inammation

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Cells, Tissues, Glands and Membranes