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Which of these is the smallest object?
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. Human cell2. Protein molecule3. Virus4. Bacteria5. Amino acid
Prokaryotic organisms lack a nucleus in their cells. Which of these organisms is prokaryotic?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Plants2. Fungi3. Protists (such as
Amoeba and Paramecium)
4. Bacteria
Which of these objects can be seen with the aid of an ordinary student microscope?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Human cell2. Virus3. Protein molecule4. Oxygen atom
Which of these is made up of cells?
1 2 3 4 5 6
17% 17% 17%17%17%17%1. Animals2. Plants3. Fungi4. Bacteria5. Only animals and
plants6. All of these
• Cell Theory:
• The cell is the fundamental structure of all living things.
• All living things are made of cells.
• Cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.
Which of these can be seen with an electron microscope but not a light microscope?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Human cells2. Bacteria3. Protein
molecules4. Amino acids
• Discuss and write down your ideas:
• How did the invention of the microscope change the human view of the world?
• How did the invention of the electron microscope change our understanding of cells?
WORK
TOGETHER
Prokaryotic Features
• No membrane-bound organelles, such as a nucleus.
• DNA in one large ring-shaped chromosome
• An enormous variety of metabolic pathways.
• Highly successful and adaptable.
Internal Structurechromosome(nucleoid region)
plasmid (DNA)cytosol
plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule orslime layer
prokaryoticflagellum
food granule
ribosomes
pili
Viruses• A virus is usually
not considered living.
• A virus consists only of a protein coat (sometimes with a lipid outer layer) and a piece of genetic material (DNA or RNA).
Bacteria vs. Virus
FeaturesBacteri
aVirus
Reproduces independently?
Has genetic material?
Has cell membrane?
Has metabolism?
Living?
Yes No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Which of these does a bacteria NOT have?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%1. DNA2. Cell membrane3. Nucleus4. Bacteria have
none of these.
Eukaryotic Features
• Cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
• Nucleus holds multiple strands of DNA, which condense into chromosomes during cell division.
• May be single-celled or multi-cellular organisms.
Figure 4-3 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
smoothendoplasmicreticulum
mitochondrion
cytosol
lysosome
ribosomes onrough ER
centriole
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
nuclear pore
nuclear envelope
chromatin (DNA)
nucleolus
plasmamembrane
rough endoplasmicreticulum
free ribosome
nucleus
Animal cell
Figure 4-9a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
nuclearpores
nuclearenvelope
chromatin
nucleolus
Nucleus
Figure 4-13 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Protein-carryingvesicles from ERmerge with Golgiapparatus
Golgiapparatus
Vesicles carryingmodified proteinleave Golgi apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
Figure 4-14 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
1 A protein issynthesized in the rough ER.
5 Vesicles merge with theplasma membrane andrelease protein byexocytosis.
4 Completed proteinis packaged intovesicles.
3 Vesicles fuse with Golgi. The protein may be altered and finished.
2 Protein is packagedinto vesicles and travelsto Golgi apparatus.
ER and Golgi function
A cell that produces a lot of protein must have an
extensive:
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Nucleus2. Rough ER3. Smooth ER4. Golgi apparatus
• Discuss and summarize in your own words the roles of:
• the cell nucleus
• the rough ER
• the Golgi complex
WORK
TOGETHER
ER, Golgi, & Lysosome Function after Phagocytosis
Figure 4-15 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
1 Enzymes aresynthesized in ER.
plasmamembrane waste
ERERdigestiveenzymes
foodvacuole
lysosome
Golgi
nucleus
4 Lysosome fuses withfood vacuole andenzymes digest food.
3 Lysosomes budfrom Golgi.
2 Golgi modifiesenzymes.
White blood cells must locate, engulf, and destroy many foreign particles. Which organelle
will help them most in this task?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Nucleus2. Lysosome3. Endoplasmic
reticulum4. Golgi bodies
• Discuss and summarize in your own words the roles of the lysosome and the mitochondrion in animal cell nutrition.
WORK
TOGETHER
Figure 4-3 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
smoothendoplasmicreticulum
mitochondrion
cytosol
lysosome
ribosomes onrough ER
centriole
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
nuclear pore
nuclear envelope
chromatin (DNA)
nucleolus
plasmamembrane
rough endoplasmicreticulum
free ribosome
nucleus
Animal cell
True or false: Plant cells are much more primitive than animal cells and have far fewer types of
organelles.
1 2
50%50%
1. True2. False
Plant Cell - same organelles as an animal cell, plus a few more
ribosomes free ribosome
nuclear pore
nuclear envelope
chromatin (DNA)
nucleolusnucleus
smoothendoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
roughendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
choloroplastmitochondrionplastid
plasmamembrane
plasmodesma
cell wall
central vacuole
cytosol
• How is the cell wall of plant cells similar to an animal’s skeleton? How is it different?
WORK
TOGETHER
Chloroplast
thylakoid
outermembrane
innermembrane
channelinterconnecting
thylakoids
1 micrometer
stroma
granum(stack of thylakoids)
What do chloroplasts do?
1 2 3
33% 33%33%
1. Make energy2. Use energy to
make molecules.3. Break sugar
down to release energy.
• Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis to make sugars and other monomers. What does the plant use these monomers for?
WORK
TOGETHER
One-celled Eukaryotic organisms have unique challenges.
A Paramecium must:
ingest food
excrete waste
sense and respond to the environment
(a) Cilium
(b) Flagellum
propulsion of fluid
return strokepower strokeplasma membrane
direction of locomotion propulsion of fluid
continuous propulsion
ciliumParamecium0.1 micrometer
protein"arms"
central pair ofmicrotubules
section of cilium(transmission EM)
basal body
plasma membrane
pore
collectingducts
centralreservoir
Reservoir contracts, expellingwater through pore.
Water enters collecting ducts,fills central reservoir.
• In a one-celled organism, which organelle is most like:
• A stomach (assists with digestion)?
• A kidney (removes excess water)?
WORK
TOGETHER