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Cells: The Living Units Part C. 3. Golgi Apparatus. Stacked and flattened membranous sacs Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins Transport vessels from the ER fuse with the cis face of the Golgi apparatus - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth EditionElaine N. Marieb
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky
3Cells: The Living Units
Part C
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Golgi Apparatus
Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins
Transport vessels from the ER fuse with the cis face of the Golgi apparatus
Proteins then pass through the Golgi apparatus to the trans face
Secretory vesicles leave the trans face of the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Golgi Apparatus
Figure 3.20a
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Role of the Golgi Apparatus
Figure 3.21
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Lysosomes
Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
Degrade nonfunctional organelles
Breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone
Breakdown nonuseful tissue
Breakdown bone to release Ca2+
Secretory lysosomes are found in white blood cells, immune cells, and melanocytes
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Endomembrane System
System of organelles that function to:
Produce, store, and export biological molecules
Degrade potentially harmful substances
System includes:
Nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane
Endomembrane SystemPLAY
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Endomembrane System
Figure 3.23
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Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases
Detoxify harmful or toxic substances
Neutralize dangerous free radicals
Free radicals – highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons (i.e., O2
–)
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Cytoskeleton
The “skeleton” of the cell
Dynamic, elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol
Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
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Cytoskeleton
Figure 3.24
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Microtubules
Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin
Determine the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles
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Microfilaments
Dynamic strands of the protein actin
Attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
Braces and strengthens the cell surface
Attach to CAMs and function in endocytosis and exocytosis
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Intermediate Filaments
Tough, insoluble protein fibers with high tensile strength
Resist pulling forces on the cell and help form desmosomes
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Motor Molecules
Protein complexes that function in motility
Powered by ATP
Attach to receptors on organelles
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Motor Molecules
Figure 3.25a
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Motor Molecules
Figure 3.25b
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Centrioles
Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus
Pinwheel array of nine triplets of microtubules
Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
Form the bases of cilia and flagella
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Centrioles
Figure 3.26a, b
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Cilia
Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells
Move substances in one direction across cell surfaces
Cilia and FlagellaPLAY
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Cilia
Figure 3.27a
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Cilia
Figure 3.27b
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Cilia
Figure 3.27c
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Nucleus
Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets
Gene-containing control center of the cell
Contains the genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins
Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized
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Nucleus
Figure 3.28a
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Nuclear Envelope
Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores
Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes
Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER and is studded with ribosomes
Inner membrane is lined with the nuclear lamina, which maintains the shape of the nucleus
Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus
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Nucleoli
Dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus
Site of ribosome production
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Chromatin
Threadlike strands of DNA and histones
Arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes
Form condensed, barlike bodies of chromosomes when the nucleus starts to divide
Figure 3.29
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Cell Cycle
Interphase
Growth (G1), synthesis (S), growth (G2)
Mitotic phase
Mitosis and cytokinesis
Figure 3.30
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Interphase
G1 (gap 1) – metabolic activity and vigorous growth
G0 – cells that permanently cease dividing
S (synthetic) – DNA replication
G2 (gap 2) – preparation for division
Late InterphasePLAY
