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1 Cell Communication

Cells communicate with one another Enduring Understanding6 Intercellular communication cell junctions signal molecules dissolved in cytosol that passes directly plasmodesmata gap junctions

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Page 1: Cells communicate with one another Enduring Understanding6 Intercellular communication cell junctions signal molecules dissolved in cytosol that passes directly plasmodesmata gap junctions

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Cell Communication

Page 2: Cells communicate with one another Enduring Understanding6 Intercellular communication cell junctions signal molecules dissolved in cytosol that passes directly plasmodesmata gap junctions

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Enduring Understanding:

Cells communicate with one another

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Essential Question:

How do cells communicate?

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Cells communicate by signal conduction pathways

­signal on cell's surface is converted to  specific cell response

­evolved first in prokaryotes and single  celled eukaryotes

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Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) use cell signaling to identify mates

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Intercellular communication

­cell junctions­ signal molecules dissolved in cytosol that passes directly­plasmodesmata­gap junctions

­membrane bound cell surface molecules (animals)­important for embryonic development &  immune response

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messenger molecules secreted by cells

local regulators ­ if travel short distanceex. growth factor ­ stimulate cell to grow & multiply

­paracrine signaling­ when many cells  respond due to one single cell in the  vicinity

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­synaptic signaling­(nervous tissue of animals)

­electrical signal in nerve cell triggers   secretion of chemical signal   (neurotransmitter), diffuse across synaptic cleft to target cell

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Hormones used for long distance signaling­cells release hormones, travel through  circulation to target cells in organism

ex. pituitary gland releases Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) into blood stream, goes to ovary, ovary starts maturing egg for ovulation

in plants­growth regulators travel via other cells or diffusion in air as gas (ethylene­ fruit ripening)

­nervous system can also be considered long distance signaling

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Local and Long distance signaling

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Sutherland's Research­ Nobel prize 1971

investigated how epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of storage polysaccharide glycogen in liver and skeletal cells

­epinephrine activates a cytosolic enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase in intact cells

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­results: ­found epinephrine did not interact directly  with enz. for glycogen breakdown­ intermediate steps must take place­plasma membrane involved in epinephrine signal

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three stages in cell communication:

1. Reception­ target cell detects signal molecule from outside cell­signal molecule binds to receptor protein

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2. Transduction­binding of signal molecule changes receptor protein­converts signalEx. binding of epinephrine to receptor activates  glycogen phosphorylase­can be single or multiple steps (signal conduction  pathway)

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3. Response­ transduced signal triggers a specific cell response

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Reception­signal molecule acts as a ligand (molecule  that binds to another molecule)­causes receptor protein to change shape­activates the receptor ­ allows interaction with  other cell molecules ­ some can aggregate

­intracellular receptor proteins ­in cytoplasm or nucleus­must pass through plasma membrane to get to  receptor (hydrophobic)

­Ex. steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide

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Testosterone­passes through membrane­binds to receptor protein­hormone/receptor complex enters nucleus & binds to specific genes­stimulates transcription of gene to mRNA­mRNA transcribed to protein

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Water soluble signal molecules­bind to receptor proteins in plasma membrane

Three types of membrane receptors:

1. G­protein­linked receptors

2. receptor tyrosine kinases

3. ion channel receptors

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G­protein­linked receptor

­a plasma membrane receptor that works with help of a G protein

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­have role in embryonic development & sensory         reception (vision & smell)

­system evolved early

­involved in diseases­cholera­whooping cough (pertussis)­botulism­toxins interfere with G­protein function

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a. G­protein works as an on or off switch depending if GDP or GTP attached to it

GDP attached = inactive

work together with enzyme

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b. when signal molecule bindsto receptor, receptor is activated ­ changes shape

cytoplasmic side binds an inactive G protein

causes GTP to displace GDP

activates G protein

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b.activated G protein dissociates from the receptor and diffuses along the membrane

binds to enzyme ­ activates it 

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c. G protein then functions asGTPase enzyme, hydrolyzes bound GTP to GDP

becomes inactive again ­ can reuse it

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Tyrosine­kinase receptor

­can trigger more than 1 cell pathway at once (10 or more)­kinase = enzyme that catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups ( phosphate from ATP to tyrosine)

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­tyrosine kinase are individual polypeptides­have extracellular binding site­have an alpha helix through membrane­intracelluar tail of tyrosines

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signal molecule binds ­ two polypeptides come together= dimer

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­dimerization activates tyrosine­kinase region­each tyrosine kinase adds a phosphate from ATP to tyrosine

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­activated protein is recognized by relay proteins­each relay protein binds to a specific  phosphorylated  tyrosine­causes cell response

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ligand gated ion channel receptors

­acts as a gate when receptor changes shape­can cause gate to open or close

Ex. sodium ions, calcium ions

important in nervous system in synapses

some gated ion channels are regulated by electrical signals instead of ligands

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­gate is closed until ligand (signal molecule) binds

­ligand binds, gate opensspecific ions can go through channel­changes ion concentration in cell

­ligand dissociatesgate closes

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Transduction

­multistep pathway­allows amplification of the signal­small # of signal molecules produce a large  cellular response­better for coordination and regulation

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Signal transduction pathway = chain of molecular interactions that leads to    a particular cellular response

­domino effect ­ one signal­activated receptor activates another protein, which activates another protein and so on until final cell response

­use relay molecules (proteins)­original signal does not enter cell­causes conformational changes in a protein

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Protein phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation

­regulates protein activity­protein kinase an enzyme that transfers phosphate 

groups (is a cytoplasmic protein kinase)­act on different proteins­phosphorylate serine or threonine, not tyrosine

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Phosphorylation Cascade

each step involves a conformational change

changes protein from inactive to active form

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2% of genes code for protein kinases

abnormal activity of a kinase can cause abnormal cell growth and cancer

phosphorylation cascade also has protein phosphatases ­ remove phosphate groups from proteins = dephosphorylation

*turns off signal transduction pathway

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components other than proteins involved in signaling pathways

1. second messengers ­ small, water soluble molecules or ions

­(signal molecule = 1st messenger)­move by diffusion in cell­found in both G­protein and receptor tyrosine 

kinase pathways

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Ex. Cyclic AMP = cylic adenosine monophosphate

cAMP

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Adenylyl cyclase in membrane converts ATP to cAMP in response to epinephrine

makes many cAMPs in cytosol

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increase in cAMP concentration activates serine/threonine kinase called protein kinase A

­then phosphorylates other proteins

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ex. Vibrio cholerae causes cholera

­produces toxin that modifies G protein involved in water and salt secretion­unable to hydrolyze GTP to GDP ­ stuck in active form­continuous stimulation of adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP­causes intestines to secrete high amounts of water/salts= diarrhea

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Viagra works due to signaling pathways (cyclic GMP as a signal molecule)

­originally made to relax smooth muscle for  increase blood flow to heart muscle­allows greater blood flow­now used for erectile dysfunction

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2. Calcium ions and inositol trisphosphate (IP  )3

­calcium = second messenger­increases in cytosol and causes responses like 

muscle contraction­in plants causes greening in response to light

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light areas = low Calcium

dark areas = high calcium

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IP  = inositol trisphosphate DAG = diaclyglycerol3

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Response

­can occur in cytoplasm or nucleus

­can regulate enzymes

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­can regulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins

­can turn genes on or off

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signaling pathways with multiple steps:1. amplify the signal2. specificity of response

­can have same hormone create two different  responses depending on the cell

ex. epinephrinein liver cells­ helps breakdown glycogenin heart cells­ causes increased contraction

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Specificity of cell signaling

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Scaffolding proteins­

­large relay proteins where other several relay proteins can attach

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importance:­enhances speed and signal transfer between cells

Termination of the signal:­signal molecule binding to receptor is reversible­decrease in signal molecule concentration­signal molecule not attached ­ inactivates receptor

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