Cells and Systems By: Vivek and Dhvani 8N-4 Slide 2 Driving
Question Slide 3 How do scientists make sense of the vast diversity
of living things? Scientists make sense of the vast diversity of
things by categorizing them into different categories. For example,
they separate Uni Cellular and Multi Cellular organisms. Uni
Cellular organism are living things with only one cell. Multi
cellular organisms are living thins with more than one cell.
Scientists also use kingdoms to classify living organisms. Slide 4
Uni Cellular Multi Cellular Slide 5 How do scientists make sense of
the vast diversity of living things? Living organisms are divided
into 5 major kingdoms including Monera, The Protista(Protoctista),
the Fungi, the Plantae, and the Animalia. Kingdom Monera includes
about 10 000 species. They are made up of a small single
cell(unicellular). Mostly bacteria. Kingdom Protista includes about
250 000 species. They are made up of a large single cell(also
unicellular). An example is algae. Slide 6 How do scientists make
sense of the vast diversity of living things? Kingdom Fungi
includes about 100 000 species. They are multicellular organism. An
example is a mushroom. Kingdom Plantae includes about 250 000
species. They are also multicellular and they are autotrophic.
(photosynthesis). An example is a plant/tree. Kingdom Animalia
includes about 1 000 000 species. They are multicellular animals
without cell walls and without photosynthetic pigments. An example
would be humans or animals (elephants). Slide 7 Slide 8 How do
scientists make sense of the vast diversity of living things?
Scientist also use phylum. The animal kingdom is divided into 40
smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their
main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different
phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates),
Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms. The phylum group is then
divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata
(vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals),
Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish),
Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles). Slide
9 Kingdom PlantAnimal Phylum Class Slide 10 How do scientists make
sense of the vast diversity of living things? Each class is divided
into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia
(Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora,
Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia. In every order, there are
different families of animals which all have very similar features.
The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae
(Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels).
Slide 11 Slide 12 How do scientists make sense of the vast
diversity of living things? Every animal family is then divided
into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that
have very similar features and are closely related. For example,
the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats
and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions)
and Puma (Panthers and Cougars). Slide 13 Slide 14 Slide 15 How do
scientists make sense of the vast diversity of living things?
Example 2 - Orang-utan Kingdom: Animalia (Animal) Phylum: Chordata
(Vertebrate) Class: Mammalia (Mammal) Order: Primates Family:
Hominidae (Great Apes) Genus: Pongo Species: Pongo pygmaeus
(Orang-Utan) Slide 16 Slide 17 Part A Cells Slide 18 What are the
characteristics of all living things? Living organisms: Need energy
Respond and adapt to their environment Reproduce Grow Produce waste
Slide 19 What is the basic unit of all living things? The basic
unit of all living things are cells. All living organisms are made
up of cells. The cell is the most important characteristic that
living organisms share. Slide 20 What is cell theory? The cell
theory is that all living things are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all
organisms. All Cells arise from pre-existing, living cells. Slide
21 Who invented the first microscope? What types of microscopes are
used today? Anton Van Leeuwenhoek is sometimes credited with the
invention of the first microscope. Zacharias Jansen made the first
optical telescope. He is also credited for inventing the first
truly compound microscope. Robert Hooke is also credited for
inventing the microscope. However the origin of the microscope,
just like the origin of the telescope, is a matter of debate. Slide
22 Types of Microscopes Compound Microscopes Dissection or
Stereoscope Confocal Microscopes Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) Slide 23 Compound
Microscopes Compound microscopes are light illuminated. The image
seen with this type of microscope is two dimensional. This
microscope is the most commonly used. You can view individual
cells, even living ones. It has high magnification. However, it has
a low resolution. Cell Slide 24 Dissection or Stereoscope A
dissection microscope is light illuminated. The image that appears
is three dimensional. It is used for dissection to get a better
look at the larger specimen. You cannot see individual cells
because it has a low magnification Earthworm Slide 25 Confocal
Microscopes This microscope uses a laser light. This light is used
because of the wavelength. Laser light scans across the specimen
with the aid of scanning mirrors. Then image is then placed on a
digital computer screen for analyzing. Salt Slide 26 Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM) SEM use electron illumination. The image
is seen in 3-D. It has high magnification and high resolution. The
specimen is coated in gold and the electrons bounce off to give you
and exterior view of the specimen. The pictures are in black and
white. Mosquito Slide 27 Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM)
TEM is electron illuminated. This gives a 2-D view. Thin slices of
specimen are obtained. The electron beams pass through this. It has
high magnification and high resolution. Plant Cell Slide 28 Today
we use light microscopes and electron microscopes. A light
microscope (has 2 lenses) and can magnify up to 2000x. This is
still not enough to see some of the smaller structure of cells. For
this, scientist use electron microscopes, which use beams instead
of light. The electrons are bounced off the sample, and then
enlarged to form an image on a television screen or photographic
plate. Electron microscopes can magnify up to 2 000 000x. The first
electron microscope was built in Germany in 1932. What types of
microscopes are used today? Slide 29 Light Microscope Electron
Microscope Slide 30 What are the two categories of all living
things? Give Examples. Single cellular Paramecium and viruses.
These are smaller and less complex organisms. Ex. Paramecium Multi
cellular Humans and plants. These are more complex organisms and
larger in size. Ex. Humans Slide 31 What are the structures in
cells called in general (you need to get specific with either a
plant or animal cell)? Structures in a cell are called organelles.
Each organelle has a role to play in the survival of the cell and
organism. Slide 32 Animal Cells Cell Membrane: Surrounds and
protects the contents of the cell. It helps control the movement of
substances in and out of the cell. Cytoplasm: Its jellylike. It
constantly moves inside the cell and distributes materials such as
oxygen and food to different parts of the cell. Nucleus: Controls
the cells activities. It contains the chromosomes structures made
of genetic material that direct a cells growth and reproduction.
The nucleus is enclosed by a nuclear membrane, which controls what
enters and leaves the nucleus. Vacuoles: Balloon like substances
within the cytoplasm that are places for surplus food, wastes, and
other stuff that the cell cant use right away. Vacuoles are
surrounded by a membrane. Slide 33 Animal Cells Cont. Centrosome: a
small body located near the nucleus, it has a dense center and
radiating tubes. This is where microtubules are made. Golgi Body: a
flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of
pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produce the membrane
that surround the lysosomes. Lysosome: round organelles surrounded
by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is where the
digestion of the cell nutrients takes place. Mitochondrion:
spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The
inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of
projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy
stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell.
Slide 34 Animal Cells Cont. Ribosome: small organelles composed of
RNA (rich cytoplasmic granules) that are sites of protein
synthesis. Nuclear membrane: the membrane that surrounds the
nucleus. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough ER): a vast system of
interconnected, infolded and complex sacks that are located in the
cell's cytoplasm. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a
rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell
and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to
the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane). Slide 35
Animal Cells Cont. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER): a vast
system of interconnected, infolded and complex tubes that are
located in the cell's cytoplasm. Smooth ER transports materials
through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests
lipids (fats) and membrane proteins. Smooth ER buds off from rough
ER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body,
lysosomes, and membranes. Slide 36 Slide 37 What are the main
differences between plant and animal cells and explain why there
are the differences. Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts
and animal cells dont. Cell walls give the plant cell support
(because they dont have skeletons) and chloroplasts are where
photosynthesis occurs. Slide 38 Explain why cells are so small and
do they get bigger when organisms grow? To carry out their work
cells need oxygen, water and food. They must also get rid of
wastes. These materials must enter the cell membrane, go to the
middle and then wastes must exit the membrane. If a cell was very
big, this process would take way too long and be difficult to keep
going. Large cells would also produce too much waste. When
organisms get bigger, they add more cells. The cells dont actually
get bigger. Most cells in plants and animals have a diameter
between 10-50 micrometers. Bacteria cells are much smaller. They
are only 1-5 micrometers across. Slide 39 Explain the process of
fluids and nutrients moving in and out of a cell. Materials move
into the cell through the cell membrane by osmosis. Only certain
materials can move through the selectively permeable cell membrane.
In cells, nutrients move from an area of higher concentration
outside the cell to an area of lower concentration inside the cell.
This is done by the process of diffusion. Wastes then move from an
area of higher concentration inside the cell to an area of lower
concentration outside the cell. This again is done by diffusion.
Diffusion is when a substance moves from an area of higher
concentration to an area of low concentration. Slide 40 Describe at
least four specialized cells that are found in humans Multi celled
organisms have many different cells that have different shapes and
perform different jobs. The muscle cell, skin cell, nerve cell, and
bone cell are found in humans. Slide 41 Muscle Cell The muscle cell
has an elongated shape and its function is to move body parts.
Under a microscope Diagram Slide 42 Skin Cell The skin cell has a
flat and brick shape and its function is to form protective layer.
Under a microscope Diagram Slide 43 Nerve Cell The nerve cell has a
long and branch like shape and its function is to deliver messages
to the body. Under a microscope Diagram Slide 44 Bone Cell The bone
cell has a thick walled shape and its function is to provide
support. Under a microscope Diagram Slide 45 Part B Systems Slide
46 What are the parts of the digestive system? 1. Mouth Food broken
down by chewing and chemical action of saliva. 2. Salivary Glands -
Saliva contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates into smaller
molecules. 3. Esophagus - The esophagus is a long tube that uses
rhythmic, wave-like muscle movements (called peristalsis) to force
food from the throat into the stomach. 4. Stomach - Food in the
stomach is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids 5. Liver -
Makes bile which breaks down fats and some blood proteins. Helps
the small intestine in digestion. Slide 47 What are the parts of
the digestive system? 1. Gall Bladder - It stores and releases bile
into the small intestine. 2. Pancreas - Enzymes from the pancreas
help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the
small intestine. 3. Small Intestine bile, pancreatic enzymes, and
other digestive enzymes produced by the inner wall of the small
intestine help in the breakdown of food. Most food is absorbed
here. 4. Large Intestine - The large intestine is responsible for
absorption of water and excretion of solid waste material. 5.
Rectum Feces are stored here. 6. Anus Where feces exits the body.
Slide 48 The Nervous System The nervous system coordinates and
controls the actions of the organs and organ systems. It detects
processes and responds to stimuli in the environment. The main
parts of the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord and the
nerves. Slide 49 The Nervous System Brain - It helps to control all
of the body systems and organs, keeping them working like they
should. The brain also allows us to think, feel, remember and
imagine. Spinal Cord - The brain communicates with the rest of the
body through the spinal cord and the nerves. Information passed
through the spine tells the body what to do and when to do it.
Nerve Cells - Neurons carry messages in the form of an electrical
impulses. The messages move from one neuron to another to keep the
body functioning Slide 50 Explain how multi cellular organisms are
organized and what some of the benefits are of being a multi
cellular organism. Organization: Cells with the same structure and
function form tissue. Tissue forms organs. Organs work together and
make systems. Systems work together to form an organism.
Advantages: Multi celled organisms: Live in a wide variety of
environments. Can grow very large. Obtain energy from many sources.
Have complex bodies. Slide 51 Explain how blood is the
transportation system for the body. Blood is the transportation
system for the body because it circulates around the body to
deliver food particles, dissolved gas, water, oxygen, sugars,
hormones and proteins. They also remove waste that cells produce,
like dead/tangled proteins. They remove dead cells. Blood also
transports white blood cells to fight any disease/infection. Slide
52 What are the main components of blood and their function? The
blood has a number of components, primarily the plasma, red blood
cells, platelets and white blood cells. Function: Blood carries
food and oxygen to cells, as well as carrying wastes away from
cells. Blood also carries disease fighting white blood cells
through the body. It also helps maintain constant body temperature.
Slide 53 Slide 54 Plasma Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood.
The plasma is a substance responsible for carrying much of the
elements of the blood, for example red and white blood cells,
various proteins, fatty acids and urea. It also caries nutrients,
carbon dioxide, waste products, and hormones. Slide 55 Red Blood
Cells Red blood cells carry oxygen around your body, acting as
transporters. Slide 56 White Blood Cells White blood cells are
involved in your innate and active immune systems helping to combat
viruses, bacteria and other harmful pathogens. Slide 57 Platelets
Platelets help the blood to clot so that heavy bleeding does not
occur when you cut or hurt yourself. When there are not enough
platelets in the blood, you may bruise or bleed easily. Slide 58
Slide 59 Choose three systems of the body then name and describe at
least two common disorders of that system. Be sure to explain how
doctors think those disorders are caused. Circulatory System
Disorders of the circulatory system are the leading cause of death
in North America. Caused By: High blood pressure (hypertension)
which can lead to heart attacks (damage to heart muscle) and
strokes (brain damage) Doctors use a sphygmomanometer to measure
blood pressure. Smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet, and high
cholesterol causes high blood pressure. High-fat diets can cause
fats such as cholesterol to build up inside arteries. As arteries
narrow and become blocked, tiny tears in their walls cause blood
clots that can travel to the brain cause a stroke. Also, blood flow
through the arteries can become very limited or stop, causing a
heart attack. Slide 60 Slide 61 Choose three systems of the body
then name and describe at least two common disorders of that
system. Be sure to explain how doctors think those disorders are
caused. Digestive System Cancer is a disease caused by an
uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body and
each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected.
Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divide uncontrollably to
form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors. Tumors can grow and
interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and
they can release hormones that alter body function. Slide 62 Choose
three systems of the body then name and describe at least two
common disorders of that system. Be sure to explain how doctors
think those disorders are caused. Digestive System Stomach cancer,
also called gastric cancer, is a tumor arising from the lining of
the stomach. There has been a significant decrease in the number of
people diagnosed with stomach cancer in the past 60 years. Stomach
cancer may often be cured if it is found and treated at an early
stage. Unfortunately, the outcome is poor if the cancer is already
at an advanced stage when discovered. In most cases, stomach cancer
is found at later stages. Slide 63 Slide 64 Choose three systems of
the body then name and describe at least two common disorders of
that system. Be sure to explain how doctors think those disorders
are caused. Digestive System The exact cause of stomach cancer is
unknown, but a number of factors can increase the risk of the
disease, including: Gender -- men have more than double the risk of
getting stomach cancer than women. Race -- being African-American
or Asian may increase your risk. Genetics -- genetic abnormalities
and some inherited cancer syndromes may increase your risk
Geography -- stomach cancer is more common in Japan, the former
Soviet Union, and parts of Central America and South America. Blood
type -- individuals with blood group A may be at increased risk.
Slide 65 Choose three systems of the body then name and describe at
least two common disorders of that system. Be sure to explain how
doctors think those disorders are caused. Digestive System Advanced
age -- stomach cancer occurs more often around ages 70 and 74 in
men and women, respectively. Family history of gastric cancer can
double or triple the risk of stomach cancer. Lifestyle factors such
as smoking, drinking alcohol, and eating a diet low in fruits and
vegetables or high in salted, smoked, or nitrate-preserved foods
may increase your risk Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection of
the stomach. H. pylori is a bacterium that infects the lining of
the stomach and causes chronic inflammation and ulcers. Certain
health conditions including chronic gastritis, pernicious anemia,
gastric polyps, intestinal metaplasia, and prior stomach surgery.
Work-related exposure due to coal mining, nickel refining, and
rubber and timber processing and asbestos exposure. Slide 66 Choose
three systems of the body then name and describe at least two
common disorders of that system. Be sure to explain how doctors
think those disorders are caused. Digestive System Long-term
emotion stress, smoking, or excessive use of alcohol or aspirin can
lead to a peptic ulcer. A peptic ulcer occurs when the unprotected
wall of the stomach or small intestine is damaged by excess stomach
acid. Peptic ulcers can usually be cured by heavy doses of
antibiotic. Slide 67 Slide 68 Choose three systems of the body then
name and describe at least two common disorders of that system. Be
sure to explain how doctors think those disorders are caused.
Respiratory System Our respiratory system is lined with cells with
cilia, small hair like projections. These cilia beat continuously
to remove airborne particles. Poisons in cigarette some and
pollutants irritate this lining, causing mucus-producing cells to
produce more mucus. At first you can remove the mucus by coughing.
Over time, however, the irritated lining will become inflamed,
leading to a condition called bronchitis. Slide 69 Slide 70 Choose
three systems of the body then name and describe at least two
common disorders of that system. Be sure to explain how doctors
think those disorders are caused. Respiratory System Bronchitis can
be treated, but if the irritation continues, the ciliated cells
will be destroyed and the mucus-producing cells will multiply. If
this continues for a long time, the respiratory airways will narrow
and become blocked. Eventually, the bronchitis can lead to a
condition called emphysema. Some people inherit this disease, but
its major cause is smoking. Slide 71 Slide 72 Choose three systems
of the body then name and describe at least two common disorders of
that system. Be sure to explain how doctors think those disorders
are caused. Respiratory System Smoking is the leading cause of lung
cancer. Lung cancer occurs when certain compounds in the tar and
the smoke contact lung tissue and cause cells to grow out of
control. Large clusters of these uncontrolled cells begin to
out-compete the healthy cells for nutrients. The healthy cells are
killed, and the cancerous cells continue to divide, leading to
cancer. Slide 73 Slide 74 With those same three body systems from
above, now explain what we can do to keep those systems healthy and
avoid any disorders from happening to them. A Healthy Circulatory
System Living a healthy lifestyle keeps your circulatory system
healthy A healthy lifestyle would include keeping the heart healthy
so it can do its job properly by pumping blood around your body. It
also includes eating healthy and getting enough exercise. A healthy
person doesnt smoke, is at a healthy weight, eats a balanced
healthy diet, thinks positively, feels relaxed, exercises
regularly, has good relationships, and benefits from a good life
balance. Slide 75 Slide 76 With those same three body systems from
above, now explain what we can do to keep those systems healthy and
avoid any disorders from happening to them. A Healthy Digestive
System Important Nutrients in food that lead to a healthy digestive
system: Carbohydrates provide the body with main source of energy
Fats are essential as they provide us with energy and cushion our
organs Proteins are essential for muscle growth and repair of
tissues. If you eat too many protein sources you are eating
excessive protein which could do many thing to your body. Slide 77
Slide 78 A Healthy Digestive System contd. What too much protein
can do to you: Weight gain. Excess calories from excess protein may
be stored as body fat. Intestinal irritation. Too much protein has
been linked to constipation, diarrhea and/or excessive gas.
Dehydration. Experts advise drinking a half gallon of water per 100
grams of protein. Increase in liver enzymes. Nutritional
deficiencies. Just focusing on protein intake causes some
high-protein dieters to overlook other nutrients. Ensure that your
diet is balanced and nutritious. Risk of heart disease. This is a
bit misleading. A healthy high- protein diet is not associated with
heart disease. But if you are getting all of your protein from
unhealthy sources that are loaded in unhealthy fats, obviously the
risk for heart disease will increase. Kidney problems. Some believe
that high protein and low carbohydrate diets when done long term
can possibly cause kidney issues, but more research needs to be
done. Slide 79 Examples Of Protein Slide 80 With those same three
body systems from above, now explain what we can do to keep those
systems healthy and avoid any disorders from happening to them. A
Healthy Respiratory System Surrounding yourself with healthy air
inside and outside the house keeps your respiratory system healthy
Slide 81 Give me your response to this fact (How do you feel about
this and what do you think should be done to remedy this): Almost
60% of all Canadian adults and 26% of our children and adolescents
are overweight or obese. I feel that people dont care too much
about their health. This is horrible and many fatal things can
happen if you become overweight or obese. Today we think about the
cure, and not about prevention. We should think about preventing
this issue instead of finding a cure. Slide 82 Slide 83 Give me
your response to this fact (How do you feel about this and what do
you think should be done to remedy this): Almost 60% of all
Canadian adults and 26% of our children and adolescents are
overweight or obese. Also the government and schools should promote
being healthy. There are apple schools but not every school is an
apple school all over the world. An apple school is a school that
promotes healthy foods. For example they would only let you eat
healthy foods at snack. Also we need more physical education time
so we have a better workout and become more fit. Slide 84 Slide 85
Give me your response to this fact (How do you feel about this and
what do you think should be done to remedy this): Almost 60% of all
Canadian adults and 26% of our children and adolescents are
overweight or obese. Also more people need to be aware of this
issue. Many people dont know about it. We think the government
should help promote a healthy life style and also schools to
especially kids. They could promote healthy eating, spending time
outside, being active, rather than staying inside and playing
games. Because the kids will grow up and teach their kids. If they
dont know about this issue, their will be many problems with the
next generation. Slide 86 Give me your response to this fact (How
do you feel about this and what do you think should be done to
remedy this): Almost 60% of all Canadian adults and 26% of our
children and adolescents are overweight or obese. What obesity
could do to you: Coronary heart disease Type 2 diabetes Cancers
(endometrial, breast, and colon) Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Dyslipidemia (for example, high total cholesterol or high levels of
triglycerides) Stroke Liver and Gallbladder disease Sleep apnea and
respiratory problems Osteoarthritis (a degeneration of cartilage
and its underlying bone within a joint) Slide 87 Bibliorgraphy
http://mrshacksclass.edublogs.org/
http://mrshacksclass.edublogs.org/ Mr. Shacks PowerPoint Notes
Science Focus 8
https://www.google.ca/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi&ei=n8V
RUvGnJ-POyAGs-YCABA&ved=0CAQQqi4oAg
https://www.google.ca/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi&ei=n8V
RUvGnJ-POyAGs-YCABA&ved=0CAQQqi4oAg
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/ cell/
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/ cell/
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/c ell/
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/c ell/
http://a-z-animals.com/reference/animal-
classification/http://a-z-animals.com/reference/animal-
classification/ http://www.webmd.com/cancer/stomach-gastric- cancer
http://www.webmd.com/cancer/stomach-gastric- cancer Slide 88
