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IntroIntroThe first time that a cell was The first time that a cell was discovered was seventeenth discovered was seventeenth
century by Antoine van century by Antoine van Leeuwenhoek.Leeuwenhoek.
Chapter goalsChapter goalsTo understand the function and To understand the function and
structure of cells.structure of cells.
We do not spend a ton of time We do not spend a ton of time lecturing about specific organelles. lecturing about specific organelles. For this chapter, individual reading For this chapter, individual reading
and reviewing is self-regulated.and reviewing is self-regulated.
AS you read….think about structure AS you read….think about structure and functionand function
VocabularyVocabulary
ProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic DNADNA RNARNA Various organellesVarious organelles
Cell theoryCell theory
1.All living things are made up of 1.All living things are made up of one or more cells. one or more cells.
2.Cells are the basic units of 2.Cells are the basic units of structure & function of all living structure & function of all living things.things.
3.All cells come from pre-existing 3.All cells come from pre-existing cells.cells.
Birth of Complex CellsBirth of Complex Cells
How did cells get to be so complex?How did cells get to be so complex?
Why are there still cells that are Why are there still cells that are “simple”“simple”
How do we classify cells?How do we classify cells?
3 Domains3 Domains
What are the three domains?What are the three domains?
Domain ProkaryaDomain Prokarya Domain ArchaebacteriaDomain Archaebacteria Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya
Difference between prokaryotes Difference between prokaryotes and Eukaryotesand Eukaryotes
Turn to your buddy and tell them the Turn to your buddy and tell them the difference.difference.
Difference between prokaryotes Difference between prokaryotes and Eukaryotesand Eukaryotes
Turn to your buddy and tell them the Turn to your buddy and tell them the difference.difference.
YOUR HOMEWORKYOUR HOMEWORK
Read and answer at least 80% of the Read and answer at least 80% of the questions at end of chapterquestions at end of chapter
Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
MoneransMonerans Very small (1 to 10 microns)Very small (1 to 10 microns) No nucleus, no organellesNo nucleus, no organelles First prokaryotes cells 3.5 billion First prokaryotes cells 3.5 billion
years agoyears ago
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Fungi, animal, plantFungi, animal, plant Relatively large (10 to 100 microns)Relatively large (10 to 100 microns) Complex structureComplex structure First eukaryotes cells 1.5 billion years First eukaryotes cells 1.5 billion years
ago ago
Non membrane organellesNon membrane organelles
RibosomeRibosome Centriole (animal)Centriole (animal) microtubulesmicrotubules
Single membrane organellesSingle membrane organelles
VacuolesVacuoles LysosomesLysosomes VesiclesVesicles Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus PeroxisomesPeroxisomes Endomembrane systemEndomembrane system
Double membrane organellesDouble membrane organelles
MitochondriaMitochondria Chloroplast (plant)Chloroplast (plant)
KNOW THESEKNOW THESE
Cell structure and functionsCell structure and functions
Cell structure/Cell structure/
organellorganellstructurestructure functionfunction
Plasma Plasma membranemembrane
Phospholipid Phospholipid Bilayer Bilayer
embedded with embedded with proteinsproteins
Defines cell Defines cell boundary boundary
regulation of regulation of molecule molecule passagepassage
nucleusnucleus Nuclear evolope Nuclear evolope surrounding surrounding nucleoplasmnucleoplasm
Storage of Storage of genetic material genetic material
(DNA)(DNA)
nucleolusnucleolus Concentrated Concentrated area of area of
chromatin; RNA chromatin; RNA -> proteins-> proteins
Ribosomal Ribosomal functionsfunctions
Ribosomes Ribosomes Two unitsTwo unitssmall subunit &small subunit &
Large subunitLarge subunit
Build proteins; Build proteins; can build a can build a
protein in one protein in one minute minute
Centriole Centriole 9 groups of 3 9 groups of 3 arranged as a arranged as a
cylindercylinder
Cell divisionCell division
Pulls Pulls chromosoms chromosoms
apartapart
Rough ERRough ER
smooth ERsmooth ER
Series of tubes Series of tubes and flattened and flattened membranesmembranes
transport,transport,detoxify of detoxify of
poison poison
Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus Similar to ERSimilar to ER
““stacks of stacks of pancakes”pancakes”
Modification of Modification of lipids,lipids,
package of storepackage of store
LysosomeLysosome Liquid filled sacLiquid filled sac digestdigest
Mitochondria Mitochondria Shaped like Shaped like rounded cigarsrounded cigars
Uses ATP for Uses ATP for aerobic aerobic
respirationrespiration
chloroplastchloroplast Disk like stacksDisk like stacks Light and dark Light and dark reactionreaction
cytoplasmcytoplasm Jelly-like Jelly-like substancessubstances
Allows Allows movement with movement with in cell, where in cell, where
chemical chemical reactions occurreactions occur
cytoskeletoncytoskeleton Network of Network of protein fibers protein fibers
and and microtubulesmicrotubules
Provides Provides structure and structure and support to cellsupport to cell
Cell wall Cell wall Provides support and structureProvides support and structure
Endomembrane Endomembrane systemsystem
For transportFor transport
microtubulesmicrotubules Resemble Resemble strings of beadsstrings of beads
TransportTransport
Structure and Structure and movementmovement
Pull apart Pull apart chromosomeschromosomes
VesiclesVesicles Liquid filled sacLiquid filled sac Package liquids Package liquids and substancesand substances
Peroxisomes Peroxisomes Like lysosomesLike lysosomes Break down Break down fatty acids, a. a. fatty acids, a. a.
and alcoholand alcohol
Cilia and flagellaCilia and flagella Whip like fails Whip like fails on hair like on hair like projectionsprojections
Used for Used for movementmovement
vacuolevacuole Liquid filled sacLiquid filled sac Stores water, Stores water, food and wastefood and waste
chromatinchromatin Tangled mass of Tangled mass of DNADNA
Stores genetic Stores genetic infoinfo
Review HighlightsReview Highlights
Cell theoryCell theory Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellProkaryotic and eukaryotic cell Animal and plant cellAnimal and plant cell
DiffusionDiffusion
Concentration gradient: move high to Concentration gradient: move high to lowlow– Concentration change in a particular Concentration change in a particular
directiondirection– Results from kinetic energyResults from kinetic energy
Particles in areas of greater concentration are Particles in areas of greater concentration are more likely to “bounce” towards areas of lesser more likely to “bounce” towards areas of lesser concentration.concentration.
– NOT affected by other substancesNOT affected by other substances– NO energy expended by the cellNO energy expended by the cell– How do you change the rate of diffusion?How do you change the rate of diffusion?
OsmosisOsmosis
Diffusion of WATER down a Diffusion of WATER down a concentration gradient across concentration gradient across selectively permeable membraneselectively permeable membrane
Which way does water move across a Which way does water move across a membrane?membrane?
Osmosis (cont.)Osmosis (cont.) IsotonicIsotonic
– Solution concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane, Solution concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane, so no NET diffusion/osmosisso no NET diffusion/osmosis
HypotonicHypotonic– Solution Solution insideinside the cell is more concentrated than outside the cell is more concentrated than outside– Water will move into the cellWater will move into the cell
Animal cell: burstsAnimal cell: bursts Plant cell: vacuole expands, becomes turgidPlant cell: vacuole expands, becomes turgid
HypertonicHypertonic– Solution Solution outsideoutside the cell is more concentrated than inside the cell is more concentrated than inside– Water will move out of the cellWater will move out of the cell
WATER ALWAYS MOVES HYPO WATER ALWAYS MOVES HYPO HYPER! HYPER!