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Cell Structure and Function
Cell Structure and Function
Cell: Basic unit structure and function in
living things.
2 Types of Cells
PROKARYOTES
Lack nucleus
Lack organelles
Only unicellular
EUKARYOTES
Have nucleus
Have membrane bound
organelles
Uni-/Multicellular
Only Example -
bacteria
Examples -
animal, plant, fungi, protists
Cells differ in size, shape and function. ALL cells have these components – BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
• Cell Membrane
• DNA
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes
Cell Structure and Functions
Organelles are specialized structures
INSIDE the cell that have their own
functions. Organelles function together to
help the cell carry out all of life’s activities.
Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC
CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Cell or Plasma Membrane • Serves as barrier between
cell & its environment
• Controls the movement of
materials in/out of cell to
maintain homeostasis
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Cell Wall • Thick, inflexible outer layer
surrounding the cell
membrane that provides
support and protection
• Made of cellulose
• NOT found in animal cells
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Cytoplasm • Semi-fluid matrix (cytosol)
containing organelles
• Provides support and
protection for organelles
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Chromosomes • Contain DNA.
• Found in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells and in the
nucleoid region of
prokaryotic cells.
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Nucleus • Contains the
chromosomes (DNA)
• Controls cell activities
such as protein synthesis
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Nucleolus • Non-membrane structure
located in nucleus
• Where ribosomes are
produced
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Ribosomes • Non-membrane structures
that are attached to the
Rough ER or free in the
cytoplasm
• Produce proteins
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • System of channels and sacs that is
connected to the nucleus and
extends through cytoplasm
• Aids in protein synthesis and
transport of materials
• Two types of ER’s: Smooth & Rough
• Rough ER – has ribosomes on
surface, involved in protein synthesis
and transport
• Smooth ER – no ribosomes on
surface; involved in lipid synthesis
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Golgi Apparatus • Flattened sacs that modify
proteins, package them
inside transport vesicles,
and send them to their
destination
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Vacuole • Saclike structures that
store amino acids, sugars,
metabolic and toxic waste
• Also called vesicles
• Plant cells have a large
central vacuole that stores
water and other molecules
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Lysosomes • Vesicle containing digestive
enzymes that break down
and recycle organic
compounds
• Destroys cell parts, the
entire cell or pathogens
• RARELY found in plant
cells
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Chloroplast • Plastid only found in plants and
algae
• Site of photosynthesis -
transforming sunlight energy
directly into food
• Contains green pigment called
chlorophyll
• Has own DNA & can self
replicate
• NOT found in animal or fungi
cells
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Mitochondria • Site of aerobic cellular
respiration - Uses energy from
food to make ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) that the cell can
use to grow, develop and move
• Has own DNA and can self
replicate
• Very active cells have more
mitochondria
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Cilia • Short, more numerous hair
like structures made of
bundles of microtubules
located outside cell
• Assist in cell movement or
propelling foreign
substances around the cell
Cell Structure and Function
Structure Function
• Flagella • Long whip like tail of
microtubule bundles
located outside cell
• Used for cell movement;
usually 1-3 in number