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Anatomy and Physiology 1Cellular Anatomy and Physiology
Hierarchical Organisation of the BodyImage from http://www.hksports.net/hkpe/human_body/body_hierarchy.htm
Diversity of CellsImage from Martini 1998
All organisms are made of cells
Within cells many functions take place
Cells communicate within themselves and also with other cells
Cells react to hormones and neurotransmitters
Many different specialised cells make up the systems of the human body
CardiovascularsystemsMuscularsystemsDigestivesystemsImage from Martini 1998
Structure of Cells cell membraneCell membrane encloses all cells contents
Cell membranes consist of a lipid layer with large amounts of cholesterol
Protein scattered through the lipid layer include enzymes, receptors and transporters
Image from Martini 1998
Selective permeability allows specific substances into the cell, while leaving others out
The internal environment of all cells is composed of water
Image from http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/cell.f04/cellf04.html.html
Structure of Cells CytoplasmCytoplasm is the cellular material inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus
Cytoplasm is comprised of metabolic machines called organelles
Substances within cells vary liver and muscle cells contain high levels of CHO
Image from Martini 1998
Structure of Cells NucleusConsidered the control centre for cells and contains the genes of the cells
These genes give the cell the ability to duplicate itself
Most cells have one nucleus, some have multiple including muscle cellsRed blood cells do not have nuclei
Genetic material is called DNAORDeoxyribonucleic acidImage from http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/nucleus/
Image from http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/nucleus.html
Structure of Cells mitochondriaThe power plant of the cell
Supplies the cell with energy in the form of ATP or adenosine triphospate
ATP is produced through a series of steps known as the aerobic energy system
Aerobic energy system is heavily involved in activities that last longer than a few minutes
Cells that are packed with mitochondria have high energy requirementsImage from http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/atp.html
Metabolically active cells such as liver and muscle cells use large amounts of ATP every dayThe human body can oxidise up 120 kilograms of ATP in one day!Image from http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html
Image from Martini 1998
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htmhttp://www.dnaftb.org/http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/atp/atp1.htm
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