Cell Scientists

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1600’S Anton VanLeeuwenhook

1. Lens grinder as hobby.2. Used hand held lens to observe objects. 3. 1st to observe and describe microscopic critters “animalicules.” 4. No one really cared…yet.

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1600’S ROBERT HOOKE

1. Observed cork under a lens.2. Described empty spaces as “cells”–like cells in a monastery3. No one really cared for 200 years what Hooke and van Leewenhoek had seen.

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1838 - MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN

1. German botanist (plants)2. Concluded that all plants are “aggregates of fully individualized, independent, separate beings, namely cells themselves.”

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1839 - THEODOR SCHWANN

1. German zoologist (animals)2. Reported that animals are made of cells and proposed a cellular basis for life3. Neither Schleiden nor Schwann were in contact with one another.

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Cell Theory

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THE CELL THEORY

1. CELLS ARE BASIC UNITS OF LIFE2. ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF ONE OR MORE CELLS

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3. ALL CELLS ARISE FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS

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Prokaryotes

aka BacteriaSingle CellProkaryote means: before nucleus (it has NO nucleus)

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INSIDE THE PROK. =1. Nucleiod Region =a nuclear area where the DNA is coiled. 2. No membrane bound organelles.

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3. Small Ribosomes which assemble proteins.4. Cytoplasm = “cell gel”, a watery substance that (a.) contains the organelles and (b.)where chemical reactions occur.

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5. Outer Membranes of the Prokaryote/Moneran/ Bacteriaa. Cell Wallb. Cell (plasma) membrane

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6. Accessory parts–a. Flagella= whip-like tail for movement

–b. (Slime) capsule = (outer most layer) for protection and sticking to surfaces.

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Prokaryotes are simple cells:–Resembling the first cells on Earth (Kingdom Domain =Archaebacteria)

–Including “normal” bacteria (Kingdom Domain Eubacteria)

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EUKARYOTES...

1. All cells that have a nucleus.2. All cells with membrane bound organelles.

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EUKARYOTES…ANIMAL CELLS

ORGANELLES:1.Cell ( plasma ) membrane2.Nucleus–Genetic material (DNA )3.Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

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4.Golgi Bodies (Complex, Apparatus ) 5.Mitochondria6.Large Ribosomes7.Lysosomes

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8. Peroxisomes9. Centrioles10. Microtubules11. Microfilaments

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EUKARYOTES…PLANT CELLS

All the same organelles as animal cells.Plants have a HUGE VACUOLE. Plants have CHLOROPLASTS.Plants have a CELL WALL.Plants do not have CENTRIOLES.Plants do not have LYSOSOMES.

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CELL STRUCTURES

All cells do not look alike.All cells do have similar “organelles” = the little organs of the cell.STRUCTURE of the cell REFLECTS FUNCTION of the cell!!!!!!!!

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This means that all cells have a particular job to do and that the structure of the cell is specialized to do its special job.

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CELL ( PLASMA ) MEMBRANE

STRUCTURE = Thin layer of lipid and protein A.Phospholipid Bilayer {two layers} is made of:–1. glycerol (lipid) and 2 fatty acids

(lipid)

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2. Phosphate group Phosphate heads=hydrophilic (water

loving)

*Lipid tails=hydrophobic (water fearing)

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B. PROTEINS1. 30% on outer layer2. 70% that go all the way through the membranes

C. CARBOHYDRATES

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CELL MMBRN.A. OVERALL FUNCTION1.Separates the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell.2.Protects the inside of the cell.

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3.Selectively decides what goes into and out of the cell.

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CELL MMBRN. PROTEINS

A.FUNCTION1.Helps to move good materials into cell and materials out of cell2. Communicate with other cells.

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3.Serve as identification for the cell type

4. Identification that they are your cells.

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CELL MMBRN. MODEL CALLED THE...

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL–Mmbrn. is a fluid with a mosaic of Proteins “floating” in it.

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CELL STRUCTURES...

CYTOPLASM:

jelly-like mixture that consists mostly of water containing proteins, carbohydrates, organic cmpds. and organelles.

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ORGANELLES: mini-organs of the cell to carry out life functions of the cell

1.NUCLEUS=“CONTROL CENTER OF THE CELL”

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a. contains genetic material (DNA).b. dictates the structure of cell proteinsc. controls cellular activity.

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2. NUCLEOLUS=dark structure in the center of the nucleusa. area ribosomes are made.b. rich in protein.c. rich in RNA.

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3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R.)a. Extensive network of membranes that connect from the nucleus to the cell mmbrn.b.Transports enzymes or other secretions to cell mmbrn.

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C.Two types of E.R.

1.Rough E.R. a.Ribosomes on the E.R. produce secretory proteins a.k.a glycoproteins.

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2.Smooth E.R. a. No ribosomesb. Involved in Lipid and Carbohydrate production

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4. GOLGI BODIES Involved in PACKAGING, PROCESSING, and SECRETING PROTEINS

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a. STRUCTURE:1. Looks like a stack of pita bread.2. Fluid and dissolving substance filled sacs.

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b. FUNCTION OF GOLGI BODIES=1. To make the Tertiary and Quaternary protein structure out of Secondary and Primary protein structures.

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5.MITOCHONDRIA=a.STRUCTURE1.“Bean” shaped 2. Cisternae = inner folded mmbrn which increases mitochondrial surface areas for reactions

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b. FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIA=1.The POWERHOUSE of the cell!2. To release energy from organic cmpds you eat.3. To make ATP.

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CELL STRUCTURES...

6. RIBOSOMESa. FUNCTION= TO BRING AMINO ACIDS TO ONE ANOTHER CREATING A POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN (PROTEIN)

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b.Made in nucleolus.c.Found in nearly all cells, (prok. and euk.) d.Also found in nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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e. Found on E.R. (Rough E.R.)f. Found in cytoplasm

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7. LYSOSOMESa. STRUCTURE*Formed from pinched off parts of the Golgi Bodies

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b. FUNCTION*To digest food particles by use of enzymes inside the “pouch”**Garbage Disposal of the Cell.

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8. VACUOLESa. STRUCTURE 1.Fluid filled space surrounded by a membrane2.HUGE in plantsb. FUNCTION: storage

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9. CENTRIOLESa. STRUCTURE : Look like tubes that are perpendicular to one another.b. FUNCTION:Assist the animal cell in cell division.

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10. MICROTUBULES a. STRUCTURE1.Hollow tubes (like pipes)2.Made of protein “tubulin”b.FUNCTION1.Help maintain cell shape

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2.Serve as tracks for organelles to move about the cell.

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c. CILIA1. Bundles of m/tubules.2. Short hair-like projections.3.In lungs to sweep out the bad gunk that gets in there.4.On Paramecium to move.

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d. FLAGELLA1.Made of m/tubules2.Long whip-like projections3.On sperm for motility4.Bacteria have them to move towards food and away from danger

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11. MICROFILAMENTS a. STRUCTURE: Proteins intertwined like a rope.b. FUNCTION:1.Can contract as in muscle movement.

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2.Allows cell to change shape.3. The bulk of the cells skeleton

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12. CELL WALL...a. Which organisms have CELL WALLS?1.*Prokaryotes2. *Plants3. Fungi 4. Yeast

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b. STRUCTURE1.Contains cellulose (polysaccharide)2.Strong and rigidc. FUNCTION: To protect, and give shape to the cells

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13.CHLOROPLASTS

a. STUCTURE1. Several different membranes that we will learn more about when we study photosynthesis.2. Have ribosomes and genetic material within their structure.

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b. FUNCTION1. Serve as site of PHOTOSYNTHESIS2. Use of carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to make organic molecules3. Give plants their green color

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14. Peroxisomes= site of poisonous H2O2 production as a by-product of certain metabolic rxn’s. (like Smooth E.R. production of steroids.) H2O2 confined within the peroxisome is then converted to the harmless H2O so the steroid is not harmed by the poisonous H2O2.

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CytoskeletonSupportive network of fibersCell skeletonExtend throughout the cellInvolved in cell movementInvolved in regulating cell activities by sending signals in the cell from surface to interior of cell

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Cytoskeleton is made of –Microfilaments–Microtubules–Intermediate filaments

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Microfilaments are… Solid helical rods.Composed of globular protein of actin molecules.A twisted dbl. chain of actin.Can help change shape by assembling and disassembling subunits at either end.

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Microfilaments are used for…Movement of ameoba.Mvmnt. of certain white blood cells.Mvmnt. of our muscles in assoc. with myosin.

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Intermediate Filaments are…Made of fibrous proteins.Have a rope –like structure.Act as reinforcing rods for bearing tension and anchoring organelles.

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Microtubules are…Straight hollow tubes composed of globular protein called tubulin.Elongate by adding subunits consisting of tubulin pairs.Used for rigidity and shape

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Provide anchors for cellsAct as tracks for organelles to move…–Lysosome moves to reach

vacuole.–Guide mvmnt. of chromosomes.

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REVIEW C-5VANLEEWENHOEKHOOKESCHLEIDEN SCHWANN3 POINTS OF THE CELL THEORY

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PROKARYOTESWHAT ARE THEY?WHAT ARE THEIR ORGANELLES STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS?

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EUKARYOTESWHAT ARE THEY?PLANT CELL vs ANIMAL CELL?ORGANELLES STRUCTURES AND FUCTIONS?

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NOW you need to have enough ROWS for these CELL PARTS…

NucleusDNANucleolusCentriolesRibosomesGolgi Bodies

Endoplasmic ReticulumCell membraneCell WallMitochondriaCholorplastVacuoleLysosome