Cell Planning Principles for Cadet

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CELL PLANNING PRINCIPLES

PLDT Wyse Tower RM 909November 22, 2005



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Cell Planning Principles Course Outline:

• GSM System Review

• GSM Overview

• Radio Waves

• Modulation

• Interference

• ra!c "eory• Cell Planning Process

• #ominal Cell Plan

• System design

• Installation

• System uning



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GSM System Review

GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications

Other cellular technologies:

AMPS - Adanced Mobile Phone System

C!MA - Code !iision Multi"le Access!-AMPS - !igital AMPS # or $!MA # or IS-%&

!CS'()) - !igital Communications System '())

*M$ - *ordic Mobile $ele"hone

PCS - Personal Communications System

P!C - Personal !igital Cellular $ACS - $otal Access Communications System



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$+ !I*$ GSM /AS! *$0O1S

*et2or3 $y"e re4uency /and 5"lin3#!o2nlin3GSM6)) (6)-6'% 67%-68) M+9

GSM'()) '')-'(% '()%-'(() M+9

GSM'6)) '(%)-'6') '67)-'66) M+9

GSM System Review



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GSM System Review

G*IC C;;5;A

S<S$M CO*IG5A$IO*

PS$* M$SO Cell Site Mobile

$' leased lines

or

Micro2ae lin3

P;M*#CM$S



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Mo$ileStation

%ir Interface

&ase ransceiver

Station

%'$isInterface

% Interface

Mo$ile Switc"ing Center

&ase StationController

(ome )ocationRegister

Gateway MSC

*isitor

)ocation

Register

Networ M!"!#eme"t

S$bsystem

%!se St!tio"S$bsystem

Networ Swit&'i"#S$bsystem

S"ortMessageServiceCenter

GSM Networ

GSM System Review





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;o2er re4uency for 5P;I*1=

> Sae "o2er for MS

> ;o2er fre4uency is "enetrating

?analogy to disco sound@

GSM System Review



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5*C< SPC$5M

CM$S O"erators in the Phili""ines

(B& (7% (&% (6) (6.% 6)% 6'%

Piltel telcom Globe Smart Islacom

(86 (() (6) 67% 6&B.% 6%) 68)

Piltel telcom Globe Smart Islacom

Standard GSM6)) re4uency

Allocation (6)-6'%#67%-68)

5P;I*1

!O0*;I*1

SmartDs GSM6))

GSM System Review



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C+A**; CO*CP$ ?P-GSM6))@

B% M+9 /0

5P;I*1 !O0*;I*1

(6) 6'% 67% 68)(() 6B%

CAI SPAA$IO* E B)) 1+9$his se"aration is needed to reduce interference from one carrier to

another neighboring fre4uency.

$he first carrier starts at (6).B M+9.

(6).B

-GSM6)) -GSM6))

GSM System Review





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;OGICA; C+A**;S

On eery "hysical channel, a number of

logical channels are ma""ed. ach logical

channel is used for a s"ecific "ur"ose.

'' ;ogical Channels in the GSM system:

B are used for $raffic

6 are used for Control Signaling

GSM System Review



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;OGICA; C+A**;S

$AIC C+A**;S ?$C+@

ull ate Channel

+alf ate Channel

CO*$O; C+A**;S ?2ith horrible abbreiations@

/roadcast Channels ?/C+@

re4uency Correction Channel ?CC+@

Synchroni9ation Channel ?SC+@

/roadcast Control Channel ?/CC+@

Common Control Channels ?CCC+@

Paging Channel ?PC+@

andom Access Channel ?AC+@

Access Grant Channel ?AGC+@

!edicated Control Channels ?!CC+@

Stand alone !edicated Control Channel ?S!CC+@

Slo2 Associated Control Channel ?SACC+@

ast Associated Control Channel ?ACC+@

GSM System Review



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+ey !onDt shout

at me, lo2er your

"o2er...

/OA!CAS$ C+A**;Sall do2nlin3

CC+

SC+ $!MAH/SIC...

/CC+

+ey. IDm a

GSM mitter

GSM=

GSM

;Aneigborscell infoma "o2er...

O3o3

GSM System Review



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COMMO* CO*$O; C+A**;S

PC+ do2nlin3 only

+ello <ou hae a call.

AC+ u"lin3 only

+ello I hae to set

u" a call.

I need S!CC+.

AGC+ do2nlin3 only

O3. 5se S!CC+.

GSM System Review



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!!ICA$! CO*$O; C+A**;Su"lin3 and do2nlin3

S!CC+

SACC+

timing adance

MS "o2er

ACC+

handoer

On S!CC+:

-call set u" signaling

-location u"dating-"eriodic registration

-IMSI attach#detach

-SMS

-facsimile

etc..

On SACC+-mobile transmits signal

strength on ncell 4uality

!onDt shout atme.

I canDt hear you

little butt.

GSM System Review



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ACCSS M$+O!S

!MA C!MA $!MA

re4uency !iision Code !iision $ime !iision

f'

fB

f7

$!MA is used

in GSM system

GSM System Review



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AM S$5C$5' $!MA rame E ( $!MA $ime Slots

) ' B 7 & % 8

&.8'% ms

$ail !ata $raining !ata $ail

Or S"eech

lag

7

)))

% ' B8 ' % 7

/urst '&( bits

'%8.B% bits ).% ms

/asic $!MA frame, timeslot and burst structure

GSM System Review



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A!IO 0AJ POPAGA$IO*

+

9 y

+ E Magnetic ield E lectric ield

!irection of $rael

An lectromagnetic Plane 0ae

Kro9enL in $ime

GSM System Review



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$2o im"ortant features of the electromagnetic

2ae are 2orth noting:

'. it is a transerse 2ae

B. it re4uires no medium for its transmission

GSM System Review



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A!IO 5*C< SPC$5M

5*C< C;ASSIICA$IO* !SIG*A$IO*

3-30 Hz

30-300 Hz Extremely Low Frequency ELF

300-3000 Hz Voice Frequency VF

3-30 KHz Very Low Frequency VLF

30-300 KHz Low Frequency LF

300-3000 KHz Medium Frequency MF

3-30 MHz High Frequency HF

30-300 MHz Very High Frequency VHF

300-3000 MHz Ultra High Frequency UHF

3-30 Hz !u"er High Frequency !HF

30-300 Hz Extremely High Frequency EHF

300-3000 Hz

Cellular

S"ectrum

GSM System Review



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G*A$IO* O A!IO 0AJS

fre4

fre4

transmitting antenna

GSM System Review



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$A*SMI$$I*G A*$**A

'. eference Antennas

- Isotro"ic ?eists as a mathematical conce"t@

- +alf-0ae !i"ole

B. Practical Antennas - all "ractical antennas ehibit some degree of

directiity.

GSM System Review



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d/i s d/d

d/i is a unit to measure antenna gainin reference to an isotro"ic antenna.

An isotro"ic antenna has a "o2er gain

of unity i.e., O d/i.

d/d is a unit to measure antenna gain in

reference to a lossless half-2ae di"ole

antenna. A lossless half-2ae di"ole

antenna has a "o2er gain of ) d/d.

CO*JSIO* AC$O:

d/i E d/d N B.'% d/

GSM System Review



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antenna lobe

maimum gain

-7 d/

maimum gain

-7 d/

main direction/AM0I!$+

/AM0I!$+

/eam2idth, /, is defined as the o"ening angle bet2een the "oints

2here the radiated "o2er is 7 d/ lo2er than in the main direction.

/oth the hori9ontal and the ertical beam2idths are found using the

7 d/ do2n "oints, alternatiely referred to as the half-"o2er "oints.

GSM System Review



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S5PIMPOSI*G I*OMA$IO*

O* A!IO 0AJS

Modulation===

GSM System Review



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...narro2ing the band2idth

of the modulated carrier...

$he modulation techni4ue used inGSM is called

Gaussian Minimum Shift 1eying ?GMS1@.

- narro2band digital modulation techni4ue.

- based on "hase shifting.

GSM System Review



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A!IO 0AJ POPAGA$IO* A*! $+

PA$+;OSS CO*CP$transmitter#

emitter

?receier@

receier

?transmitter#

emitter@

transmission loss

actors that affect the 2ae "ro"agation...

absor"tion

refractionreflection

diffraction

scattering effect

GSM System Review



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A!IO 0AJ POPAGA$IO* A*! $+

PA$+;OSS CO*CP$

transmitter#

emitter

?receier@

receier

?transmitter#

emitter@

absor"tion

refraction

reflection

diffraction

scattering effect

In free s"ace, an electromagnetic

2ae traels indefinitely if unim"eded.

Assume a sim"le model

isotro"ic antenna in free s"ace

"ro"agation...

GSM System Review





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SIG*A; JAIA$IO*S

A!I*GSA!I*GS

I*$*CI*$*C

GSM System Review



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A!I*GS

signal leel ?d/@

log ?distance@

global mean alue

log normal fading

local mean alue

slo2 fading

shado2ing

long-term fading

rayleigh fading

fast fading

short-term fading

so many names

to ma3e life2orst

GSM System Review



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AS$ A!I*Gsignal leel ?d/@

log ?distance@

# "resent due to the fact that the mobile antenna is lo2er

than the surrounding structures such as trees and buildings.# "ea3-to-"ea3 distance is lambda#B ?in GSM ' cm@

# affects the signal 4uality and can lead to signal leel belo2the receier sensitiity.

SO;5$IO*S:# use more "o2er at the transmitter ?"roiding a fading

margin@.

# use s"ace diersity.

GSM System Review



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S;O0 A!I*Gsignal leel ?d/@

log ?distance@

# if 2e smooth out the fast fading, the signal ariation

receied is called the Klocal meanL or the slo2 fading.# caused by obstructions near the mobile such as

buildings, bridges and trees and this may cause a ra"id

change of the local mean ?in the range of % to %) meters@.

# because slo2 fading reduces the aerage strengthreceied, the total coerage from the transmitter is reduced.

SO;5$IO*:# fading margin must be used.

GSM System Review



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I*$*C# co-channel interference

# adQacent channel interference

Co-channel interference is the term used for the interference in a cell

by carriers 2ith the same fre4uency "resent in other cells.

AdQacent carrier fre4uencies, i.e. fre4uencies shifted N#- B)) 3+9 2ith

res"ect to the carrier, can not be allo2ed to hae too strong signal

strengths either. en though they are at different fre4uencies, "artof the signal can interfere 2ith the 2anted carrierDs signal and cause

4uality "roblems.

f'f'

co-channel

2anted carrier

adQacent

carrier

GSM System Review



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CO-C+A**; I*$*C

C I

C

I

C#I R ) d/

d/ Carrier, f' Interferer, f'

distanceGSM S"ecification: C#I ER 6 d/

ricsson Planning Criterion:

C#I ER 'B d/ ?2ithout fre4uency ho""ing@

C#I ER 6 d/ ?2ith fre4uency ho""ing@

GSM System Review



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A!AC*$ C+A**; I*$*C

C A

A

C

C#AT ) d/

d/ Carrier, f'AdQacent, fB

fBEf' N#- B)) 3+9

distanceGSM S"ecification: C#A R -6 d/

since 2e could not cell "lan a negatie alue

ricsson Planning Criterion:

C#A R 7 d/





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$AIC $+O<

$raffic and Channel !imensioning

$raffic theory attem"ts to obtain useful estimates of the number

of channels needed in a cell...

E +O0 MA*< C5S$OMS=

E +O0 ;O*G 0I;; $+< $A;1=

E 0+*=

AC$OS AC$I*G $+ C;;5;A S<S$M CAPACI$<:# $he number of channels aailable for oice and#or data.# $he amount of traffic the subscribers are generating.# $he grade of serice the subscribers are encountering in the system

GSM System Review



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# $he number of channels aailable for oice and#or data.

Assume ' cell has B carriers:

B ( - B E '&

'& traffic channels

B "hysical channels are

needed for signaling

GSM System Review



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# $he amount of traffic the subscribers are generating.

0hat is traffic=# the usage of channels# holding time "er time unit# the number of Kcall hoursL "er hour # measured in the unit rlang ?@



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' rlang E ' call that last ' hour

...studies sho2 that the aerage

traffic "er subscriber during the

busy hour is ty"ically '% - B) m...

$y"ical actual alues:

Phili""ines ?Smart -$ACS@ m#subscriber - Metro Manila

( m#subscriber - Proincial

Malaysia and S2eden

B% m#subscriber



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isuali9e '% m

' E ' hour of use

'% m E = hour of use

'% m # ' E ).)'%

'.%U of 8) min E ).6 min 8) sec'% m E %& seconds of use'% m E %& seconds of use

GSM System Review



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# $he grade of serice the subscribers are encountering in the system.

+o2 much traffic

can one cell carry=# $hat de"ends on the number of

traffic channels and the acce"table

"robability that the system is

congested, the so called

KGrade of SericeL ?GoS@...

GSM System Review







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# $he grade of serice the subscribers are encountering in the system.

rlangDs /-Model relates:# number of traffic channels, n# the GoS# the traffic offered, A

am"le:

B carriers

'& $C+

GoS E BU

from the rlang $able...

$raffic Offered, A E (.B))7 rlangs

GSM System Review







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C+A**; 5$I;IWA$IO* ?ICI*C<@

JS

$o calculate the channel utili9ation, the

traffic offered is reduced by the GoS ?yielding

the traffic sered@, and diiding that alue

by the number of channels.

$raffic Offered - GoS ?$raffic Offered@

Channel 5tili9ation E

*umber of Channels

GSM System Review



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Cell Planning Principles Course Outline:

• GSM System Review

• GSM Overview• Radio Waves

• Modulation

• Interference

• ra!c "eory

• Cell Planning Process

• #ominal Cell Plan

• System design

• Installation

• System uning



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CELL PLANNING PR(CESS

$raffic and Coerage Analysis

*ominal Cell Plan

Sureys

System !esign

Im"lementation

System $uning

$%&FF'( )&$&$%&FF'( )&$&

Initial PlanningSystem Gro2th



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*ominal Cell Plan

Sureys

System !esign

Im"lementation

System $uning

$%&FF'( )&$&$%&FF'( )&$&


geogra"hical area.

e"ected need of

ca"acity.

cell "attern on a ma".

coerage V interference

"rediction.

isit sites 2hereradio e4ui"ment

2ill be "laced.

"erform radio

measurements.dimensioning of the

rbs e4ui"ment, /SC V MSC.

C!! is filled out.

system

installation,

commissioning

and testing are "erformed.

continually ealuated to

determine ho2 2ell it meets

the demand.



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S<S$M /A;A*C

ObQecties of System /alancing

?Sim"le ;in3 /udget Analysis@

to estimate the maimum allo2able "ath loss

to com"ute the re4uired /S transmitter "o2er

for a balanced "ath to estimate the coerage design threshold

to ealuate technology "erformance




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S<S$M /A;A*C

Pin/$S

/$Ssens




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0+< /A;A*C! PA$+=

/S does nothear the MS

MS hears the /S

Strong Signal 0ea3 Signal

5P;I*1 ;IMI$!:

!O0*;I*1 ;IMI$!:

/S hears the MSMS does not

hear the /S

0ea3 Signal Strong Signal




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+O0 $O /A;A*C PA$+=

Coerage in a t2o-2ay radio communication system is decided

by the 2ea3est transmission direction.

Assume

5"lin3

;imited

/alance Path Com"ute /S

$ Po2er Out"ut

Path ;oss in 5"lin3 E Path ;oss in !o2nlin3

/alanced Path:




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Schematics of the Com"onents

Included in a System /alance

$ Combiner eeder

eeder

$

eceier !iider

eeder

eeder Gd/$S

;c/$S ;f /$S

Ga/$S ;"

;"

GaMS

;f MS

Pin/$S

Pout/$S

;f /$S

Ga/$S

PoutMS PinMS




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C$IJ A!IA$! PO0

P s iP

P ?ffectie adiated Po2er@: is the radiated "o2er ?transmit "o2er

times antenna gain@ 2ith res"ect to a di"ole antenna 2ithin a gien

geogra"hic area.

iP ?ffectie Isotro"ic adiated Po2er@: is the radiated "o2er from

an isotro"ic antenna.

iP E P N B.'% ?d/@

iP

;"

SSdesign


C G (C SS



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C+A**; P;A**I*G

$he sim"lest solution to a

cell "lanning "roblem is to

hae one cell and use all

aailable carriers in that

cell.

' cell

B& carriers

f' - fB&





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C;; P;A**I*G

A cellular system is based

u"on re-use of the same set

of carriers, 2hich is obtained

by diiding the area needing

coerage into smaller areas?cells@ 2hich together form

clusters.

f' f'

f'

f'

B&

B&

B&

B&









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7#6 -5S PA$$*

C '

C B

C 7

A

'

A B

A 7

/ '

/

B

/

7

C '

C B

C 7

A

'

A B

A 7

/ '

/

B

/

7

C '

C B

C 7

A

'

A B

A 7

/ '

/

B

/

7

C '

C B

C 7

A '

A B

A 7

/ '

/ B

/ 7

C '

C B

C 7

A '

A B

A 7

/ '

/ B

/ 7





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As an eam"le, su""ose that one o"erator has been gien

% M+9 of band2idth and distributes the carriers oer nine cells, it

can loo3 li3e:

Channel

Grou"s A' /' C' AB /B CB A7 /7 C7

%'B %'7 %'& %'% %'8 %' %'( %'6 %B)

%B' %BB %B7 %B& %B% %B8 %B %B( %B6

Channels %7) %7' %7B %77 %7& %7%

re4uencies in the 7#6 cell "lan.

$he Absolute adio re4uency numbers ?A@ gien here corres"ondto the fre4uency interal '') - ''% M+9 in GSM'()). *ote that the

adQacent cells A' and A7 also hae adQacent fre4uencies B)) 1+9

a"art E

f?AC*@ E '').B N ).B?AC*-%'B@





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$A*SI$IO* GIO*S

A uniform re-use "attern im"lies a constant trafficdensity oer the net2or3Ds coerage area.

In "ractice, ho2eer, traffic density aries

considerably oer the area ?and during the day@. $his

means it is common that cells of different si9es are

used in different "arts of the system.

Small cells in high traffic areas

?normally urban@, and large cells

in areas 2ith lo2er traffic.





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*CC V /CC

*et2or3 Color Code and /ase Station Color Code

$he /ase Station Identity Code ?/SIC@ is com"osed of t2o entities:# *et2or3 Color Code ?*CC@

# /$S Color Code ?/CC@

f' f'

Country A

Country /*CCE'

*CCEB

$he use of *CC in t2o countries





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C'

CB

C7

A'

AB

A7

/'

/B

/7

C'CB

C7

A'AB

A7

/'

/B

/7

C'

CB

C7

A'

AB

A7

/'

/B

/7

C'

CB

C7

A'

AB

A7

/'/B

/7

C'

CB

C7

A'

AB

A7

/'

/B

/7

*CC V /CC

*et2or3 Color Code and /ase Station Color Code

7

'

&

B

B

/CC is used for

"rotection against

co-channel interference

2ithin the P;M*.

$he MS re"orts the /CC

alue so that the /SC can

distinguish among

different cells transmitting

on the same fre4uency.





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POPAGA$IO* P!IC$IO*S

$he !efinition of Coerage

An area is coered if in 6) ?6%-66@ "ercent

of that area the signal receied by the mobile

station is larger than some design alue, for

eam"le -6) d/m, i.e. SSdesign E -6) d/m.

$hat is, PinMS ER SSdesign

$he signal strength re4uirement is estimated by

adding margins to the MS receier sensitiity.

$hese are: fast and slo2 fading margins

margins for body loss

margins for in-car V indoor coerage

$he margins de"end on the ty"e of enironment and

o"erator re4uirments.









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1*I !G !IAC$IO*

$FF

h

d' dB

v = h B ?d'NdB@ d'dB

0e can contend ourseles

2ith e"ressing additional

attenuation, caused by theseso called K3nife edgesL in

a diagram. $he additional

attenuation is read of as a

function of the "arameter v.





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SMI-MPIICA; MO!;S

O15M5A-+A$A MO!;

;"?urban@ E 86.%%N B8.'8logf - '7.(Bloghb N ?&&.6 - 8.%%loghb@logd - a?hm@

2here

;" E Path ;oss in d/

a?hm@ E ?'.'logf - ).@hm - ?'.%8logf - ).(@

f E carrier fre4uency in M+9 ?'%)-'))) M+9@hb E the base station antenna height in meter ?7)-B))m@

d E distance in 3m from the base station ?'-B) 3m@

hm E mobile antenna height in meter aboe ground ?'-')m@






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O$+ SMI-MPIICA; MO!;S

# A;GOI$+M 6666 - "rediction model used

by ricsson ?alid bet2een ).B - ')) 3m@ is based on ideas

similar to +ataDs.# COS$B7'-+A$A - for GSM'6)) ?'%))-B))) M+9@

# COS$B7'-0A;IS+-I1GAMI - alidbet2een ).)B - % 3m. 5sed in urban areas because it uses

street orientation, building heights, building se"arations

and road 2idths.

A;GOI$+M 6666 and CostB7'-0alfish-

I3egami Models are su""orted by $.




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*ominal Cell Plan

Sureys

System !esign

Im"lementation

System $uning

$%&FF'( )&$&$%&FF'( )&$&

/ased on ICSSO*






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A!IO *$0O1 S5J<

/asic Considerations:# Position relatie to nominal grid# S"ace for antennas# Antenna se"arations

# *earby obstacles# S"ace for radio e4ui"ment# Po2er su""ly # battery bac3u"# $ransmission lin3# Serice area study# Contract 2ith o2ner





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SPAC O A*$**AS

P;A**I*G CI$IA

# $he "redicted antenna height should be used as a guideline. $he

original "redictions can be used 2ith sufficient accuracy if s"ace

for antennas can be found 2ithin an acce"table distance from the

"redicted height. A deiation of maimum '%U is re4uired.

# If it is "ossible to install antennas at a higher "osition than the

"redicted "osition, the o"erator must ensure that there is no ris3

for co-channel interference.

# If the antennas are to be installed at a lo2er "osition than

"redicted, ne2 "redictions must be carried out based on this

"osition.





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A*$**A SPAA$IO*S

P;A**I*G CI$IA# SPAC !IJSI$<

+ori9ontal se"aration is normally more efficient com"ared to

ertical se"aration. $he "lanning criterion s"ecifies ma3ing a

hori9ontal se"aration e4ual to or more than ')U of the effectie

antenna height.

+ori9ontal Se"aration E & meters ?6)) M+9@E B-7 meters ?'())-'6)) M+9@

Jertical se"aration re4uires a""roimately % the

hori9ontal alue in order to get the same diersity gain.# ISO;A$IO*

In order to aoid disturbance due to intermodulation, the

transmit and receie "arts of the base station must be isolated.$- E 7) d/

$-$ E 7) d/

+ori9ontal Se"aration E ).& meter ?6)) M+9, 8% deg /0@

Jertical Se"aration E ).B meter ?6)) M+9, 8% deg /0@





Communications, Inc

80

*A/< O/S$AC;S

P;A**I*G CI$IA

# If o"timal coerage is re4uired, it is necessary to hae the antennas

free for the nearest %) -')) m. $he first fresnel 9one is a""roimately

% meters at this distance ?for 6)) M+9@. $his means the lo2er "art

of the antenna system has to be % meters aboe the surroundings.

% meters

%) - ')) m




Communications, Inc

81

SI$ 5IPM*$

/SC

/$S

/ase Station System ?/SS@

$he /SS consists of a /ase Station Controller ?/SC@ 2ith a number

of base stations connected to it. $he /SS is mainly res"onsible for

all radio related functions in the system. In the GSM s"ecifications, the

detonation /$S ?/ase $ransceier Station@ is used for the base station.

site e4ui"ment




Communications, Inc

82

SI$ 5IM*$S

# Permits

# Access oads# Material $rans"ort

and Storage# S"ace e4uirements# Antenna Su""ort

Structures# AC Mains Su""ly

# $ransmission Access# Antenna eeder outes




Communications, Inc

83

/$S 5IPM*$

ricsson

*o3ia

*ortel

;ucent

Motorola

Alcatel




Communications, Inc

84

COM/I*S

transmitter B

transmitter 7

transmitter n

transmitter '

combiner

Combiners are needed to enable more thanone transmitter to be connected to one

common transmitting antenna.

In GSM, t2o different $F combiners can be

used -# I;$ COM/I*# +</I! COM/I*






Communications, Inc

86

S*SI$IJI$<

System MS Po2er Cell Planning 0orst Case

Class Po2er Po2er

GSM6)) B 76 d/m ?(0@ 7 d/m

GSM6)) 7 7 d/m ?%0@ 7% d/m

GSM6)) & ?handheld@ 77 d/m ?B0@ 7' d/m

GSM6)) % ?handheld@ B6 d/m ?).(0@ B d/m

GSM'())' 7) d/m ?'0@ B( d/mGSM'())B B& d/m ?).B%0@ BB d/m

Mobile Station Po2er Classes

Mobile Station eference Sensitiity

System MS $y"e Cell Planning 0orst Case

Sensitiity Sensitiity

GSM6)) +andheld - ')& d/m - ')B d/m

GSM6)) All other ty"es - ')8 d/m - ')& d/m

GSM'())+andheld - ')B d/m - ')) d/m

*o loss or antenna gain should be used for the MSs.

MS antenna gain: ) d/i






Communications, Inc

88

Antenna !iersity

$here is a need for receier diersity in cellular systemsto im"roe the u"lin3.

Polari9ation !iersity using dual-"olari9ed antennas

ertical N hori9ontal "olari9ation N#- &% degrees "olari9ation

ertical

array

hori9ontal

array

antenna

housing

connectors

feeders

N&%

degrees

- &%degrees




Communications, Inc

89

$here is a need for receier diersity in cellular systems

to im"roe the u"lin3.

Polari9ation !iersity using dual-"olari9ed antennas

'.% d/ do2nlin3 loss

$F'#FA $F'#FA

e4uired isolation R7) d/ bet2een

the t2o antenna "arts...

Antenna !iersity




Communications, Inc

90

Antenna !iersity

$here is a need for receier diersity in cellular systemsto im"roe the u"lin3.

SPAC !IJSI$<

JS

PO;AIWA$IO* !IJSI$<






Communications, Inc

92

A*$**A $I;$

or reasons, such as co-channel interference

and time dis"ersion "roblems, it can be interesting

to tilt the antenna, and let the main lobe "oint

a fe2 degrees do2n2ard.




Communications, Inc

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*ominal Cell Plan

Sureys

System !esign

Im"lementation

System $uning

$%&FF'( )&$&$%&FF'( )&$&

/ased on ICSSO*





Communications, Inc

94

Macrocell C"aracteristicsMacrocell C"aracteristics

• Provides cellular coverage to +r$an and Rural areasProvides cellular coverage to +r$an and Rural areas

• (as large coverage area and "ig" capacity(as large coverage area and "ig" capacity

• Provide good outdoor coverage $ut limited indoor coverageProvide good outdoor coverage $ut limited indoor coverage

• Re,uires "ig" location for antennas- usually mounted on tower orRe,uires "ig" location for antennas- usually mounted on tower orrooftop of t"e $uilding.rooftop of t"e $uilding.

• Provides large coverage areaProvides large coverage area

• Provides large capacityProvides large capacity

• &etter signal reception and voice ,uality&etter signal reception and voice ,uality

• )ess call dropout)ess call dropout

• &etter overall networ/ ,uality&etter overall networ/ ,uality

Macrocell &ene0tsMacrocell &ene0ts




Communications, Inc

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Macrocell ConceptMacrocell Concept




Communications, Inc

96

Installation Re,uirementInstallation Re,uirement

%)*#+ Sites%)*#+ Sites

• Radio Room Space 1min. 2.3 m 4 2.3 m5Radio Room Space 1min. 2.3 m 4 2.3 m5&ase Station 6,uipment&ase Station 6,uipmentPower 6,uipmentPower 6,uipment

ransmission 6,uipment ransmission 6,uipment

• %ntenna Space 1rooftop5%ntenna Space 1rooftop5Cellular Panel7Omni %ntennasCellular Panel7Omni %ntennasPara$olic ransmission %ntennaPara$olic ransmission %ntenna

• Ca$le RoutingCa$le RoutingCoa4ial Ca$leCoa4ial Ca$le

ransmission Ca$le ransmission Ca$le

Lot SitesLot Sites

• min. 83 m 4 9 m space re,uirementmin. 83 m 4 9 m space re,uirement




Communications, Inc

97

Sample Site )ayoutSample Site )ayout






Communications, Inc

99

Sample InstallationsSample Installations

4ui"ment Jan4ui"ment Jan

AntennaAntenna

() ft. Mono"ole $o2er () ft. Mono"ole $o2er




Communications, Inc

100

4ui"ment Shelter 4ui"ment Shelter

AntennaAntenna

B)) ft. Self-su""ort $o2er B)) ft. Self-su""ort $o2er

Sample InstallationsSample Installations




Communications, Inc

101


*ominal Cell Plan

Sureys

System !esign

Im"lementation

System $uning

$%&FF'( )&$&$%&FF'( )&$&

/ased on ICSSO*





Communications, Inc

102

S<S$M $5*I*G

# *et2or3 !imensioning# re4uency Planning# Predicting# $ools

Prediction $ools

others*o3iaDs *MS#F

*ortelDs Pla*$

etc




Communications, Inc

103

S<S$M $5*I*G

# ricssonDs $est Mobile System ?$MS@

!rietest 4ui"ment

MS

PC

GPS




Communications, Inc

104

S<S$M GO0$+

# Increase the fre4uency band ?e.g. a GSM6))

o"erator might buy a GSM'()) licenses@

# Im"lement half-rate# $ighter fre4uency re-use ?e.g. going from a

&#'B re-use "attern to a 7#6 re-use "attern by

im"lementing fre4uency ho""ing@# Ma3e the cells smaller and smaller

S<S$M $5*I*G




Communications, Inc

105

C;; SP;I$ Phase )




Communications, Inc

106

C;; SP;I$ Phase '




Communications, Inc

107

C;; SP;I$ Phase B ?':7@




Communications, Inc

108

C;; SP;I$ Phase B ?':&@




Communications, Inc

109

5A;I$< MAS5S:# Ca"acity

uality in terms of traffic ca"acity, as measured in number of

subscribers "er s4uare 3ilometer.# Subscriber serice 4uality

uality as "erceied by the subscribers. am"les are call setu"success rate and number of dro""ed calls.# *et2or3 serice 4uality

uality as "erceied by the net2or3 o"erator. am"les are features

that can be used to sim"lify dimensioning of the radio resources,

and features that aid in o"eration and management of the radio

net2or3.

S<S$M $5*I*G



$han3 you

Documents

Cell Planning Principles for Cadet