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CELL MEMBRANE

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Page 1: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

CELL MEMBRANE

Page 2: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region
Page 3: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

BIOMOLECULES Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleid acids Lipids

Page 4: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

MAJOR SALTS & IONS IN LIVING BEINGS

CaCO3 Ca3(PO4)2 [(SiO3)2-]n. Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4

+ Cl−, PO4

3−, CO32−, HCO3

−.

Page 5: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

GRADIENT

Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences

physical molecules tend to move from one region to another. In the cellular system

are concentration gradients, pressure and electrical charge.

Page 6: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

DIFFUSION

Is the net movement of molecules in a fluid from a region of high concentration to a region

of low concentration

Page 7: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

FLUID

A liquid or gas that can move or change shape in response to external forces

without breaking

Page 8: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

The number of molecules in a fluid in a given unit volume.

CONCENTRATION

Page 9: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Transport through membranes

Page 10: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

•  Isolation and exchange with the outside of the cell

•  Substance transport to and from the interior of the cell is essential for life.

•  Two kinds of transport: - Passive transport (Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis) IN FAVOR OF A GRADIENT - Active transport (pump Na + / K +, endocytosis and exocytosis) AGAINST A GRADIENT

Transport through membranes

Page 11: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

QUIZ “Proceso por el cual se separan las moléculas de una solución a través de una membrana semipermeable”. LA ANTERIOR DEFINICIÓN CORRESPONDE A:  

A. Gradiente B.  Diálisis C. Fluido D. Concentración

Page 12: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Page 13: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

DIFUSSION

Page 14: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

•  Do not require any input of outside energy

CO2 / O2 / CH3-CH2-OH

K+ / Na+ / Ca++

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Page 15: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Facilitated diffusion

Page 16: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Mv4bRgY3t0

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Page 17: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

DIFUSSION

Page 18: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

OSMOSIS •  Cytoplasm molecules à dissolved in

water. •  Water = Solvent / Molecules = Soluto

•  Diffusion of WATER •  High concentration of water à Low

water concentration

Page 19: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

OSMOSIS TURGOR PRESSURE PARIETAL PRESSURE

Page 20: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region
Page 21: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Células crenadas

Células lisadas

Células en homeostasis

Células en homeostasis

Page 22: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

ACTIVE TRANSPORT •  Require input of outside energy

Page 23: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

ACTIVE TRANSPORT (Pump SODIUM-POTASSIUM)

Page 24: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

1. 2.

3.

QUIZ Una célula al estar en un medio hipotónico se vuelve turgente. Indique cuál de las siguientes células vegetales se encuentra en este estado:  

Page 25: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Page 26: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

OTHER MECANISMS… ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Page 27: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Endocytosis Acquiring large particles Ignoring concentration gradient •  phagocitosis - Particulate solid material

•  pinocytosis - Liquids

•  Receptor mediated  

Page 28: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Exocytosis •  Release of cellular material

Page 29: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

GAP JUNCTIONS

Page 30: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region
Page 31: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

QUIZ ¿Cuál de los siguientes mecanismos requiere de ATP?  

A. Ósmosis B.  Bomba Sodio-Potasio C. Difusión simple D. Difusión facilitada

Page 32: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

CELL COMMUNICATION

YUXTACRINA

http://gmein.uib.es/otros/tipos_senal/tipos_senal.htm

Page 33: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Physical stimuli

Organisms interact with their environment...

http://www.smartyhealth.com/images/hotman_b.jpg

Page 34: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Organisms interact with their environment...

Chemical stimuli

Caffeine Cocaine

Dopamine

Page 35: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Sensory receptors

Action potentials (Na+, Ca++ and K+)

Page 36: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptor

Cells sensitive to mechanical forces à Touch, stretching, hearing and balance

Respond to changes in temperature à infrared radiation, heat and cold

Page 37: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Mechanoreceptors: - MEISSNER and VATER-PACINI corpuscle = sensitive to stimuli

of PRESSURE.

Thermoreceptors: - KRAUSE corpuscle = sensitive to heat loss

or cooling. "COLD” - RUFFINI corpuscle = sensitive to heat input

or heating. HEAT

Page 38: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Photoreceptors •  Cells containing photopigments à

absorb light and change chemically •  Rhodopsin à absorb photons and

change conformation

Page 39: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Chemoreceptors Taste and smell are independent but there is a relationship between Location of receptors is different and respond to different substances

Page 40: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

QUIZ ¿Cuál de estos si es un receptor sensorial?

1.  tectoreceptores 2.  Corpúsculos de Meissner 3.  Corpúsculos de Ecknert 4.  Quimiotactoreceptores

Page 41: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

QUIZ “Si un estudiante se quema la lengua con café

muy caliente, la sensación la percibe gracias a los

corpúsculos de Ruffini”.  

Verdadero Falso

Page 42: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

NERVOUS SYSTEM: SINAPSIS

Page 43: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region
Page 44: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Signal molecule: Neurotransmitters (NT). •  Released by a presynaptic nerve terminal

(neuron outputs the signal) that interacts with a receptor molecule of the postsynaptic membrane (neuron that receives the signal).

•  Inhibitory or excitatory.

NT are "recycled" back to the presynaptic neuron.

Communication between neurons

Page 45: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

NEUROTRANSMITTERS Acetylcholine: neuromuscular, memory, pain, heat, flavors, heart rate, salivary secretion, sleep-wake cycle. Serotonin: pleasure, mood, sleep-wake, sexual behavior, suicidal behavior, hallucinatory states for drugs, blood pressure, body temperature, is released after ejaculation. Oxytocin: hormone released during ejaculation or orgasm, labor contractions. Dopamine: euphoria, happiness, strong self-esteem. Norepinephrine: motivation, stress, energy, interest, momentum for intellectual and physical tasks. Adrenaline: response to the flight, fight, increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles.

Page 46: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

What is the effect of drugs on the body?

Drugs affect synapse: Increase number of pulses. Neurotransmitters block recycling (NT). Interfere with the production of NT. NT prevent release.

Page 47: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

http://www.drogasycerebro.com/

Page 48: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Práctica…

Page 49: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

NaCl Glucosa Almidón

¿Tº, tamaño del poro, tamaño de la molécula?

Page 50: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides (Glucose, fructose, etc) Disaccharides (Sucrose, lactose, maltose) Oligosaccharides (Inulin) à 3 – 20 monosaccharides Polisaccharides (Starch, chitin, celulose, etc)

Page 51: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

REDUCING SUGARS

They have in their molecular composition an aldehyde function (CHO). REDOX !!!

Page 52: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

PRUEBA DE BENEDICT (Azúcares reductores)

El agente reductor (GLUCOSA) se oxida y el

agente oxidante se reduce (ÓXIDO CÚPRICO).

SE FORMA PRECIPITADO ÓXIDO CUPROSO

(-) (+) X1 X2 (-)

Page 53: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

PRUEBA DE LUGOL (I2), DETECCIÓN POLISACÁRIDOS (almidón)

(-) X (+)

AMILOPECTINA

AMILOSA

Page 54: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

PRUEBA DE NITRATO DE PLATA (Sales)

(-) X (+)

Cloruro de Plata Nitrato de Sodio Sustitución doble de sales donde queda una sal soluble (NaNO3 ) y hay un precipitado blanco (AgCl).

Page 55: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

CONTROLES •  Pruebas de Referencia: Resultados ya

son conocidos

Control Positivo: • Resultado negativo • Posibles errores durante el experimento

Control Negativo: • Resultado positivo • Descartar falsos positivos por contaminación.

Page 56: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

¿Cuáles son los 3 factores que regulan el paso de moléculas (NaCl, glucosa y almidón) a través de una membrana artificial?

A.  Temperatura, proteínas de membrana y tamaño de las moléculas

B.  Temperatura, tamaño de los poros de la membrana y tamaño de las moléculas

C.  Temperatura, tamaño de los poros de la membrana y carga de la moléculas

D.  Temperatura, carga de las moléculas y tamaño de las moléculas  

Page 57: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

AZÚCARES REDUCTORES ALMIDONES SALES

Glu

co

sa

2

ml

H2O

2m

l

Bea

ker A

2

ml

Bea

ker B

2

ml

Alm

idó

n

1

ml

Na

Cl

1m

l

“37°C” POR 1 MIN

2 gotas BENEDICT

(-) Azul (+) Naranja

4 gotas NITRATO DE PLATA

(-) Sin cambio (+) Precipitado

blanco

8 gotas LUGOL

(-) Amarillo (+) Morado-Negro

TRANSPORTE PASIVO

Bea

ker A

1

ml

Bea

ker A

1

ml

Bea

ker B

1

ml

Bea

ker B

1

ml

H2O

1m

l

H2O

1m

l

Page 58: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

ÓSMOSIS: Eritrocitos como osmómetros

2 gotas solución salina 0.4% Hipotónica

2 gotas solución salina 0.9% ≈ Isotónica

2 gotas solución salina 2.0% Hipertónica

CONTROL (no agregar nada) Isotónica

Page 59: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

H2O destilada por 5min

Observar al microscopio

y reportar estado

Sucrosa al 30% por 10min

Observar al microscopio y

reportar diferencias frente al estado anterior

ÓSMOSIS: “PLASMÓLISIS” en Egeria sp.

Page 60: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

TRANSPORTE ACTIVO

1 2 BAÑO MARIA

100ºC por 10 min

Incubadora 30ºC por 10 min

4ml de Glucosa 2%

6 gotas ROJO CONGO

enfriar

Agitar los tubos y

esperar 5min

Montaje en lamina y reportar

Agregar 2ml de solución de Levadura 0.2%

Page 61: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

RESULTADOS TRANSPORTE

Page 62: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

TRANSPORTE PASIVO AZÚCARES

REDUCTORES ALMIDONES SALES

Fue positivo tanto en el beaker A como en

el B. Como el beaker B

estuvo a 37ºC el color fue mucho más

intenso respecto al beaker que estuvo a

Tº amb. Esto evidenció que la cinética de las

moléculas aumentó a 37ºC.

Fue negativo tanto en el beaker A como en el B. El

tamaño del poro es más pequeño que

el tamaño de la molécula y por esto

el almidón no se evidenció en la

prueba bioquímica con lugol

Fue positivo tanto en el beaker A

como en el B. Las sales son las

moléculas más pequeñas de las tres y éstas pasan

en mayor proporción respecto

a las otras. Se evidenció más

precipitado en el beaker a 37ºC.

Page 63: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

ÓSMOSIS: Eritrocitos como osmómetros

La concentración de sales en la sangre es aproximadamente 0,88%. Por esto los eritrocitos a 0,9% se ven casi que de la misma forma que en

el control.

En una solución hipertónica como 2% se supone que pierden agua y

por tanto los observaron CRENADOS.

En una solución hipotónica como 0,4% se supone que absorben agua y por tanto se observan HINCHADAS

o algunas LISADAS.

Page 64: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

ÓSMOSIS: “PLASMÓLISIS” Se supone que en presencia de H2O

destilada, las células vegetales absorben H2O para disminuir la

concentración de solutos al interior de la célula respecto al medio. Por tanto

aquí se observaron TURGENTES (los plastidios y la membrana bordeando la

pared celular).

En presencia de NaCl, las células vegetales pierden agua para disminuir la concentración de sales al exterior de la célula respecto al interior. Por tanto

aquí se observaron PLASMOLISADAS (los plastidios y la membrana recogidos al

centro de la célula)

Page 65: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

las levaduras usan la glucosa para obtener ATP y expulsan de su citosol el rojo

congo (colorante tóxico). Por tanto se ven blancas

las levaduras se mueren (se denaturan proteínas) y no pueden expulsar de su citosol el rojo congo. Por tanto se ven rojas

30°C 100°C

TRANSPORTE ACTIVO

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Sentido del gusto

NaCL1%

Limón

Café 1%

- Limpiar lengua con papel y agua antes de iniciar. - Debe pasar todas las soluciones por los 4 puntos de la lengua

1 2 2

3 3 4

Deben identificar SI SIENTEN O NO el sabor en cada punto y en que

INTENSIDAD

Azúcar 3%

Page 68: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Agudeza sentido del gusto

Azúcar 0,5%

Azúcar 2%

Azúcar 6%

- Limpiar lengua con papel y agua antes de iniciar. - PUEDEN REALIZARLO AGREGANDO LAS GOTAS

DIRECTAMENTE O CON COPITO!!!!

Page 69: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Relación gusto y olfato

SIN OLFATO (ALGODÓN EN LA NARIZ) CON OLFATO

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

La persona con los ojos vendados determinará el sabor de cada compota (YO LES DIRÉ LOS SABORES REALES AL FINAL DE LA PRÁCTICA)

- Limpiar lengua con papel y agua antes de iniciar. -  OJOS VENDADOS Y PREFERIBLEMENTE ALGUIEN QUE NO FUME

LES PEDÍ 6 COMPOTAS

Page 70: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Receptores de la piel – distribución de percepción cutánea

Ruffini, Krausser Meissner y Vater-Pacini

Agua caliente

Agua fría

Page 71: CELL MEMBRANE - idaebiology.files.wordpress.com · GRADIENT Physical difference between two regions of space, due to these differences physical molecules tend to move from one region

Termorreceptores de la piel – Naturaleza del estímulo térmico

1 2

AGUA FRÍA AGUA AMBIENTE AGUA CALIENTE

OJO: deben dejar sus dedos 1 – 2 minutos en el agua fría y en el agua

caliente, antes de pasar al agua ambiente