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IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING ?
A sign of celebrity is that his name is often worth more than his services.
- Daniel J Boorstin
• The motive behind total branding may be decocted as an attempt to amalgamate diverse activities to win customer preference.
• Apropos to this context, the topic
“Celebrity advertisement is misleading Indian consumer”, is a significant one.
• Marketers overtly acknowledge the power of celebrities in influencing consumer – purchasing decisions.
• Accepted fact that celebrity endorsement can bestow special attribute upon a product that it may have lacked otherwise.
"Any brand can get a celebrity. That is easy. But getting a celebrity consistent with the right brand, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose and in the right way... that is not easy."
Aristotle said, “Beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction.”
THE AIRTEL & IDEA WAY
THE HUTCH (Vodafone) WAY
Celebrity Endorsement in India{History}
Phase 1: The Pioneering Phase (1950-1980)This phase was characterized by: -1. Limited channels of communication2. Demand exceeded supply3. Heavy regulation and governmental regulationsSome bigger companies from their global experience introduced the concept of celebrity endorsement. HLL has used Hindi film stars to endorse their beauty soap Lux since fifties.
Phase 2: The Growth Phase (1980-1990)The introduction of television added a variable effective medium of communication. Indian stars going global with events like Asiads and World Cup victory. Vimal, Thums-Up, Gwalior and Dinesh are some of the other brands that used star-appeal in the early days of mass advertising. There was a spurt of advertising, featuring stars like Tabassum (Prestige Pressure-cooker), Kapil Dev (Palmolive Shaving Cream) and Sunil Gavaskar (Dinesh Suitings).
Phase 3: GlobalisationIn highly competitive markets, the following realities about brand management exist: -
1. Product differentiating factors are duplicable and imitable.
2. All long existing and successful brands imbue their products with a meaning.
MULTIPLIER EFFECT FORMULA:
S=P* D*AV -- the multiplier effect
S is a Successful Brand
P is an Effective Product
D is Distinctive Identity
AV is Added Values
Celebrity impact is to bestow identity and provide AV to the brand.
What is a Brand?
“a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify goods or services of one seller or a group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitor”.
DEFINITION OF CELEBRITIES
Celebrities are people who enjoy specific public recognition by a large number of certain groups of people. They have some characteristic attributes like attractiveness, extraordinary lifestyle or special skills that are not commonly observed. Thus, it can be said that within a society, celebrities generally differ from the common people and enjoy a high degree of public awareness.
Actors (e.g., Amitabh Bachchan, Shahrukh Khan, Aishwarya Rai, Preity Zinta, Aamir Khan and Pierce Brosnan).
Models (e.g., Malaika Arora, Milind Soman, Naomi Campbell, , etc),
Television Personalities (Hussain, Smriti Irani)
Sports figures (e.g., Sachin Tendulkar, Sania Mirza, Anna Kournikova, Michael Schumacher, Tiger Woods, etc)
Entertainers (e.g., Cyrus Broacha, Oprah Winfrey,)
Pop-stars (e.g., Madonna, Shakira) Businessmen (e.g., Vijay Mallya, Bill
Gates) Politicians. (e.g., Atal Bihari Vajpayee ,
Sonia Gandhi)
Brand Ambassador & Brand Face
A Brand Ambassador would be one who is an integral part of the brand which goes beyond just appearing on TV commercials.
For example, Fardeen Khan is the brand ambassador for Provogue
Face would be the current celebrity appearing in the advertisement
An example would be Sona Chandi Chawanpryash using Sourav Ganguly
IMPACT OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT
THE PROCESS OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT
Figure 1: The Meaning Transfer Model
BEAUTY,ELEGENCE
CREDIBILITY,TRUSTWORTHINESS
CELEBRITY SELECTION
The TEARS Model Trustworthiness: For example - Legendary
actor Amitabh Bachchan who is an icon of trust; promoting ICICI Bank.
Expertise: For example - Golfer Tiger Woods for a sports brand.
Attractiveness: For example - Tennis player Anna Kournikova who earns 10 Million dollars per year in just endorsement.
Respect: For example - Former Miss World Aishawarya Rai and the Eye donation campaign.
Similarity: For example - a child artist promoting a chocolate brand.
KINDS OF CELEBRITY-HOOD - THEIR IMPACT ON BRANDS
Product Placements
While the movie 'Taal' brandished Coke bottles unabashedly
Celebrities Co-Owning the Brand
Madhuri Dixit and Emami 'Beauty secrets by Madhuri' range
Fictional Heroes Shaktimaan has
sold Parle-G, and Popeye single-handedly revived the consumption of spinach in the US.
No More but Celebrities Still
campaigns created around a dead personality was the 'Kar lo duniya muthi mein' campaign for Reliance featuring Dhirubhai Ambani
Page 3 Celebrities
Celebrities for a Cause
The Pulse Polio campaign being coordinated by UNICEF for the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare had Amitabh Bachchan and Sachin Tendulkar
Spoofing Mirinda spoofed
the Hutch puppy (a celebrity in its own right).
Mascots Ronald McDonald,
the Amul girl
Men are from Mars, Women from VenusJohn Abraham lends his rugged image to Yamaha bikes while Priety Zinta lends her cute dimples to peddle Scooty.
Celebrities Lending their Name to Brands Sharukh Khan, Amitabh Bachchan and Rekha have perfumes named after them
Company Owners Being CelebritiesVijay Mallaya and a Richard Branson who are walking talking celebrities and endorse their own brands through their extravagance, their flamboyant lifestyle
Political LeadersThe 'India Shining' campaign from the BJP and the 'Congress ka haath aam aadmi ke saath' campaign from the Congress with Vajpayee and Sonia Gandhi lending their faces
Using a Social Proposition Built Within the BrandThe Surf campaign done by Revathy and Shabana Azmi (in the south and north respectively) which stressed on the prudent usage of valuable water was a social proposition cleverly inter-woven in the brand.
Duration of Usage - Promotional or Long Term Strategyshort-term example is the Rani Mukherjee campaign for Bata which is believed to have helped boost sales for the ladie's footwear brand, Sundrop, by a whopping 500 per cent. The same Rani Mukherjee has a longer association with Fanta and Munch.
Stealth Advertising
public no longer believes that celebrities actually use the products Revlon launched an online marketing campaign targeting female customers via chat rooms talking about who Revlon's new face would be, Halle Berry
Foreign CelebritiesJackie Chan doing a Discover commercial or a Boris Becker doing a Siyaram commercial
Unintentional Celebrity Endorsements
the year before the late Princess Diana bought an Audi, they sold just about five hundred pieces in the UK. The following year sales figures were close to ten thousand markJohn Abraham haybusa
Why Companies Use Celebrities - The Celebrity Edge
Psychological Factorsa movie actress for beauty related products
Propping Up Awareness and Trust Levels: Rahul dravid for bank of baroda
To Communicate a Certain Message about the CompanySachin Tendulkar image for the launch of 'Victor'
Value for Money: To Position their Brand Distinctively Celebrity Standing for a Single Brand:
Zakir Hussain of 'Wah Taj' Taj Mahal tea & A. R. Rahman for Airtel
Advantages of a Celebrity Endorsing a Brand
Establishment of Credibility: Ensured Attention: PR Coverage: Higher Degree of Recall Associative Benefit: Mitigating a Tarnished Image Psychographic Connect Demographic Connect Mass Appeal: Rejuvenating a Stagnant Brand:
Factors Impacting a Brand while being viewed by a Consumer in Media
Certain parameters that postulate compatibility between the celebrity and brand
image are: -
Celebrity’s fit with the brand image Celebrity-Target Audience match Celebrity associated values Costs of acquiring the celebrity Celebrity-Product match Celebrity controversy risk Celebrity popularity Celebrity availability Celebrity physical attractiveness Celebrity credibility Celebrity prior endorsements Whether celebrity is a brand user Celebrity profession
Selection of Celebrity
Aspect of Brand
Image Celebrity Product
Attractiveness Stylish FardeenKhan
AmitabhBachhan
Provogue
Reid & Taylor
Trustworthiness Reliable Sachin Tendulkar
TVS Victor
Expertise Knowledge Vishwanathan anand
NIIT
All That Glitters is Not Gold - The Flip Side of Using Celebrities
Overexposure of Brand Ambassadors: Amitabh Bachchan sells Nerolac paints, Cadbury chocolates, Pepsi, Parker pens, Dabur Hajmola, Sahara homes, Reid and Taylor suits, Navratan oil, ICICI home loans, the list goes on.
Brand Switching: For example when Aishwarya Rai and Aamir Khan shifted loyalties from Pepsi to Coke.
Tarnished Public Image: Thums up too had to scrap its ads after Salman Khan got embroiled in the black-buck case & took Akshay.
Creative Block: Eg. Palmolive had strong associations with Kapil Dev and the line 'Palmolive ka jawaab nahi'. After Kapil Dev retired it could never come up with an equally memorable campaign.
Reel Not Equal to Real: Britney Spears who are Pepsi endorsers have been spotted drinking Coke.
High Ad Costs Success of Brand Dependant on Success of
Celebrity: Eg: Sachin's ad being shown after his wicket falls draws negative impressions about the brand.
Celebrities Overshadowing Brands:Dinesh Suitings, where Sunil Gavaskar, the brand spokesperson, was allowed to rule the brand, thus becoming bigger than it. Once the association ceased, the brand lost its identity.
Company Wars Through Celebrities: Pepsi's Sharukh Khan taking a dig at Hritik Roshan who endorsed Coke.
Incongruity Between Brand and Celebrity Samsung sponsoring the Indian cricket team has no congruence and brand connect.
Irresponsible Advertising Fardeen for pan masala & ajay for bagpiper
stunt ads
Multiple Brand Endorsement
As many as four products negatively influences the celebrity credibility and likeability
Sachin Tendulkar, for example, in 2002 endorsed 12 brands (including Pepsi, Boost, Colgate Total, Gillette, Britannia Tiger, Fiat Palio, TVS Victor, Fiat Sienna, MRF, Adidas, Visa Cards and Home Trade), ESPN-STAR Sports (the television channel), AirTel has just signed him on as its brand ambassador.
ONE BRAND MANY CELEBRITY
SINGLE BRAND ASSOCIATION OF A
CELEBRITY
ZAKIR HUSSAIN Product: Taj Mahal tea -- Slogan: Wah! Taj
Ustad Zakir Hussain's association with Taj Mahal tea, the premium brand from Hindustan Lever, is over a decade old.
Zakir Hussain's association with the brand has made Taj Mahal tea it a household name.
A R RAHMAN Product: Airtel -- Slogan: Live every moment
Cellular service provider Airtel roped in the 'Mozart of the East' Allah Rakha Rahman for its TV ad campaign in August 2002.
It was for the first time ever that Rahman associated himself with any brand anywhere in the world. In the Airtel ad Rahman composed an original score and five ring tones exclusively for Airtel customers.
Vishwanathan Anand
Product: NIIT Ad Agency: Contract Grandmaster
Vishwanathan Anand is said to have refused more than one contract because he cannot concentrate on giving the sponsor his best and win his chess games at the same time.
Misleading advertisements and Identifying the problem:
False Advertising –Advertising using statements in the form of unverified facts.
Deceptive Advertising – Advertising that is used to mislead consumers using implied false claims.
False Advertising
Passing off goods or services as something they are not.
Blatant lies and deliberately untrue statements
Used to prevent the buyer from acting reasonably.
Deceptive Advertising
Misleading claims1. Explicitly stated2. Implied verbally or visually
Omissions of the truth
Camel Cigarettes
Advertising campaign named “Pleasure to Burn”
Sexually inviting image of a female.
Implies that a Camel cigarette is the key to developing an intimate relationship with picture women.
LUCKY STRIKE Cigarettes
This ad directly appeals to young females.
Shows a young women standing up for her self.
Message to teenage girls, is that “Smoking is a gutsy act of establishing independence”
Likewise few other ads are:
In all these ads no where is tells about the side effect of smoking cigarette or its adverse effect.
Deodorant ads depiction
• DEPICTING THAT ITS USAGE ATTRACTS THE OPPOSITE SEX.
• YOU GET A BOOST IN YOUR CONFIDENCE
Soft drink Ads depiction
Slogans like “Aaj kuch toofani karte hain, open happiness, weekend aye masti chaeye, Maan ki pyas bhujaey etc” actuallyhave nothing to offer except calories
Zandu Balm
Used to say “Provide immediate relief of headaches”
Is it for minor headache or major ones.
Unfinished Claims
When these claims are made, they might often leave you asking yourself questions about it.
“Be the first to know” –CNN advertisement slogan.
The first to know what?!
Uniqueness Claims
These claims advertised the difference of the product amongst others, but this does not necessarily mean that the product is better than the rest.
•“Nothing is better than Anadin” -Anadin Advertisement Slogan.
Stating Facts
This basically claims nothing and shows no real advantage over any other product.
“Bagpiper soda, Royal stag music cds ads are ways to attract customers to adopt the brand.
“So What” Claims These claims are almost like making factual statements,
but it claims things that competing claims do not make or offer more of something in order to exceed the consumers normal expectations.
Tropicana has orange juices that now have extra calcium Do you really need more calcium than what is already
provided in orange juice?
Vague Claims
A vague claim states things that are unclear, and not able to be verified.
“The best man can get” – Gillette advertisement slogan.
There is no way to verify this!!!
Testimonial Claims A lot of companies will use famous people
to advertise their product hoping to get consumers to buy the product and to believe the claim is based on being a celebrities fan.
“You too can have a body like mine” – Charles Atlas advertisement slogan.
Questionable Statistics Using claims that have not been verified. On the Centrum Website we find “Higher levels* of
Vitamins B6 and B12 to support health” Then at the bottom of the page : “*These statements
have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.”
They put this on the bottom of the page knowing that some consumers will not bother to go that far down on the page after skimming at the information that is given.
Smarter Consumer Claims
Making the person think that they are better for choosing whatever is being claimed.
“Choosy moms choose Bournvita” "The best tires in the world have
Goodyear written all over them.“ -Goodyear tires advertising slogan.
CONCLUSION There is a gradual shift from the
traditional approach of showing celebrities in advertisement to making them the “spokes-person” of the brand.
Celebrity endorsements do work in the Indian scenario.
The consumer treat celebrities as GOD and accept every thing they showcase without looking at the worthiness or usage of the product.
Multiple endorsements do clutter the minds of the consumer.
The End