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New glass formation ability criterion derived from melt cooling considerations 基于熔体冷却过程考虑的 玻璃形成能力判据 Sheng GUO, ChainTsuan LIU Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 郭晟,刘锦川 香港理工大学机械工程学系 CMRS Changsha, Jun 20, 2010

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Page 1: 基于熔体冷却过程考虑的 玻璃形成能力判据shengguo.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/9/3/16931630/cmrs-changsha_2010.pdfc g'(T g,T x,T l) log 10 R c T rg 2 m boundary condition

New glass formation ability criterion derived from melt cooling considerations

基于熔体冷却过程考虑的玻璃形成能力判据

Sheng GUO, Chain‐Tsuan LIUDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The 

Hong Kong Polytechnic University郭晟,刘锦川

香港理工大学机械工程学系

C‐MRS Changsha, Jun 20, 2010

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Outline Glass forming ability (GFA) GFA criteria Identify the best GFA criteria New GFA criterion Conclusion remarks

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“The oldest archaeological finds from Mesopotamiaand Egypt date back to around 3000 b.c.”

“Such a long standing, well‐documented glassworking ability is contrasted by the difficulties we encounter to understand the nature of glass and the essential features of the glass transition.”

P.M.Ossi, Disordered Materials: An Introduction. 

Ancient glass objects, hydria, comb decorated bottle and ribbed bowl (I Century AD)

Glass forming ability

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Glass forming ability

(Debeneditti & Stillinger

Nature,2001)

cooling

characterizes the ease of glass forming from liquid state;

can be characterized by the critical cooling rate (Rc);

is related but different to thermal stability of glass forming systems

crystalline

amorphous

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5

A major concern for the engineering use of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) is  their limited GFA for many glass forming systems

Understanding of glass formation and prediction of  GFA are vitally important for developing BMGs with superior GFA for economic manufacturing of BMGs for industrial use

In recent years significant efforts have been devoted to this important area, and a number of GFA criteriahave been developed

Glass forming ability

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Glass forming ability criteria based on characteristic temperatures (Tg, Tx, Tm, Tl, etc)

based on dynamic viscosity (m or D, M) based on thermodynamic analysis (∆H, ∆S) based on fundamental properties of 

constituent elements (atomic size, electro‐negativity, electron structure)

……

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Glass forming ability criteriaCharacteristic temperatures

(Lu & Liu, Intermetallics, 2004)

Tg: glass transition temperature

Tx: onset crystallization temperature (from heating)

Tl: liquidus temperature

Txc: onset solidification temperature (from cooling)

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Glass forming ability criteria

Trg=Tg/Tm or Tg/Tl 1969/2000 ∆Trg=(Tx‐Tg)/(Tl‐Tg) 1972 ∆Tx=Tx‐Tg 1993 =Tx/(Tg+Tl) 2002 =Tx/Tl 2005 =Tx/Tg+Tg/Tl 2005 =Tx/(Tl‐Tg)  2006 m=(2Tx‐Tg)/Tl 2007  =Trg(Tx/Tg)0.143  2007 ′=TxTg/(Tl‐Tx)2  2008 =Tg/Tx‐2Tg/(Tg+Tl)  2009 ……

乱“笋”渐欲迷人眼

Characteristic temperature based GFA 

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Glass forming ability criteria Reduced glass transition temperature

Trg=Tg/Tm(Turnbull, Contemp Phys, 1969)

“If, as we are supposing, I and u both scale, at given ∆Tr, as 1/, then the glass‐forming tendency should increase with the reduced glass temperature, Tg/Tm=Trg”

( )

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Glass forming ability criteria Supercooled liquid region

∆Tx=Tx‐Tg(Inoue, J Non‐Crys Solids, 1993 )

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Gamma parameterx

g l

TT T

2( ) / 2

x

l l g

x

g

TT TTT

T

Glass forming ability criteria(Lu&Liu, Acta Mater, 2002;Lu&Liu, PRL, 2003)

Liquid phase stability Resistance to crystallization

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Glass forming ability criteria Gamma parameter

x

g l

TT T

49 metallic glasses

23 oxide glasses & 25 cryoprotectiveaqueous solutions

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Sorted by: Times Cited

Gamma parameter

Page 15: 基于熔体冷却过程考虑的 玻璃形成能力判据shengguo.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/9/3/16931630/cmrs-changsha_2010.pdfc g'(T g,T x,T l) log 10 R c T rg 2 m boundary condition

Glass forming ability criteria Gamma m parameter

2 x gm

l

T TT

(Du, Huang, Liu &Lu, J Appl Phys, 2007)

2x g xm

l l

x g

l

T T TT TT

TT

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Identify the best GFA criteria

(Long, et al., Mat Sci Eng A, 2009)

10log cg B RA g: GFA parameters; Rc: critical cooling rate

Comparing R2

Page 17: 基于熔体冷却过程考虑的 玻璃形成能力判据shengguo.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/9/3/16931630/cmrs-changsha_2010.pdfc g'(T g,T x,T l) log 10 R c T rg 2 m boundary condition

Identify the best GFA criteria10log cg B RA

GFA ↗ , Rc ↘, g ↗. For a given alloy, its Rc is fixed. However, different definition of GFA parameter gives different g values. Can they be compared?

(Guo, Lu&Liu, Intermetallics, 2010)

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Identify the best GFA criteriaExtreme conditions scenarioTl=Tg: The liquid transforms to glassy state immediately upon cooling from the molten state. 

Best GFAmaximal g (g=1)Tx=0: The crystallization is doomed to happen above the absolute zero temperature, and no stable glass can exist. 

Worst GFAminimal g (g=0)

Trg, 2, m and  are suitable GFA criteria

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Identify the best GFA criteria

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 120.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Trg (R2=0.626)

(R2=0.833) 2 (R2=0.874) m (R2=0.892)

g(T g,T

x,Tl)

log10Rc

Trg=Tg/Tl

=Tx/Tl

2=2Tx/(Tg+Tl)m=(2Tx-Tg)/Tl

m has the best correlation to Rc, statistically

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Identify the best GFA criteriaCaution with the statistics: the fitting might be biased because most data points are in the good glass formers side, i.e., in the small Rc and high g side.  

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 120.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Trg (R2=0.626)

(R2=0.833) 2 (R2=0.874) m (R2=0.892)

g(T g,T

x,Tl)

log10Rc

Trg=Tg/Tl

=Tx/Tl

2=2Tx/(Tg+Tl)m=(2Tx-Tg)/Tl

Does the mathematically fitted log10Rcvs. g relationship physically make sense?

Is there a unique relationship between the GFA parameter and Rc? 

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Identify the best GFA criteriaNormalized GFA criteria

Best glass formerSiO2

gʹ=1Rc=Rc‐min≈10‐5 K/s

Worst glass formerNi gʹ=0Rc=Rc‐max≈1010 K/s

After the normalization treatment, a unique relationship between the GFA parameter and Rc is obtained 

Boundarycondition

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Identify the best GFA criteriaNormalized GFA criteria

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Trg=Tg/Tl

=Tx/Tg

2=2Tx/(Tg+Tl) m=(2Tx-Tg)/Tl

boundary condition

g' (Tg,T

x,Tl)

log10Rc

g'(T

g,Tx,T

l)

log10Rc

Trg2

m

boundarycondition

Among the mathematically fitted g’ vs. Rc relationship, m has the smallest deviation to the boundary condition, recalling that m also has 

the best statistical correlation to Rc.   

m is identified as the best characteristic temperatures based GFA criterion

Not end of story though!!(Guo, Lu&Liu, Intermetallics, 2010)

Scattered data points

Best‐fit lines to the scattered data points

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New GFA criterionProblems with m

2x g xm

l l

x g

l

T T TT TT

TT

Why Tx has a role in the GFA expression?

Tx actually characterizes the stability against crystallization in the reheating of amorphous solids, while GFA is  essentially defined from the molten liquid cooling process.

However, Tx containing GFA parameters are generally superior than those non‐Tx containing parameters (GFA is defined by the competition of  forming glassy phase and crystalline phase). 

Why Tx appears twice in the m expression?

Can m be further improved based on understanding of the above two issues? 

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New GFA criterion

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Tx/Tl (R2=0.84)

(Tx-Tg)/Tl (R2=0.70)

Boundary condition

g'(T

g,Tx,T

l)

log10Rc

(b)

Tx/Tl (R2=0.84)

(Tx-Tg)/Tl (R2=0.70)

g(T g,T

x,Tl)

(a)

Revisit m2x g x

ml l

x g

l

T T TT TT

TT

Both (Tx‐Tg)/Tl and Tx/Tl are related to RcTx/Tl has a better correlation to Rc than (Tx‐Tg)/TlTx/Tl overestimates the Rcwhile (Tx‐Tg)/Tlunderestimates it.Naturally, a compromise between them would generate a parameter correlating to Rc better.

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New GFA criterionConsideration from cooling: Is (1+)Tx corresponding to a characteristic temperature characterizing the cooling process?

Txc=(1.5‐1.7)TxTx: onset crystallization temperature from heating

Txc: onset crystallization temperature from cooling

xc gs

l

T TT

(Guo&Liu, Intermetallics, 2010, in press)

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New GFA criterionPhysical meaning of s

( ) ( )xc gs

l

g l xc

l

lT T T TT TT T

Supercooled LiquidGlass Liquid

0 Tg Tl Ti

form glass

Crystal UndercooledLiquid Liquid

0 Txc Tl Ti

form crystal

Glass formation

Crystallization

Supercooled LiquidGlass Liquid

0 Tg Tl Ti

form glass

Crystal UndercooledLiquid Liquid

0 Txc Tl Ti

form crystal

Glass formation

Crystallization

The competition between the undercooling to form glass or to form crystal determines the GFA.

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New GFA criterion

Compared to m, (1.5Tx‐Tg)/Tl has the similar correlation coefficient to Rc, while it has much agreement with the boundary condition.

New GFA criterion:5 3 2

21. x g x g

cl l

T T T TT T

(Guo&Liu, Intermetallics, 2010, in press)

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Concluding remarks The merit of GFA criteria shall be determined from both the statistical 

consideration and the agreement to the physically accepted boundary condition;

There exists an approximate relationship between Tx and Txc: Txc=(1.5‐1.7)Tx;

Defined from the melt cooling process rather than from the reheating process, a new GFA parameter is suggested: s=(Txc‐Tg)/Tl, which in practice can be approximated by c=(3Tx‐2Tg)/Tl.

Things remain unclear: Physics behind s needs to be further understood.  What can s tell us on predicting GFA? GFA parameter are unitless while Rc has the unit of K/s? 

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Thanks for your attention   !Sheng GUO(郭晟)

E‐mail: [email protected] thinking people want to get at the essence. They seek it like hidden treasure, which lies at the heart of things and controls them. 

‐A Spirkin

, and not falling asleep