Cctv Security System

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CCTV SECURITY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

Now a day’s most of the fields depend on less manual operations and

due to this demand every one is interested in automated systems. To

face new challenges in the present day situation automated systems

are more accurate, flexible and reliable. Due to these reasons every

field prefers automated control systems. Especially in electronics

automated systems are doing better job.

This system consists of sensors, stepper motors, TV, camera, micro

controller, and Buzzer alarm. Sensors are connecting to the gates.

Buzzer alarm, TV, and stepper motor these all are connecting to the

micro controller. The alarm is ON if any one enters through the gate.

Stepper motor is used for rotate the camera. If any one enters through

gate the sensors sense the signal then automatically the alarm ON

through micro controller operations. Camera observes the every thing

at the gate. Camera rotates according to the micro controller

instructions. With closed circuit TV we know who enters in to the gate.

With this system we can provide security. Micro controller controls

these all operations through assembly language instruction

The project is mainly based on the assembly language program to run

the Micro controller.










1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

Now a day’s most of the fields depend on less manual operations and due to this

Demand every one is interested in automated systems. To face new challenges in the

present day situation automated systems are more accurate, flexible and reliable. Due to

these reasons every field prefers automated control systems. Especially in electronics

automated systems are doing better job.

The ideal system to protect your property is CCTV (Closed Circuit Television)

Not only does it act a visual deterrent but the video or digital recording provides an

invaluable method of recording crime, violence or anti-social behavior .

CCTV systems offer such a wide area of applications and benefits 24-hours a day.

Systems can aid the monitoring of stock, personnel, visitors, access control and prevent

health and safety incidences.










1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM


MICRO

CONTROLLER

DRIVER

CIRCUIT

POWER SUPPLY

5V

12V

STEPPER

IR Tx with 555TIMER

IR TX with 555

Timer

IR TX with 555

Timer

Rx

IR Rx

IR Rx

IR Rx CAMERA

BUZZER

CIRCUIT









1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRPTION

MICROCONTROLLER UNIT (89C51):

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer

with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The

device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and

is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip

Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional

nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a

monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a

highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

CCTV

The ideal system to protect your property is CCTV (Closed Circuit Television).

Not only does it act a visual deterrent but the video or digital recording provides an

invaluable method of recording crime, violence or anti-social behavior. These days, thereis a huge range of CCTV product to choose from, with a wealth of features. Systems

range from a simple analogue or digital package to highly advanced digital systems

which can be integrated into our other security systems such as intruder alarm or access

control. CCTV verification of intruder alarm activation makes for the ultimate security

system. CCTV can be used to monitor virtually anything: town centers, public transport,

Domestic and commercial premises as well as stock, machinery, personnel, visitors,

access control and Health & Safety requirements - the list is endless.










IR SENSOR

The infrared band can be divided into Near Infrared (NIR) and Far Infrared (IR).

Far infrared is the thermal infrared used to detect hot objects or see heat leaks in

buildings, and is way beyond the range of LEDs. NIR can be further divided into two bands, long wave and short-wave NIR, based on how film and CCD cameras react, which

I'll get into elsewhere, else when, and else why.

POWER SUPPLY

Power supply unit provides 5V regulated power supply to the systems. It consists

of two parts namely, Rectifier and Monolithic voltage regulator.

1.4 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM














CHAPTER 2

WORKING PRINCIPLE










WORKING PRINCIPLE

Each IR is connected with an I/O line of the controller. In the initial condition the

IR Sensor OUT PUT is in ZERO. I/O line value is compared. When Intruder enters IR

receiver gives High value. With this the stepper motor rotates in particular angle. The

angle of rotations given by the shaft angle of stepper motor. The pulses are given from

the I/O lines of stepper motor. The pulses are fed to the driver circuit through which

MOSFET drives the ground corresponds to the coil connected. This magnetizes the

internal coil and shaft is attracted or rippled by the coil, by this it rotates depend on the

shaft rotation angle.

The rotation of angle given by the step sequence. The supply for stepper

motor that is 12V DC is taken from the rectifier circuit and 5v for driver circuit and

Micro Controller. The alarm is ON if any one enters through the gate. Stepper motor is

used for rotate the camera. If any one enters through gate the sensors sense the signal

then automatically the alarm ON through micro controller operations. Camera observes

the every thing at the gate. Camera rotates according to the micro controller instructions.

With closed circuit TV we know who enters in to the gate. With this system we can

provide security. Micro controller controls these all operations through assembly

language instructions.










CHAPTER 3

DESIGN PROCEDURE










INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

DEFINITION

A combination of hardware and software, which together form a component of a larger

machine. An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that controls a cctv security

system. An embedded system is designed to run its own without human intervention, and may be

required to respond to events in real time.

A specialized computer system that is part of a large system or machines typically, an

embedded system is housed on a single microprocessor board with the program stored in ROM.

Virtually all appliances that have a digital interface –watches, microwaves and VCRs utilize

embedded systems. Some embedded systems include an operating system, but many are so

specialized that the entire logic can be implemented as a single program.

Each day, our lives become more dependent on ‘EMBEDDED SYSTEMS’, digital

information technology that is embedded in our environment.

IMPORTANAT FEATURES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded systems perform a very specific task and they can’t be programmed to

different things.

Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory.

Generally they do not have secondary devices such as CD-ROM, Floppy Disk.

Embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very

high temperatures and humidity.

APPLICATION AREAS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Consumer Appliances

Office Automation

Medical Electronics

Advertisement










MICRO CONTROLLER

3.1 8-BIT MICROCONTROLLERS

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION

Looking back into the history of microcomputers, one would at first come across

the development of microprocessor i.e. the processing element, and later on the

peripheral devices. The three basic elements-the CPU, I/O devices and memory-have

developed in distinct directions. While the CPU has been the proprietary item, the

memory devices fall into general-purpose category and the I/O devices may be grouped

somewhere in-between.

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer

with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The

device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and

is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip

Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional

nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a

monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a

highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89C51 provides for 4k EPROM/ROM, 128 byte RAM and 32 I/O lines. It

also includes a universal asynchronous receive-transmit (UART) device, two 16-bit

timer/counters and elaborate interrupt logic. Lack of multiply and divide instructions

which had been always felt in 8-bit microprocessors/micro controllers, has also been

taken care of in the 89C51- Thus the 89C51 may be called nearly equivalent of the

following devices on a single chip: 8085 + 8255 + 8251 + 8253 + 2764 + 6116.

In short, the AT89C51 has the following on-chip facilities:

ROM (EPROM on 8751)

128 byte RAM

UART










32 input-output port lines

Two, 16-bit timer/counters

Six interrupt sources and

On-chip clock oscillator and power on reset circuitry

PINDIAGRAM










3.1.2 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1– AT89C51 internal block diagram










3.1.3 SALIENT FEATURES

The 89C51 can be configured to bypass the internal 4 k ROM and run solely with

external program memory. For this its external access (EA) pin has to be grounded,

which makes it equivalent to 8031. The program store enable (PSEN) signal acts as read

pulse for program memory. The data memory is external only and a separate RD* signal

is available for reading its contents.

Use of external memory requires that three of its 8-bit ports (out of four) are

configured to provide data/address multiplexed bus. Hi address bus and control signals

related to external memory use. The RXD and TXD ports of UART also appear on pins

10 and 11 of 8051 and 8031, respectively. One 8-bit port, which is bit addressable and,

extremely useful for control applications.

The UART utilizes one of the internal timers for generation of baud rate. The

crystal used for generation of CPU clock has therefore to be chosen carefully. The

11.0596 MHz crystals; available abundantly, can provide a baud rate of 9600.

The internal RAM utilizes the 256-byte address space and special function

registers (SFRs) array, which is separate from external data RAM space of 64k. The 00-

7F space is occupied by the RAM and the 80 - FF space by the SFRs. The 128 byte

internal RAM has been utilized in the following fashion:

00-IF: Used for four banks of eight registers of 8-bit each. The four banks

may be selected by software any time during the program. 20-2F: The 16 bytes may be used as 128 bits of individually addressable

locations. These are extremely useful for bit-oriented programs.

30- 7F: This area is used for temporary storage, pointers and stack. On reset,

the stack starts at 08 and gets incremented during use.

The list of special function registers along with their hex addresses is given.










Table 4.1.1 AT89C51 Address register

Addr. Port/Register

80 P0 (Port 0)81 SP (stack pointer)

82 DPH (data pointer High)

83 DPL (data pointer Low)

88 TCON (timer control)

89 TMOD (timer mode)

8A TLO (timer 0 low byte)

8B TL1 (timer 1 low byte)

8C TH0 (timer 0 high byte)

8D TH1 (timer 1 high byte)

90 P1 (port 1)

98 SCON (serial control)99 SBUF (serial buffer)

A0 P2 (port 2)

A8 Interrupt enable (IE)

B0 P3 (port 3)

B8 Interrupt priority (IP)

D0 Processor status word (PSW)

E0 Accumulator (ACC)

F0 B register

Table 3.1 – AT89C51 SFR

3.1.4 HARDWARE DETAILS

The on chip oscillator of 89C51 can be used to generate system clock. Depending

upon version of the device, crystals from 3.5 to 12 MHz may be used for this purpose.

The system clock is internally divided by 6 and the resultant time period becomes one

processor cycle. The instructions take mostly one or two processor cycles to execute, and

very occasionally three processor cycles. The ALE (address latch enable) pulse rate is










16th of the system clock, except during access of internal program memory, and thus can

be used for timing purposes.

AT89C51 SERIAL PORT PINS

PIN ALTERNATE USE SFR

P3.ORXD Serial data input SBUF

P3.ITXD Serial data output SBUF

P3.2INTO External interrupt 0 TCON-1

P3.3INT1 External interrupt 1 TCON- 2

P3.4TO External timer 0 input TMOD

P3.5T1 External timer 1 input TMOD

P3.6WR External memory write pulse ---------

P3.7RD External memory read pulse ----

Table 3.2 – AT89C51 serial port pins

The two internal timers are wired to the system clock and pre scaling factor is

decided by the software, apart from the count stored in the two bytes of the timer control

registers. One of the counters, as mentioned earlier, is used for

Generation of baud rate clock for the UART. It would be of interest to know that

the 8052 have a third timer, which is usually used for generation of baud rate.

The reset input is normally low and taking it high resets the micro controller, In

the present hardware, a separate CMOS circuit has been used for generation of reset

signal so that it could be used to drive external devices as well.

3.1.5 WRITING THE SOFTWARE

The 89C51 have been specifically developed for control applications. As

mentioned earlier, out of the 128 bytes of internal RAM, 16 bytes have been organized in

such a way that all the 128 bits associated with this group may be accessed bit wise to

facilitate their use for bit set/reset/test applications. These are therefore extremely useful

for programs involving individual logical operations. One can easily give example of lift










for one such application where each one of the floors, door condition, etc may be

depicted by a single hit.

The 89C51 have instructions for bit manipulation and testing. Apart from these, it

has 8-bit multiply and divides instructions, which may be used with advantage. The

89C51 has short branch instructions for 'within page' and conditional jumps, short jumps

and calls within 2k memory space which are very convenient, and as such the controller

seems to favor programs which are less than 2k byte long. Some versions of 8751

EPROM devices have a security bit which can be programmed to lock the device and

then the contents of internal program EPROM cannot be read.

The device has to be erased in full for further alteration, and thus it can only be

reused but not copied. EEPROM and FLASH memory versions of the device are also

available now.

3.1.6 MEMORY UNIT

Memory is part of the micro controller whose function is to store data. The

easiest way to explain it is to describe it as one big closet with lots of drawers. If we

suppose that we marked the drawers in such a way that they cannot be confused, any of

their contents will then be easily accessible. It is enough to know the designation of thedrawer and so we will know its contents for sure.

Memory components are exactly like that. For certain input we get the contents of

a certain addressed memory location and that’s all. Two new concepts are brought to us:

addressing and memory location. Memory consists of all memory locations, and

addressing is nothing but selecting one of them. This means that we need to select the

desired memory location on one hand, and on the other hand we need to wait for the

contents of that location. Besides reading from a memory location, memory must also

provide for writing onto it. Supplying an additional line, called control line does this. We

will designate this line as R/W (read/write). Control line is used in the following way: if

r/w=1, reading is done, and if opposite is true then writing is done on the memory

location. Memory is the first element, and we need a few operation of our micro

controller.










3.1.7 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Let add 3 more memory locations to a specific block that will have a built in

capability to multiply, divide, subtract, and move its contents from one memory location

onto another. The part we just added in is called “central processing unit” (CPU). Its

memory locations are called registers.

Registers are therefore memory locations whose role is to help with performing

various mathematical operations or any other operations with data wherever data can be

found. Look at the current situation. We have two independent entities (memory and

CPU), that are interconnected, and thus any exchange of data is hindered, as well as its

functionality. If, for example, we wish to add the contents of two memory locations and

return the result again back to memory, we would need a connection between memory

and CPU. Simply stated, we must have some “way” through data goes from one block to

another.

3.1.8 BUS

That “way” is called “bus”. Physically, it represents a group of 8, 16, or more

wires. There are two types of buses: address and data bus. The first one consists of as

many lines as the amount of memory we wish to address and the other one is as wide as

data, in our case 8 bits or the connection line. First one serves to transmit address from

CPU memory, and the second to connect all blocks inside the micro controller.

3.1.9 INPUT –OUTPUT UNIT

VCC

Supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

Port 0










Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin

can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be

used as high impedance inputs.

Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus

during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has

internal pull-ups.

Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the

code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during

program verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output

buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they

are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port

1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the

internal pull-ups.

Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and

verification.

Port 2





internal pull-ups.

Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program

memory and during accesses to external data memories that use 16-bit addresses

(MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups whenemitting 1s. During accesses to external data memories that use 8-bit addresses

(MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.

Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during

Flash programming and verification.










Port 3





pull-ups.

Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as

listed below:

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is

running resets the device.

ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during

accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)

during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate










of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking

purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to

external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0

of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or

MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-

disable bit has no effect if the micro controller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the

AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated

twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during

each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the

device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H

up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be

internally latched on reset.

EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also

receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash

programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating

circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Oscillator Characteristics

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting

amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in










Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the

device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while

XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty

cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry

is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high

and low time specifications must be observed.

Idle Mode

In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain

active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the

special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be

terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when

idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution,

from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes

control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the

port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin

when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes










IdleShould not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.










Power-down Mode

In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that

invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special

Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only

exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change

the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal

operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and

stabilize.

Programming the Flash

The AT89C51 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the

erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The programming

interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable

signal. The low-voltage programming mode provides a convenient way to program the

AT89C51 inside the user’s system, while the high-voltage programming mode is

compatible with conventional third party Flash or EPROM programmers. The AT89C51

is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. The

respective top-side marking and device signature codes are listed in the following table.










3.2 STEPPER MOTOR

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION

Stepper Motors have several features which distinguish them from AC Motors,

and DC Servo Motors.

Brushless - Steppers are brush less Motors with contact brushes create sparks,

undesirable in certain environments. (Space missions, for example.)

Holding Torque - Steppers have very good low speed and holding torque. Steppers are

usually rated in terms of their holding force (oz/in) and can even hold a position (to a

lesser degree) without power applied, using magnetic 'detent' torque.

Open loop positioning - Perhaps the most valuable and interesting feature of a stepper is

the ability to position the shaft in fine predictable increments, without need to query the

motor as to its position. Steppers can run 'open-loop' without the need for any kind of

encoder to determine the shaft position. Closed loop systems- systems that feed back

position information, are known as servo systems. Compared to servos, steppers are very

easy to control; the position of the shaft is guaranteed as long as the torque of the motor is

sufficient for the load, under all its operating conditions.

Load Independent - The rotation speed of a stepper is independent of load, provided it

has sufficient torque to overcome slipping. The higher rpm a stepper motor is driven, the

more torque it needs, so all steppers eventually poop out at some rpm and start slipping.

Slipping is usually a disaster for steppers, because the position of the shaft becomes

unknown. For this reason, software usually keeps the stepping rate within a maximum

top rate. In applications where a known RPM is needed under a varying load, steppers

can be very handy.

3.2.2 Types of steppers:

Stepper Motors come in a variety of sizes, and strengths, from tiny floppy disk

motors, to huge machinery steppers rated over 1000 oz in. There are two basic types of










steppers-- bipolar and unipolar. The bipolar stepper has 4 wires. Unipolar steppers have

5, 6 or 8 wires. This document will discuss control of Unipolar Steppers.

Motor Basics:

The Unipolar Stepper motor has 2 coils, simple lengths of wound wire. The coils

are identical and are not electrically connected. Each coil has a center tap - a wire coming

out from the coil that is midway in length between its two terminals. You can identify

the separate coils by touching the terminal wires together-- If the terminals of a coil are

connected, the shaft becomes harder to turn. Because of the long length of the wound

wire, it has a significant resistance (and inductance). You can identify the center tap by

measuring resistance with a suitable ohm-meter (capable of measuring low resistance <10

ohm) the resistance from a terminal to the center tap is half the resistance from the two

terminals of a coil. Coil resistance of half a coil is usually stamped on the motor; For

example, '5 ohms/phase' indicates the resistance from center taps to either terminal of a

coil. The resistance from terminal to terminal should be 10 ohms.

Fig– stepper motor coil diagram










Motor Control Circuitry:

Fig– magnetic field diagram

Current flowing through a coil produces a magnet field which attracts a

permanent magnet rotor which is connected to the shaft of the motor. The basic principle

of stepper control is to reverse the direction of current through the 2 coils of a stepper

motor, in sequence, in order to influence the rotor. Since there are 2 coils and 2

directions, that gives us a possible 4-phase sequence. All we need to do is get the

sequencing right and the motor will turn continuously. You may wonder how the stepper

can achieve such fine stepping increments with only a 4-phase sequence. The internal

arrangement of the motor is quite complex- the winding and core repeating around the

perimeter of the motor many times. The rotors are advanced only a small angle, either

forward or reverse, and the 4-phase sequence is repeated many times before a complete

revolution occurs.










Fig– stepper motor basic control diagram

Let us return to the 4-phase sequence of reversing the current though the 2 coils.

A Bipolar stepper controller achieves the current reversal by reversing the polarity at the

two terminals of a coil. The Unipolar controller takes advantage of the center tap to

achieve the current reversal with a clever trick -- The Center tap is tied to the positive

supply, and one of the 2 terminals is grounded to get the current flowing one direction.The other terminal is grounded to reverse the current. Current can thus flow in both

directions, but only half coils are energized at a time. Both terminals are never grounded

at the same time, which would energize both coils, achieving nothing but a waste of

power.










Conceptual Model of Unipolar Stepper Motor:

Fig– conceptual model of unipolar stepper motor

With center taps of the windings wired to the positive supply, the terminals of

each winding are grounded, in sequence, to attract the rotor, which is indicated by the

arrow in the picture. (Remember that a current through a coil produces a magnetic

field.) This conceptual diagram depicts a 90-degree step per phase.

In a basic "Wave Drive" clockwise sequence, winding 1a is de-activated and

winding 2a activated to advance to the next phase. The rotor is guided in this manner

from one winding to the next, producing a continuous cycle. Note that if two adjacent

windings are activated, the rotor is attracted mid-way between the two windings.

The following table describes 3 useful stepping sequences and their relative

merits. The sequence pattern is represented with 4 bits; a '1' indicates an energized

winding. After the last step in each sequence the sequence repeats. Stepping backwards

through the sequence reverses the direction of the motor.










Table of Stepping Sequences

Sequence Name Description

0001

0010

0100

1000

Wave

Drive,

One-

Phase

Consumes the least power. Only one phase is

energized at a time. Assures positional accuracy

regardless of any winding imbalance in the motor.

0011

0110

1100

1001

Hi-

Torque,

Two-

Phase

Hi Torque - This sequence energizes two adjacent

phases, which offers an improved torque-speed

product and greater holding torque.

0001

0011

0010

0110

0100

1100

1000

1001

Half-Step Half Step - Effectively doubles the stepping resolution

of the motor, but the torque is not uniform for each

step. (Since we are effectively switching between

Wave Drive and Hi-Torque with each step, torque

alternates each step.) This sequence reduces motor

resonance, which can sometimes cause a motor to

stall at a particular resonant frequency. Note that this

sequence is 8 steps.










Identifying Stepper Motors:

Fig – stepper motor identification diagram

Stepper motors have numerous wires, 4, 5, 6, or 8. When you turn the shaft you

will usually feel a "notched" movement. Motors with 4 wires are probably bipolar

motors and will not work with a unipolar control circuit. The most common

configurations are pictured above. You can use an ohm-meter to find the center tap - the

resistance between the center and a leg is 1/2 that from leg to leg. Measuring from one

coil to the other will show an open circuit, since the 2 coils are not connected. (Notice

that if you touch all the wires together, with power off, the shaft is difficult to turn!)










Shortcut for finding the proper wiring sequence:

Connect the center tap(s) to the power source (or current-Limiting resistor.)

Connect the remaining 4 wires in any pattern. If it doesn't work, you only need try these

2 swaps...

1 2 4 8 - (Arbitrary first wiring order)

1 2 8 4 - (switch end pair)

1 8 2 4 - (switch middle pair)

You're finished when the motor turns smoothly in either direction. If the motor turns in

the opposite direction from desired, reverse the wires so that ABCD would become

DCBA.

Heat Considerations:

Over-heating can be an early indicator of a problem or need for additional heat

sinking. This is true of both the controller and motors. Components can be warm to the

touch, but not so hot that you can't leave your finger on them for a few seconds.

Motors are designed to be mounted in such a way that, heat is drawn away from

the motors. This is usually accomplished with a metal mounting bracket. Motors that are

not yet mounted may require some type of temporary heat sinking. Motors heat more

running at the LOW speeds or in Hold Mode.

If a component or motor is running too hot, try using the Wave Drive stepping

mode only, if it still runs too hot, try heat sinking, and/or a fan. If it still runs too hot,

something is wrong.










3.3 STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER

1 0 K I R F 5 4 0

1 0 K

D R I V E R C I R C U I T

V C C

P 1 . 0

B C 5 4 8

3

1

2

1 2 v

1 . 2 k

C O I L

Fig - stepper motor drive circuit

When the output of the controller is high, the base current Iв flows in to base of

the transistor, thus providing voltage drop more then 0.7V across the Vвe junction, thus

the transistor goes in to saturation mode. So the IC is maximum and the voltage drop

across the Vce junction is zero. I.e. the input to MOSFET is zero. So the MOSFET will

not conduct and stepper motor coil will not energize.

If the output of the controller is low, the base current Iв is zero, thus providing

voltage drop less then 0.1V across the Vвe junction, thus the transistor goes in to cut-off

mode. So the IC is minimum and the voltage drop across the Vce junction is maximum.

I.e. the input to MOSFET is almost Vcc. So the MOSFET will conduct and stepper motor

coil get energized.

For driving of motor coils, we used IRF540 MOSFET, which are having low on-

state resistance so that the dissipation is less, fast switching and low thermal resistance.

This MOSFET is driven by BC548 transistor. For each motor four MOSFET sections are

required.










3.4 IR Tx and Rx

IR TRANSMITTER SECTION

3.4.1 555 Timer

The 555 timer is one of the most remarkable integrated circuits ever developed. It

comes in a single or dual package and even low power CMOS versions exist - ICM7555.

Common part numbers are LM555, NE555, LM556, NE556. The 555 timer consists of

two voltage comparators, a bi-stable flip flop, a discharge transistor, and a resistor divider

network.

The 555 monolithic timing circuits as a "highly stable controller capable of

producing accurate time delays, or oscillation. In the time delay mode of operation, the

time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation

as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both accurately

controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and

reset on falling waveforms, and the output structure can source or sink up to 200mA."

Infrared LEDs

The infrared band can be divided into Near Infrared (NIR) and Far Infrared (IR).

Far infrared is the thermal infrared used to detect hot objects or see heat leaks in

buildings, and is way beyond the range of LEDs. (NIR can be further divided into two

bands, long wave and short-wave NIR, based on how film and CCD cameras react, which

I'll get into elsewhere, else when, and else why.) Infrared LEDs are sometimes called IR

LEDs (Infra Red Emitting Diodes).










IR RECEIVER SECTION

3.4.2 TSOP1738

The TSOP1738 series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control

systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is

designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a

microprocessor. TSOP1738 is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting

all major transmission codes.

Many different receiver circuits exist on the market. The most important selection

criteria are the modulation frequency used and the availability in you region.

In the picture above you can see a typical block diagram of such an IR receiver.

Don't be alarmed if you don't understand this part of the description, for everything is

built into one single electronic component.

The received IR signal is picked up by the IR detection diode on the left side of the

diagram. This signal is amplified and limited by the first 2 stages.










The limiter acts as an AGC circuit to get a constant pulse level, regardless of the

distance to the handset. As you can see only the AC signal is sent to the Band Pass Filter.

The Band Pass Filter is tuned to the modulation frequency of the handset unit. Common

frequencies range from 30 kHz to 60 kHz in consumer electronics.

The next stages are a detector, integrator and comparator. The purpose of these

three blocks is to detect the presence of the modulation frequency. If this modulation

frequency is present the output of the comparator will be pulled low.

All these blocks are integrated into a single electronic component. There are many

different manufacturers of these components on the market. And most devices are

available in several versions each of which are tuned to a particular modulation

frequency.

Please note that the amplifier is set to a very high gain. Therefore the system tends

to start oscillating very easily. Placing a large capacitor of at least 22µF close to the

receiver's power connections is mandatory to decouple the power lines. Some data sheets

recommend a resistor of 330 Ohms in series with the power supply to further decouple

the power supply from the rest of the circuit.There are several manufacturers of IR receivers on the market. Siemens, Vishay

and Telefunken are the main suppliers here in Europe. Siemens has its SFH506-xx series,

where xx denotes the modulation frequency of 30, 33, 36, 38, 40 or 56 kHz. Telefunken

had its TFMS5xx0 and TK18xx series, where xx again indicates the modulation

frequency the device is tuned to. It appears that these parts have now become obsolete.

They are replaced by the Vishay TSOP (Thin Small Outline Package) A very thin,

plastic, rectangular surface mount chip package with gull-wing pins on its two short

sides.12xx, TSOP48xx and TSOP62xx product series.

Sharp, Xiamen Hualian and Japanese Electric are 3 Asian IR receiver producing

companies. Sharp has devices with very cryptic ID names, like: GP1UD26xK,

GP1UD27xK and GP1UD28xK, where x is related to the modulation frequency. Hualian










has its HRMxx00 series, like the HRM3700 and HRM3800. Japanese Electric has a

series of devices that don't include the modulation frequency in the part's ID. The PIC-

12042LM is tuned to 36.7 kHz, and the PIC12043LM is tuned to 37.9 kHz.

IR Receiver:

The circuit of the TSOP 1738 is designed in that way that unexpected output

pulses due to noise or disturbance signals are avoided. A band pass filter, an integrator

stage and an automatic gain control are used to suppress such disturbances. The

distinguishing mark between data signal and disturbance signal are carrier frequency,

burst length and duty cycle.

Some examples for such disturbance signals which are suppressed by the TSOP

17xx are:

• DC light (e.g. from tungsten bulb or sunlight)

• Continuous signal at 38 kHz or at any other frequency.

• Signals from fluorescent lamps with electronic ballast.

FEATURES:

• Photo detector and preamplifier in one package.

• Internal filter for PCM frequency.

• Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance.

• TTL and CMOS compatibility.

•

Output active low.• Low power consumption.

• High immunity against ambient light.

• Continuous data transmission possible (upto 2400 bps)










Available types for different carrier frequencies:

Type fo Type fo

TSOP1730 30KHz TSOP1733 33KHz



TSOP1756 56KHz

DESCRIPTION:

The TSOP1738 – series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control

systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is

designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a

microprocessor. TSOP1738 is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting

all major transmission codes.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

APPLICATION CIRCUIT:










SUITABLE DATA FORMAT:

The circuit of the TSOP17.. Is designed in that way that unexpected output pulses

due to noise or disturbance signals are avoided. A band pass filter, an integrator stage and

an automatic gain control are used to suppress such disturbances. The distinguishing

mark between data signal and disturbance signal are carrier frequency, burst length

And duty cycle.

The data signal should fulfill the following condition:

Carrier frequency should be close to center frequency of the band pass.

Burst length should be 10 cycles/burst or longer.

After each burst which is between 10 cycles and 70 cycles a gap time of at least

14 cycles is necessary.

For each burst which is longer than 1.8ms a corresponding gap time is necessary

at some time in the data stream. This gap time should have at least same length as

the burst.

Up to 1400 short bursts per second can be received continuously.

Some examples for suitable data format are:

NEC Code, Toshiba Micom Format, Sharp Code, RC5 Code, RC6 Code, R–2000

Code, Sony Format (SIRCS).










3.4.3 555 TIMER

The 555 timer is one of the most remarkable integrated circuits ever developed. It

comes in a single or dual package and even low power CMOS versions exist - ICM7555.

Common part numbers are LM555, NE555, LM556, NE556. The 555 timer consists of

two voltage comparators, a bi-stable flip flop, a discharge transistor, and a resistor divider

network.

The 555 monolithic timing circuit as a "highly stable controller capable of

producing accurate time delays, or oscillation. In the time delay mode of operation, the

time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For a stable operation

as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both accurately

controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and

reset on falling waveforms, and the output structure can source or sink up to 200mA."

1 Applications

Applications include precision timing, pulse generation, sequential timing, time

delay generation and pulse width modulation (PWM).

2 Pin Functions - 8 pin package

Ground (Pin 1) - Not surprising this pin is connected directly to ground.

Trigger (Pin 2) - This pin is the input to the lower comparator and is used to set the

latch, which in turn causes the output to go high.

Output (Pin 3) - Output high is about 1.7V less than supply. Output high is capable of I

source up to 200mA while output low is capable of I sink up to 200mA.

Reset (Pin 4) - This is used to reset the latch and return the output to a low state. The

reset is an overriding function. When not used connect to V+.










Control (Pin 5) - Allows access to the 2/3V+ voltage divider point when the 555 timer is

used in voltage control mode. When not used connect to ground through a 0.01 uF

capacitor.

Threshold (Pin 6) - This is an input to the upper comparator. See data sheet for

comprehensive explanation.

Discharge (Pin 7) - This is the open collector to Q14 in figure 4 below. See data sheet

for comprehensive explanation.

V+ (Pin 8) - This connects to Vcc and the Philips data book states the ICM7555 cmos

version operates 3V - 16V DC while the NE555 version is 3V - 16V DC. Note comments

about effective supply filtering and bypassing this pin below under "General

considerations with using a 555 timer"

3.4.4 555 timer in astable operation

When configured as an oscillator the 555 timer is configured as in figure 3.5

below. This is the free running mode and the trigger is tied to the threshold pin. At

power-up, the capacitor is discharged, holding the trigger low. This triggers the timer,

which establishes the capacitor charge path through Ra and Rb. When the capacitor

reaches the threshold level of 2/3 Vcc, the output drops low and the discharge transistor

turns on.

The timing capacitor now discharges through Rb. When the capacitor voltage

drops to 1/3 Vcc, the trigger comparator trips, automatically retriggering the timer,

creating an oscillator whose frequency is determined by the formula in figure .










Figure - 555 timers in astable operation










3.5 TRANSISTOR

Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to amplify the small

output current from a logic chip so that it can operate a lamp, relay or other high current

device. In many circuits a resistor is used to convert the changing current to a changing

voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify voltage.

A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or

fully off with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on). The amount of current

amplification is called the current gain, symbol hFE.

Types of transistor

There are two types of standard transistors, NPN and PNP, with different circuit

symbols. The letters refer to the layers of semiconductor material used to make the

transistor. Most transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest type to make

from silicon. If you are new to electronics it is best to start by learning how to use NPN

transistors.

The leads are labeled base (B), collector(C) and emitter (E). These terms refer to

the internal operation of a transistor but they are not much help in understanding how a

transistor is used, so just treat them as labels. Two transistors are connected together to

give a very high current gain. In addition to standard (bipolar junction) transistors, there

are field-effect transistors which are usually referred to as FETs.

Heat sinks

Waste heat is produced in transistors due to the current flowing through them.

Heat sinks are needed for power transistors because they pass large currents. If you find

that a transistor is becoming too hot to touch it certainly needs a heat sink! The heat sink

helps to dissipate (remove) the heat by transferring it to the surrounding air.










Testing a transistor

Transistors can be damaged by heat when soldering or by misuse in a circuit. If

you suspect that a transistor may be damaged there are two easy ways to test it:

1. Testing with a multimeter

Use a battery, resistor and LED to check each pair of leads for conduction. Set a

digital multimeter to diode test and an analogue multimeter to a low resistance range.

Test each pair of leads both ways (six tests in total):

• The base-emitter (BE) junction should behave like a diode and conduct one way

only.

• The base-collector (BC) junction should behave like a diode and conduct one way

only.

• The collector-emitter (CE) should not conduct either way.

2. Testing in a simple switching circuit

Connect the transistor into the circuit shown on the right which uses the transistor

as a switch. The supply voltage is not critical; anything between 5 and 12V is suitable.

This circuit can be quickly built on for example. Take care to include the 10k resistor inthe base connection or you will destroy the transistor as you test it. If the transistor is OK

the LED should light when the switch is pressed and not light when the switch is

released. To test a PNP transistor use the same circuit but reverse the LED and the supply

voltage.

Choosing a transistor

Most projects will specify a particular transistor, but if necessary you can usually

substitute an equivalent transistor from the wide range available. The most important

properties to look for are the maximum collector current IC and the current gain hFE. To

make selection easier most suppliers group their transistors in categories determined

either by their typical use or maximum power rating.










To make a final choice you will need to consult the tables of technical data which

are normally provided in catalogues. They contain a great deal of useful information but

they can be difficult to understand if you are not familiar with the abbreviations used. The

table below shows the most important technical data for some popular transistors, tables

in catalogues and reference books will usually show additional information but this is

unlikely to be useful unless you are experienced. The quantities shown in the table are

explained.

NPN transistors

Code StructureCase

style

IC

max.

VCE

max.

hFE

min.

Ptot

max.

Category

(typical use)

Possible

substitutes

BC107 NPN TO18 100mA 45V 110 300mWAudio, low

power BC182 BC547

BC108 NPN TO18 100mA 20V 110 300mW

General

purpose, low

power

BC108C

BC183 BC548

BC108C NPN TO18 100mA 20V 420 600mW

General

purpose, low

power

BC109 NPN TO18 200mA 20V 200 300mW

Audio (low

noise), low

power

BC184 BC549

BC182 NPN TO92C 100mA 50V 100 350mW

General

purpose, low

power

BC107

BC182L

BC182L NPN TO92A 100mA 50V 100 350mW

General

purpose, low

power

BC107 BC182

BC547B NPN TO92C 100mA 45V 200 500mWAudio, low

power BC107B

BC548B NPN TO92C 100mA 30V 220 500mW General

purpose, low

BC108B










power

BC549B NPN TO92C 100mA 30V 240 625mW

Audio (low

noise), low

power

BC109

2N3053 NPN TO39 700mA 40V 50 500mW

General

purpose, low

power

BFY51

BFY51 NPN TO39 1A 30V 40 800mW

General

purpose,

medium

power

BC639

BC639 NPN TO92A 1A 80V 40 800mW

General purpose,

medium

power

BFY51

TIP29A NPN TO220 1A 60V 40 30W

General

purpose, high

power


General

purpose, high

power

TIP31C

TIP41A

TIP31C NPN TO220 3A 100V 10 40W

General

purpose, high

power

TIP31A

TIP41A


General

purpose, high

power

2N3055 NPN TO3 15A 60V 20 117W

General

purpose, high

power










Please note: the data in this table was compiled from several sources which are not

entirely consistent! Most of the discrepancies are minor, but please consult information

from your supplier if you require precise data.

PNP transistors

Code StructureCase

style

IC

max.

VCE

max.

hFE

min.

Ptot

max.

Category

(typical use)

Possible

substitutes

BC177 PNP TO18 100mA 45V 125 300mWAudio, low

power BC477

BC178 PNP TO18 200mA 25V 120 600mW

General

purpose, low

power

BC478

BC179 PNP TO18 200mA 20V 180 600mW

Audio (low

noise), low

power

BC477 PNP TO18 150mA 80V 125 360mWAudio, low

power BC177

BC478 PNP TO18 150mA 40V 125 360mW

General

purpose, low

power

BC178

TIP32A PNP TO220 3A 60V 25 40W

General

purpose, high

power

TIP32C

TIP32C PNP TO220 3A 100V 10 40W

General

purpose, high

power

TIP32A

hfe










This is the current gain (strictly the DC current gain). The guaranteed minimum

value is given because the actual value varies from transistor to transistor - even for those

of the same type! Note that current gain is just a number so it has no units.

The gain is often quoted at a particular collector current IC which is usually in the

middle of the transistor's range, for example '100@20mA' means the gain is at least 100

at 20mA. Sometimes minimum and maximum values are given. Since the gain is roughly

constant for various currents but it varies from transistor to transistor this detail is only

really of interest to experts.

3.6 CAMERA & BUZZER

Camera

A camera is a device used to take pictures (usually photographs), either singly or

in sequence, with or without sound recording, such as with video cameras. A camera that

takes pictures singly is sometimes called a photo camera to distinguish it from a video

camera. The name is derived from camera obscura, Latin for "dark chamber", an early










mechanism for projecting images in which an entire room functioned much as the

internal workings of a modern photographic camera, except there was no way at this time

to record the image short of manually tracing it. Cameras may work with the visual

spectrum or other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum

Every camera consists of some kind of enclosed chamber, with an opening or

aperture at one end for light to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for capturing the

light at the other end. Most cameras have a lens positioned in front of the camera's

opening to gather the incoming light and to focus the image, or part of the image, on the

recording surface. The diameter of the aperture is often controlled by a diaphragm

mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed-size aperture.

The size of the apperture and the brightness of the scene control the amount of

light that enters the camera during a period of time, and the shutter controls the length of

time that the light hits the recording surface. For example, in lower light situations, the

shutter speed should be slower (longer time spent open) to allow the film to capture what

little light is present.

There are various ways of focusing a camera accurately. The simplest cameras

have fixed focus and use a small aperture and wide-angle lens to ensure

That everything within a certain range of distance from the lens (usually around 3

meters (10 feet) to infinity) is in reasonable focus. This is usually the kind found on one-use cameras and other cheap cameras. The camera can also have a limited focusing range

or scale-focus that is indicated on the camera body. The user will guess or calculate the

distance to the subject and adjust the focus accordingly. On some cameras this is

indicated by symbols (head-and-shoulders; two people standing upright; one tree;

mountains).

Rangefinder cameras focus by means of a coupled parallax unit on top of the

camera. Single-lens reflex cameras allow the photographer to determine the focus and

composition visually using the objective lens and a moving mirror to project the image

onto a ground glass or plastic micro-prism screen. Twin-lens reflex cameras use an

objective lens and a focusing lens unit (usually identical to the objective lens) in a

parallel body for composition and focusing. View cameras use a ground glass screen










which is removed and replaced by either a photographic plate or a reusable holder

containing sheet film before exposure.

Traditional cameras capture light onto photographic film or photographic plate.

Video and digital cameras use electronics, usually a charge coupled device (CCD) or

sometimes a CMOS sensor to capture images which can be transferred or stored in tape

or computer memory inside the camera for later playback or processing.

Cameras that capture many images in sequence are known as movie cameras or as

ciné cameras in Europe; those designed for single images are still cameras. However

these categories overlap, as still cameras are often used to capture moving images in

special effects work and modern digital cameras are often able to trivially switch between

still and motion recording modes. A video camera is a category of movie camera which

stores images onto magnetic tape (either using analogue or digital technology).

Stereo camera can take photographs that appear "three-dimensional" by taking

two different photographs which are combined to create the illusion of

Depth in the composite image. Stereo cameras for making 3D prints or slides have

two lenses side by side. Stereo cameras for making lenticular prints have 3, 4, 5, or even

more lenses.

Micro Monochrome/color Camera has monochrome and color types. The lens of

the Camera has two typical specifications: 3.6mm for monochrome type , 6mm for color

type. All types of Cameras can be supplied with lens of the angle, focal length and

specification to specific requirements of observers. This camera provides audio function,

and can be equipped with infrared ray if observer requires.

It can view the objects without outside light source; it is a full-function collector.

This camera features complete functions, compact volume, low power consumption, high

sensitivity and easy to operate.

It also works together with other equipments including microcomputer to realize

such capabilities as documents filming, photographing, complex video signal PAL(CCR)

or NTS(ELA). This camera is equipped with clip type support, which can be detached at










our option, or be used to adjust the location to our desired level. We can choose a best

location then clip the support and adjust the installation angle to ideal level.

Beside this camera is connectable with other support to achieve higher flexibility.

The working voltage of this camera is DC +6V-+12V. This camera can be

powered on for a long time, but the input voltage can be not exceeded DC +12V, while

current cannot be exceeded 250Mas. The connection mode of the power lead is “+” for

internal terminal, “-” for external terminal. The yellow plug is video output cable, which

can be connected with varieties of monitors and TV with video input jack to watch

images.

Buzzer

The Buzzer signal from micro controller is a pulse output of 1sec. i.e. the output is

high for 1sec. When the output of the controller is high, the base current Iв flows in to

base of the transistor, thus providing voltage drop more then 0.7V across the Vвe










junction, thus the transistor goes in to saturation mode. So the IC is maximum and the

LED will glow and simultaneously, buzzer gives a beep sound.

The buzzer is a sound-producing module it will generate continuous sound when

the +5V is available. The transistor act as a switch and it follows the commands from

MC. if the base of the transistor is low the buzzer in off condition due to transistor in

cutoff state, and it will give sound when the base is in high logic due to transistor is in

active state. Resistor act as a current limiter for transistor.

3.7 POWER SUPPLY










Fig 3.2 – power supply

Power supply unit provides 5V regulates power supply to the systems. It consists

of two parts namely,

1. Rectifier

2. Monolithic IC voltage regulator

3.7.1 Rectifier

Here the step down transformer 230-0v/9-0-9 and gives the secondary current up

to 500mA, to the Rectifier. The Transformer secondary is provided

With a center tap. Hence the voltage V1 and V2 are equal and are having a phasedifference of 1800. So it is anode of Diode D1 is positive with respect to the center tap,

the anode of the other diode d2 will be negative with respect to the center tap. During the

positive half cycle of the supply D1 conduct’s and current flows through the center tap

D1 and load. During this period D2 will not conduct as its anode is at a negative

potential. During the negative half cycle of the supply voltage, the voltage on the diode










D2 will be positive and hence D2 conducts. The current flows through the transformer

winding, Diode D2 and load. It is to be noted that the current i1 and i2 are flowing in the

same direction in load.

The average of the two current i1 and i2 flows through the load producing a

voltage drop, which is the D.C. output voltage of the rectifier. Using capacitor filters the

ripple in the out waveform can be minimized. The voltage can be regulated by using

monolithic IC voltage regulators.

3.7.2 Monolithic IC voltage regulator

A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of

changes in load currents. Although voltage regulators can be designed using op-amps, itis quicker and easier to use IC voltage regulators. Furthermore, IC voltage regulators are

versatile and relatively inexpensive and are available with features such as programmable

output, current/voltage boosting, internal short-circuit current limiting, thermal shutdown

and floating operation for high voltage applications

Here we are using 7800 series voltage regulators. The 7800 series consists of 3-

terminal +ve voltage regulators with seven voltage options. These ICs are designed as

fixed voltage regulators and with adequate heat sinking can deliver output currents in

excess of 1A. Although these devices do not require external components, such

components can be used to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. For proper operation

a common ground between input and output voltages is required. In addition, the

difference between input and output voltages (VI – VO) called drop out voltage, must be

typically 1.5V even during the low point as the input ripple voltage. Further more, the

capacitor Ci is required if the regulator is located an appreciable distance from a power

supply filter. Even though Co is not needed, it may be used to improve the transient

response of the regulator.

Typical performance parameters for voltage regulators are line regulation, load

regulation, temperature stability and ripple rejection. Line regulation is defined as the

change in output voltage for a change in the input voltage and is usually expressed in

mille volts or as a percentage of Vo. Temperature stability or average temperature










coefficient of output voltage (TCVo) is the change in output voltage per unit change in

temperature and is expressed in either mille volts/ºC or parts per million (PPM/ºC).

Ripple rejection is the measure of a regulator’s ability to reject ripple voltage. It is usually

expressed in decibels. The smaller the values of line regulation, load regulation and

temperature stability the better the regulation.

3.8 SLOT SENSOR










O u t p

1 0 k o h m

Q 1 A

3

1

2D 1

L E D

5 V

2 7 0 o h m

Fig 3.8 Slot sensor

It consists of photo diode and phototransistors. It is used to

detect the position of the target. When the diode is in off state, no light

falls on the base of phototransistor. So, it acts as open circuit. Thus

output is high. This implies that the antenna and gun are present intheir respective reference positions.

When light falls on the photo diode that is on the base of the

phototransistor then Q acts as short circuit and thus the output is low.

This implies the antenna and gun are away from their respective

reference positions.



















CHAPTER 4

RESULT

CCTV SECURITY SYSTEM KIT:



















OUTPUT:



















CHAPTER-5

APPLICATIONS AND

ADVANTAGES










APPLICATIONS OF CCTV

Probably the most widely known use of CCTV is in security

systems and such applications as retail shops, banks, government

establishments, etc. The true scope for applications is almost

unlimited. Some examples are listed below.

Monitoring traffic on a bridge.

Recording the inside of a baking oven to find the cause of

problems.

A temporary system to carry out a traffic survey in a town

centre.

Time lapse recording for the animation of plasticine puppets.

Used by the stage manager of a show to see obscured parts of a

set.

The well-publicised use at football stadiums.

Hidden in buses to control vandalism.

Recording the birth of a gorilla at a zoo.

Making a wildlife program using a large model helicopter. Reproducing the infrared vision of a goldfish!

Aerial photography from a hot air balloon.

Production control in a factory.

The list is almost endless and only limited by the imagination.










CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION










CONCLUSION

Each IR is connected with an I/O line of the controller. In the

initial condition the IR Sensor OUT PUT is in ZERO. I/O line value is

compared. When Intruder enters IR receiver gives High value. With this

the stepper motor rotates in particular angle. The angle of rotations

given by the shaft angle of stepper motor. The pulses are given from

the I/O lines of stepper motor. The pulses are fed to the driver circuit

through which MOSFET drives the ground corresponds to the coil

connected. This magnetizes the internal coil and shaft is attracted or

rippled by the coil, by this it rotates depend on the shaft rotation

angle.

The rotation of angle given by the step sequence. The supply for

stepper motor that is 12V DC is taken from the rectifier circuit and 5v

for driver circuit and Micro Controller.










CHAPTER 7

SOURCE CODE










ALP

;;>;> TITLE : SECURITY SYSTEM USING IR AND CCTV;> TARGET : AT89C51;> STARTED : 01-06-2006;>;;>;> INCLUDES :

$MOD51;>;;>;> HARD WARE DETAILS :;>;> IR SENSOR INPUT1 - P2.1

IRIP1 BIT P2.1;> IR SENSOR INPUT2 - P2.2



IRIP4 BIT P2.4

;> SLOT SENSOR INPUT - P2.0SSI BIT P2.0;> BUZZER CONTROL - P2.5

BUZ BIT P2.5;>;;>;> FLAGS :










DIR_FLG BIT 01H;>;;>;> VARIABLES :

STEP_CNT DATA 30HDIR_CNT DATA 31H;>;;>;> DEFINITIONS :;>

SPTR EQU 65H;>;;>

;> VECTOR ADDRESESS:ORG 0000H ; program startingLimp RESET

;>;;>

RESET:mov P2, #0FFH ; move all ports HIGHmov P3, #0FFHmov P1, #0FFH

mov P0, #0FFHmov sp, #SPTR ; init stack pointermov DIR_CNT, #00Hmov DPTR, #0800Hmov STEP_CNT, #0FFhlcall BRING_MOT_HOME

;>;;>

MAIN:xrl P2, #20H

clr BUZmov A, P1anl A, #0FHxrl A, #00Hjz MAINsetb BUZ

jnb IRIP1, SENSE1










lcall BRING_MOT_HOMEmov DIR_CNT, #00H

SENSE1:

jnb IRIP2, SENSE2

LOOP_FB1:mov A, DIR_CNTcjne A, #45D, CHEK_ERR1ljmp SENSE2

CHEK_ERR1:jnc MOVE_RIGHT1lcall MOVE_FRWDinc DIR_CNTljmp MOVE_LEFT1

MOVE_RIGHT1:lcall MOVE_REV

dec DIR_CNTMOVE_LEFT1:

lcall DLY1ljmp LOOP_FB1

SENSE2:

jnb IRIP3, SENSE3LOOP_FB2:

mov A, DIR_CNTcjne A, #145D, CHEK_ERR2ljmp SENSE3

CHEK_ERR2:jnc MOVE_RIGHT2inc DIR_CNTlcall MOVE_FRWDljmp MOVE_LEFT2

MOVE_RIGHT2:lcall MOVE_REVdec DIR_CNT

MOVE_LEFT2:lcall DLY1ljmp LOOP_FB2

SENSE3:

jnb IRIP4, SENSE4LOOP_FB3:

mov A, DIR_CNTcjne A, #220D, CHEK_ERR3ljmp SENSE4

CHEK_ERR3:










jnc MOVE_RIGHT3inc DIR_CNTlcall MOVE_FRWDljmp MOVE_LEFT3

MOVE_RIGHT3:

lcall MOVE_REVdec DIR_CNTMOVE_LEFT3:

lcall DLY1ljmp LOOP_FB3

SENSE4:ljmp MAIN

;>;;>MOVE_FRWD:

mov A, STEP_CNTmovc A, @A+dptrmov P1, Ainc STEP_CNTmov A, STEP_CNTcjne A, #04h, NOTCH1mov STEP_CNT, #00h

NOTCH1:ret

;>;

;>MOVE_REV:

mov A, STEP_CNTmovc A, @A+dptrmov P1, Adec STEP_CNTmov A, STEP_CNTcjne A, #0FFh, NOTCH4mov STEP_CNT, #03h

NOTCH4:ret

;>;;>BRING_MOT_HOME:

jb SSI, STOP_MOT_HOMElcall MOVE_REVlcall DLY1lcall DLY1










jnb SSI, BRING_MOT_HOMESTOP_MOT_HOME:

ret;>;

;>; software delay loopsDLY:

mov r4, #1fhGONE: mov r5, #00hOUT: mov r6, #00hIN: djnz r6, IN

djnz r5, OUTdjnz r4, GONEret

DLY1:

mov r4, #04hGONE1: mov r5, #05hOUT1: mov r6, #00hIN1: djnz r6, IN1

djnz r5, OUT1djnz r4, GONE1ret

DLY2:mov r4, #10h

GONE2: mov r5, #7FhOUT2: mov r6, #00h

IN2: djnz r6, IN2djnz r5, OUT2djnz r4, GONE2ret

;>;;>

ORG 0800H

db 0AHdb 06H

db 05Hdb 09H

;>;;>

END










BIBILOGRAPHY










BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

1. Kennedy,’ Electronic Communication Systems’, McGraw-Hill Publ, 2001

2. D.Roy Chowdhury, ‘Linear Integrated Circuits’, New Age International (P)

Ltd., 2003

3. Kenneth J.Ayala,’The 8051 MicroController,’Penram International, Second

edition, 1997

4. Douglas V. Hall,’ Micro Processor and Interfacing’, TMH, Second Edition.

5. A.K.Ray and K.M.Bhurchandi.’ Advanced Micro Processors and

Peripherals,’ TMH, 2000.










6. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and

C , second edition Muhammad Ali Mazidi., Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin

D. McKinlay

Websites

1. www.nationalsemicondutor.com

2. www.atmel.com

3. www.wikipedia.org

4. www.stepperworld.com

5. www.discovercircuits.com







Documents

Cctv Security System