ccna2

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Addressing

1. Physical – Mac Address2. Logical – IP Address

Mac

1. Permanent Address2. Works in LAN only3. 48 bits Address

Eg, 00-0A-0B-AC-00-01

Total 6 byte = 48 bitsEach 8 bits (00,0A…)

1 byte = 8 bits00 00000000 - 8 bits

6 byte

3 byte 3 byteOrganizational unique Identification For each NIC Card

IP Address

32 bit Address Assigned by Protocol It goes from 0 to 255

Eg,W.X.Y.Z ---- 8 bits

Classes

1. Class A 1-1262. Class B 128-1913. Class C 192-2234. Class D 224-2395. Class E 240-255Class A (1-126) Class B (128-191)

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Eg, Eg,W.X.Y.Z W.X.Y.Z

Where, Where,W = Network W,X = NetworksX,Y,Z = Host Y,Z = Host

Class C (192-223)

Eg,W.X.Y.Z

Where,W,X,Y = NetworksZ = Host

FLOWS

Class A:

1.0.0.0 1st Net ID1.0.0.1 1st IP Address1.0.0.21.0.0.3 Up to1.0.0.255

1.0.1.01.0.1.11.0.1.2 Up to1.0.1.2551.0.2.01.0.2.1 Up to1.0.2.2551.0.3.0 Up to1.255.255.255

2.0.0.0 2nd Net ID

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Up to

126.0.0.0 Last Net ID

126.255.255.254 Last IP address

126.255.255.255 Broad Cast IP Address

Class B:

128.0.0.0 1st Net ID128.0.0.1

Up to128.0.0.255128.0.1.0128.0.1.1128.0.1.2 Up to128.0.1.255128.0.2.0128.0.2.1

Up to128.0.255.0128.0.255.1 Up to128.0.255.255128.1.0.0 2nd Net ID128.1.0.1 Up to128.1.0.255128.1.1.0128.1.1.1 Up to191.255.0.0 Last Net ID Up to191.255.0.255191.255.1.0 Up to191.255.255.254 Last IP Address191.255.255.255 Broad Cast IP

Class C:

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192.0.0.0 1st Net ID192.0.0.1192.0.0.2 Up to192.0.0.254 Last IP192.0.0.255 Broad Cast IP192.0.1.0 2nd Net ID Up to192.0.1.255192.0.2.0192.0.2.1

Up to 192.0.2.255 Up to223.0.0.0 Last Net ID223.255.255.254 Last IP address223.255.255.255 Broad Cast IP

Subnet Mask

Class A 255.0.0.0Class B 255.255.0.0Class C 255.255.255.0

S.No128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Valve0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1282 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1923 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2244 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2405 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2486 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2527 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2548 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255

Class C:

192.0.0.62 / 27 Where, 27 – Networks bits

Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0Customized Sub Net Mask: 255.255.255.224

Step 1:

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No. of Subnet = 2x

= 23

= 8

Step 2:No. of host / subnet = 2y

= 25

=32

Step 3:Subnet ID’s = 256-224

=320,32,64,96,128,160,192,224

Step 4:1st Subnet ID = 192.0.0.02nd “ = 192.0.0.32Last “ = 192.0.0.224

Take This Subnet ID 192.0.0.321st IP add – 192.0.0.33Last IP Add – 192.0.0.62Broad cast IP – 192.0.0.63


Result:192.0.0.62 – IP Address

Class C:

192.70.0.59 / 28


Step 1:No. of Subnet = 2x

= 24

= 16

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Step 2:No. of host / subnet = 2y

= 24

=16Step 3:

Subnet ID’s = 256-240=16

0, 16, 32, 48, 64 …160, 176,….224,240




Class B:

172.160.10.60 / 20



= 24

= 16Step 2:

No. of host / subnet = 2y

= 212

=


=16

0,16,32,48,64,……160,176,….224,240

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Result:172.160.10.60– IP Address

Class B:

180.160.60.28 / 21



= 25

= 32Step 2:


= 211

=


=8

0,8,16,24,……48,56,64,……..240,248



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Class A:

80.65.69.76 / 13



= 25

= 32Step 2:


= 219

=Step 3:

Subnet ID’s = 256-248=8

0,8,16,24,……48,56,64,……..240,248



Result: 80.65.69.76 - IP Address

Class A:

30.80.60.10 / 11


Step 1:

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No. of Subnet = 2x

= 23

= 8Step 2:


= 221

=Step 3:

Subnet ID’s = 256-224=8

0,32,64,96,……..224.



Result: 80.65.69.76 30.64.0.0 IP address

Class A:

50.70.64.85 / 20



= 212

= 4096Step 2:


= 24+8

=Step 3:

Subnet ID’s = 256-255= 1

0,1,2,3,……………..75,76,……..255

Subnet ID’s = 256-240

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= 16

0,16,32,48,……240

Step 4:1st Subnet ID = 50.0.0.02nd “ = 50.0.16.03rd Subnet ID = 50.0.32.0Last “ = 50.255.240.0


Result: 50.70.64.85 50.70.48.0 IP Address

ROUTER

Router

Cisco Router Non – Cisco RouterMfg by Cisco Mfg by Other companies (Intel, D-Link)Globally Marketed Non-globally marketed

Types of Router:1. Cisco 700 / 800 Series router2. Cisco 1600 / 1700 Series router3. Cisco 2500 Series router4. Cisco 2600 Series router5. Cisco 3600 Series router6. Cisco 5000 Series router7. Cisco 4000 Series router8. Cisco 7000 Series router9. Cisco 12000 Series router

Note: 5,6,7 – Ethernet Fast Ethernet & 8,9 – Gigabit EthernetRouter Interface:

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2500 series

Power(on/off)Switch

AUI Serial Ports ConsolePort BRI

Ports

AUX

Power connector

1700 series

AUI – Attachment unit interface --- with connect LAN n/w. Fast Ethernet or Ethernet.

Serial Ports – Router to Router (WAN) connection. Console Port – Router configure purpose. (pc side 9-pin serial port , router side

console port) BRI – Basic Rate Interface ---only for used ISDN connection & WAN

connection AUX – Auxiliary Port ---- Remote router configure, using this port, connecting

to modem.

Router Component

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Rom DRAM NVRAM Flash

IOSStartupConfiguration

16-bit configurationRegister value

Post Running Configuration

BSLRom-Mon

Mini-IOS

0x2100 Rommon modes0x2101 Mini-IOS modes0x2102 Normal modes

Booting Mode

DRAM as a Temporary MemoryNVRAM as a permanently memory

IOS Internet Operating System workingFLASH Load IOS to Rom

Trouble Shooting PurposeRommon modeMini IOS

Mini IOS Initial start (or) Booting Purpose Trouble Shooting

Normal Booting (Flash)

Router Modes (Execution) User Execution Mode Privilege Mode Global Configuration Mode Interface ModeUser Mode - (Entry Mode) Identity ModePrivilege Mode - View Mode (viewing information Ex: interface connector)Example command: Copy, View, Restart, PingGlobal Mode - entire Router Configure (With out Interface device)

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Interface Mode: only configure interface devices.

User Mode:Router>Privilege Mode:Router#Global Configuration Mode:Router (config) #Interface Mode:Router (config-if) #

Router>enable user mode

Router#config terminal Priv. mode (short key: config t)

Router (config) #interface <interface name> Global configuration mode (Ex: interface S0)

Router (config-if) interface mode

Interface mode to Priv. mode (short key: ctrl+z)

If exit the mode’s

Router (config-if) # exitRouter (config) # exitRouter#disable Router#exit (exit the router)Router>

Privilege Mode (basic command)

Router# clock set hh:mm:ss: (Set Time) Router# show clock (view Clock) Router# show history (default 10 command in history view) Router# terminal history size (change history size(range 0.256)) Router# show terminal (to view history size) Router# show interface (to view the router information) Router# show interface <interface name> (to view specify interface) Router# show running –configuration (to view DRAM configuration) Router# show startup-configuration (to view NVRAM configuration) Router# show flash (to view the flash details – IOS details) Router# show version (to view the IOS filename, IOS version, Dram,

Rom, Flash memory, router up time, 16 bit registry value) Router# show memory (to view the all memory details) Router# show controllers (to view the DCE in router)

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Router# show ip interface (to view the interface devices briefly) Router# copy running configuration startup-configuration (to copy the

Dram to NVRam) Router# copy startup-configuration running configuration (to copy the

NVRam to Dram) Router# ping <IP address> Router# reload

Global Mode:Router (config) # host name <Chennai>

To change the hostname (router)Router (config) #hostname ChennaiChennai (config) #

To create Welcome ScreenRouter (config) #banner motd $ <any text> $

Interface ModeTo set IP addressRouter (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

To set clock rate for interface S0 (between the connecting router)Router (config-if) #clock rate 64000

Boson Network Designer (software)

It is used to design the networkAvailable router 1750Other devices PC

To enable the serial port (up) or interface devices:

Router (config-if) # no shut

Types of Passwords

1. Line Console2. Enable Passwords3. Secret Passwords4. Telnet (VTY) Passwords

To enter into user mode, this password has to be supplied. Before Priv. Mode this is set.

Setting Line Console Password:

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Router(config)#line console 0 (Enter)

Router(line-config)#login (Enter)

Router(line-config)#password <udaya>

To View the Passwords:

Router#sh run

Router #exit goes to start again & prompt for Password.

Enable Password:

Both secret password & enable password are set for entering Priv. Mode. Line console of enable password can be viewed ‘show run config’ command as they are stored in normal format. But secret password cannot be viewed. It is a encrypted.

To set enable password:

Router(config)#enable password <udaya>

To set secret password:

Router(config)#enable password <udaya>

For line console:

Router(config)#line console 0

Router(config)#login

Router(config)#no password <udaya> Remove Password.

Telnet (VTY-Virtual Terminal) Password:

Router(config)#line vty 0 4

Router(config)#login

Router(config)#password <udaya>

Boot System Command

Router(config)#boot system rom

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Then save it using ‘copy run start’ command in priv. Mode.(or)

Router#wr mem (write to memory)

So next time it boot, goes into mini-IOS mode.

Router(config)#boot system flash <ios name>

U can load upto 3 IOS in one flash. U can specify which IOS you need to enter next time you login. Then save it & reload.

Router#show flash Show all IOS in flash.

Router(config)#boot system TFTP <ios file name> <TFTP server address>

TFTP is a protocol that is used for backup. [Taking a backup IOS.]The system where TFTP is installed & runs is TFTP server.This command is used to use backup. IOS to boot.If you use more then 1 boot cmd, only the first cmd word. So to disable previous cmd.

Router (config) #no boot system to enter next boot command.

Booting Sequence

0x2100 – steps done by BSL

1. checks the last bit whether 0 or 10 – Rom Mon1 – Mini IOS

If not 0 or 1, (else)

2. checks for boot system commandsif not (else)

3. check for valid IOS in flash

If yes, check for startup config

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if yes, enter normal modeRouter>

If no,Enter setup mode

If no, Mini-IOS (2500 series)(or)

Rom-Mon (1700 series) only Rom-Mon

To set registry value for booting into mini-IOS or Rom-Mon Mode:

Router(config)#config-register 0x2100 (or)

Router(config)#config-register 0x2101

If 0x2100 (Rom-Mon Mode)In 2500 Series In 1700 Series

> Rommon1>

To return back to normal mode> 0 / r 0x2102

(open registry)> I [to restart, initialize]

Rommon2>conf reg 0x2102Rommon2>I

If 0x2101 (Mini IOS mode) only in 2500 series

Router(boot)>Router(boot)>enableRouter(boot)#config terminalRouter(boot) (config)#config-register 0x2102 goes to normal mode.

Backup & Recovery

Backup files are stored in binary format. TFTP is used for this.

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Conditions:

1. TFTP should be installed & enabled. (up condition).2. Ethernet port of system & router should be connected in up conditions.

To Take Back-up of IOS:

Router#copy flash TFTP

Asks for 1. Remote host name:[TFTP server address]2. Source file name:[IOS file name]3. Designations file name [IOS file name]4. Confirm.

Backup of running configuration:

Router#copy run tftpRouter#copy start tftp

Recovery of IOS:

Router#copy tftp flash

Startup:

Router#copy tftp startRouter#copy tftp run

To view path of backup files stored:

C:/program files/cisco system/cisco tftp server

Password Breaking

When booting, [pls press ctrl+break]

Goes into Rom-Mon mode (1700 series) to go in to setup mode, u have to by pass the startup config & enter setup mode. Reg. Value is 0x2142.

1700 series:Rommon1>con reg 0x2142Rommon2>I

2500 series:>0/r 0x2412>I

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Do u want to enter the initial config dialogue? (Y/N)

Y A series of questions automatically configuration.

N U can setup the config manually with out prompts. (recommended)Router>enRouter#show exit

U can view all passwords. But secret password cannot be seen. U can delete it using ‘no enable’ command.

Router#copy start runU can copy start config to run

After all changes are made; save it changes register value to 2102 to enter normal mode next you boot.

Router(config)#config-register 0x2102Router#copy run start This saves the changesRouter# reload To restart the router

When IOS corrupt:

[display is e….eee….]Then when rebooted, goes to Rom-Mon mode automatically so to recover IOS from backup.

Rommon1>tftp dnld dnlddownload

Display list of field mandatory to be set for TFTP downloadRommon2>ip address (eg:30.0.0.1)Rommon3>ip subnet mask (eg:255.0.0.0)Rommon4>default-gateway (eg:30.0.0.1)Rommon5>tftp-server(eg:30.0.0.10 sys add)Rommon6>tftp-file (eg:cisco file name)Rommon7>tftp dnldRommon8>IReload.

To set the register value for booting in to Rommon mode next time:

Router(config)#config-register 0x2100Save,

Router#copy run startRouter#reloadRommon1>config 0x2102 (to return normal mode)Rommon2>I

In rommon mode, to change the boot IOS. (if there are two Ios & u have used one to load, to change to another)

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Rommon1>setThis display what boot IOS u have (eg:boot = ccna,1)

To change this,

Rommon2>unset bootRommon3>set boot=cisco,1 (cisconame of another IOS)Rommon4>sync (this saves the router variables to NVROM)Rommon5>I (now it reload using cisco IOS)

CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol)o Layer 2 Protocolso Identifies cisco routers directly connected in a network (or) products.

To enable cdp:Router(config)#cdp run (Enable all information of the router)

To disable cdp:Router(config)#no cdp run

To see the status of neighbours:Router#show cdp neighboursRouter# show cdp neighbours detailsRouter#show cdp interface

CDP update time:

o Default time 60sec.o Every 60 sec, each neighbours send his information range of update time 5 to

254.

CDP hold time:

In case after 60 sec, no response from neighbours then old information can be used up to this time default 180 sec. Range is 10 to 255.

To change the default value:

Router(config)#cdp timer <time in sec>Router(config)cdp hold time<time in sec)

Types of Error’s

1. Translating error2. Ambiguous error

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3. Invalid input error4. Incomplete command error

Translating error:Telnet commands works both in user mode & priv. Mode.

In user mode,Router>telnet 10.0.0.2 (router address)

(or)Router>telnet <router name> (eg: r1)

(or)Router>r1

So if we enter some wrong command in user mode,Eg: Router>enable

This is assumed to be a router name & goes to DNS server for translation

Ambiguous error:Eg: Enable user mode you have enable & exit commandRouter>e [if you enter this router does not know this command)

This procedure is Ambiguous error

Invalid input errorUsing commands in wrong mode (or) using invalid commands.

Incomplete command errorUsing incomplete commands.

Error status in interfaces:Eg:

1. Interface s0 is up, protocol is up2. Interface s0 is up, protocol is down3. Interface s0 is down, protocol is down4. Interface s0 in administratively down, line protocol is also down.

1. No errors.2. S0 up, protocol down

Reason: In the absence of clock rate. (You have to set) For peer-peer system connected, both protocols must match. If different

protocols are used, this is status has to be changed. (Encapsulation) ie; Router (config-if)#encapsulation <protocol Name> (eg: Protocol name: HDLC, PPP).

3. S0 down, line protocol is down.Reason:

No ip address is assigned

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Cable Problems. Interface Problems Incase all the above three are ok, then if remote end is

not in up condition.

4. S0 down, line protocol downReason:

Initial booting when all interface are administratively down. You have to use ‘no shut’ command.

If specifically, administrator has shutdown the interface.

Routing

To inter connect two different networks by selecting the best path

For ping operation --- ICMP protocol (Internet control messaging protocol)

ARP (Address Reduction Protocol)This is used to determine MAC address from known IP address.

RIT (Routing information table)

Create Routing Table using by protocols

Router protocol carry data (or) packet through a Network Eg; IP, IPX

Routing protocol determine the path for carrying data (or) packets through a network Eg; RIP, IGRP, EIGRP

Non-Router protocols: NETBEUI --- Not used for routing using name comm.

Method to create RIT (Routing Information Table)

1. Static2. Static default3. Dynamic

Static (Manual entry) Metric parameters are used to select best path. Bandwidth: Max data transmission path is selected. cost also based Delay: Time taken in each the destination

R1 R2

PC PC

R1 R2

PC PC

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Load: Based on traffic MTU: Max Transmission Unit based on interface capacity how much data can

be fixed. Hop Count: How many routers can be crossed to reach the destination Reliability: Based on error. If error rate is high reliability low If error rate is low reliability high

S0 20.0.0.1 S1 20.0.0.2

E0 10.0.0.1 E0 30.0.0.1

E0 10.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.2

R1

Network Interface Hop count10.0.0.0 E0 020.0.0.0 S0 130.0.0.0 S0 1

R2

Network Interface Hop count10.0.0.0 S1 120.0.0.0 S1 030.0.0.0 E0 0

Configurations using static method

S0 110.0.0.1 S1 110.0.0.2

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E0 100.0.0.1 E0 90.0.0.1

E0 100.0.0.2 E0 90.0.0.2

(R1) Router (config) #ip routing

Change routing mode (this is router mode)Router (config-router) #ip route <netid><subnet mask><next hop add or exit interface add>

Remote net ID 90.0.0.0

110.0.0.0

Next hop add to reach the remote ID, which is the next router through which we have to travel. Its address.

R1(config)#ip route 90.0.0 255.0.0.0 110.0.0.2

(Next hop add)

R2(config)#ip route 100.00.0 255.0.0.0 110.0.01

To view RIT Router#show ip route

Static default This is worked in a stub network using a single interface you can access many networks. (Single wan port) connections.

10.0.0.2 R410.0.0.1

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R2 R5

R1R6

R3R7

Stub Router This has only WAN interface there which you reach all router. This stub router network.

Any network 0.0.0.0, any subnet mask is only there this router one interface

R1 (config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2

Static routing

S0 30.0.0.1 S1 30.0.0.2 S0 50.0.0.1 S1 50.0.0.2 R1 R2 R3

E0 40.0.0.1 E0 60.0.0.1 E0 70.0.0.1

E0 40.0.0.2 E0 60.0.0.2 E0 70.0.0.2

PC1 PC2 PC3

Routing table create for static

R1(config)#ip routing

R1(config)#ip route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2

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R1(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2

R1(config)#ip route 70.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2

R2(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.1

R2(config)#ip route 70.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.2

R3(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.1

R3(config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.1

R3(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.1

Show RIT table (in router 3)

R3#sh ip route

Show the table

70.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, E0

50.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, S0

60.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 50.0.0.1

30.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 50.0.0.1

40.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 50.0.0.1

8-Subnet mask, 1/0 – Administrative value (AD value)

Codes C - Connected, S - Static, I - IGRP,R- RIP,M-Mobile-BGP(border gateway

protocol),D-EIGRP, EX-Extended EIGRP,O-OSPF,1A-OSPF inter area,E1-OSPF

External Type1,E2-OSPF External Type 2,E-EGP,L1-Level 1,L2-Level 2,* -

Candidate default-per-User static route

Static default (Single interface using another many routers connections)Single Wan Connections PC2 E0 R3 S0 R3 E0

PC2

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R2 S1 R1 S0 R2 S0

R1 E0 R2 S2 PC3

PC1 E0 R4 S0 R4 E0 PC3 E0

PC1

Interface’s IP address Details:

R1 S0 – 10.0.0.1, E0 – 20.0.0.1, PC1 E0 – 20.0.0.2R2 S1 – 10.0.0.2, R2 S0 – 30.0.0.1, R2 S2 – 40.0.0.1 R3 S0 – 30.0.0.2, R3 E0 – 70.0.0.1, PC2 E0 – 70.0.0.2R4 S0 – 40.0.0.2, R4 E0 – 60.0.0.1, PC3 E0 – 60.0.0.2

R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2

Dynamic Routing:

Automatic Routing using Protocol

IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)Eg: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF

EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)Eg: BGP, IBGP, EBGP

RIP Routing Information ProtocolIGRP Interior Gateway Routing ProtocolEIGRP Extended IGRPOSPF Open Shortest Path FirstBGP Border Gateway ProtocolIBGP Interior BGPEBGP Exterior BGP

IGP RIT is shared only between members of the same autonomous group

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EGP RIT is shared different autonomous groups

Autonomous system:

A collection of routers or network that have a common group number from a common administrative group

AS Autonomous System noAD Administrative DistanceAD Determine the best worthiness of a route based on various factors when more than one protocols are present, priority ranges from 0 to 25

For Directly Connected, AD = 0 Higher PriorityStatic Routing AD = 1EIGRP AD = 90IGRP AD = 100OSPF AD = 110RIP AD = 120Extended EIGRP AD = 170Unknown AD = 255 Lower Priority

AD Values

Administrative Distance

Classes of Routing Protocols (based on Metric Value)

1. Distance Vectors Routing Protocols. Eg: RIP, IGRP2. Link state routing protocols. Eg: OSPF3. Hybrid routing protocols. Eg: EIGRP

Distance Vector

Decide on the best path based on distance Link State

Find the shortest path. Update not only data. But also detects the link states of the lines.

Hybrid

Contains both feature included. (Distance vector & Link state)

R1#trace route <IP-Address>

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R2 RIP

RIP R1 R3 RIP

Network A

R4 RIPAll four router using RIP protocol.WAN Cables (series cable)

EIA / TIA 232 EIA --- Electronic Industrial AssociationEIA / TIA 449 TIA --- Telecom Industrial AssociationEIA / TIA 530

ITU (International Telecom Union)V35V21

WIC (wan Interface Cable)

Bandwidth No. of Pins Male Female

232 64 Kbps 25 DTE DCE449 4 Kbps 37 DTE DCE530 4 Kbps 25 DTE Can’t be connect

V-35 4 Kbps 34 DTE DCEX-21 4 Kbps 15 DTE DCE

DCE – Female Connector (60 hole)DTE – Male Connector (60 pins)

To view the Serial interface is DCE or DTE

Router#sh controllers (or)Router#sh controllers <name>

To enable short keysRouter# terminal editing

To disable Router #terminal no editing

Short Keys / Editing Keys

Ctrl+D Delete CharacterCtrl+W Delete Word

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Ctrl+U Delete LineCtrl+A Return to starting of lineCtrl+E Mover cursor to start of lineCtrl+F Move cursor fed char by characterCtrl+B Moves backward char by charCtrl+R Refresh / Redisplay the commandCtrl+P Display previous commandCtrl+N Display new commandCtrl+H 3rd to backspaceEsc+F Move cursor word by word forwardEsc+B Move cursor word by word backward

DVRP (Distance Vectors Routing Protocols)

To reach network A from R1, First route should be selected, so path 1 & path 2 are compared. AD values are checked. Here both values are equal. Next metric values should be checked, namely hop count In this case is equal too so load balancing is done.

Each router broadcast its RIT to neighbors every few seconds called update time via all its active interface. So each router updates its RIT according. Time taken for the router to from the full RIT from updates is called convergence time.

RIP

This is a DVRP Uses only hop count as metric value. Max hop count – 15, Low convergence

time. AD = 120 Equal load balancing supports By default it can support 4 paths. Max is 6 paths Using only small network.

RIP have two versions

RIPVI, RIPV2

RIPVISupports only classful routing, i.e. all routing interface are in the same class of network i.e. same subnet mark.

RIPV2Supports classless routing. Diff subnet masks for its interface. Exchanges in subnet masks while updating its using exchange of RIT Supports VLSM.(Variable Length Subnet Mask)

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RIP Update period, default 30s

This used only for small network. So autonomous system numbers, domain is not used here.

RIP Timers:Update time : Time for updating the RIT Periodically

Hold on time : 180s time it waits until it receive an updation after whichthat network is set as failed

Invalid time : 180s this is the time to set the above failed n/w as ‘Invalid’In its RIT.

Flash old time : 240s inform its neighbours that the above routs is invalidof remove that entry from its RIT

RIP Configuration

Router (Config) # router RIPRouter (Config-router) # network <directly connected net 1D’s>

To disable RIP

Router (Config) # no routing RIP

Debug Commands

To view RIP transactions used for debugging slows processing time so only used for trouble shooting.

Router # debug IP RIP (to view the transaction)

To disable,Router # no debug all (or) Router # undebug all

Router # show protocolsShow what routing protocol used in router

Router# show IP protocols

IGRP

CISCO property protocol, work only in CISCO product (Not working the protocol in different vendor)

CCNA Page 32 of 81

AD = 100 Hop count (default) 100 max = 255 Update time = 90s 5 metric parameters BW, delay, reliability load, MTU By default using BW, delay 1GRP composite metric value Autonomous system Nos are used here Classful routing

Time:

Update time 90s Invalid time – 270s (update x3) Hold down time – 280 Flush out time 6.30 (update x3)

Load balancing is done. But parameter like can be considered. Based on Composite Metric Value (CMV)

B

CMV=100 A

D

CMV=20

CS0 Ratio - 100/25 = 5/1Destination S0, ACD = 20% Data Sent

ABD = 80% Data SentDefault – 6 path, max & path

Configuring 1GRP

Router (Config) Router IGRP <Autonomous system no>

CCNA Page 33 of 81

Range of autonomous system no: 0 to 65,535

Router (Config-Router) # Network <directly Connected Net IDS>

Router # Debug IP RIP

EIGRP

Hybrid protocol: Cisco propriety Protocol Classless routing VLSM support Metric Value: 256 x 1GRP Metric Low convergence time RIT is not exchanged every few sees. First time RIT is exchange then only if

changes occur they are exchanged so no updation time Support equal & unequal load balancing Hop count (default) = 100 Max 255 Supports Multiple network (Layer3) protocols : IP,IPX

Maintain 3 tables1. Neighbours Table2. Topology Table3. RIT

Neighbours: Contains into about directly connected networkTopology: Contain all router to any specific network (Max 6 Router)RIT: Contain best router to any specific network

1. Neighbours Table Information: (NT)

To become a neighbours Hello Pocket is sent by the new neighbours (Net work) This packet contain this information’s

EIGRP Version No Autonomous system No K value (Metric Value) Hold time

NT Content (Neighbours table)

o Neighbours IP addo AD time intervalo SRTT (Smooth Round Trip Timer) Time takes to receive an act for the hello

pocketo Queue information Contain information reg change in the Topology table

CCNA Page 34 of 81

Reliable transport protocol use to create neighbours

Multicasting is done using class D(224.0.0.10 or 5) is donewait for SRTT for an act. If name is 90s uncasing is done up to max 16 unicasts are done If still no response that neighbours is declared ‘dead’

Every 5 Sec hello packet are sent, if after 5 sec hello packet are not sent then hold time determine up to what time the previous information – should be hold.

Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)

This algorithm selects the best path to reach network from the topology table and enter into RIT

Maintains a backup router in case the best route fails. VLSM support Incase best route fails and no backup also is not found, if automatically finds

another route.

Feasible Distance

If a router determines a route by itself it from a feasible distance

Reported distance

If a neighbours reports a router to specific network

Feasible d > Reported dFe. d Time taken to each updating neighbours table. + Rep. distance

Feasible Success:

This is a route other than best route the alternate to each network provided in topology table.

Successor: Best route stored in RIT

Configuration of EIGRP

Route (config) # router EIGRP <autonomous system no>Router (config router) # network <directly connected network ID’s>

To view neighbours table

Router # show IP EIGRP neighboursRouter # show IP EIGRP neighbours details

CCNA Page 35 of 81

To view topology

Router # show IP EIGRP topology

RIT

Router # show IP routerShow all protocols table

So, router # show IP route EIGRP

OSPF

Combines link states a distance rector protocol features.

This is an open standard (all Vendors) using protocol Supports unlimited hop counts. Can be used in very large networks Uses only 1 metric value Cost Using formula cost = 10 8 / BW No periodic updating only first time RIT exchanged. Then only if changes

occur. Low convergence time. User TIJKSTRA algorithm to select best path from topology table Classless protocol supports VLSM AD = 110 Supports flat network & hierarchical networks

Eg: hierarchical networks

At least I are should have been created (group of routers in 1 area) first created is area 0 backup. All other area should have connection.

(Direct or Virtual) to area 0 Use multicast 224.0.0.10

R1

R2

R4

R5

R3

R6

R7

CCNA Page 36 of 81

Internal Router

ABR ABR

Area 0 ASBR

Area 2 EIGRP Area 1

Internal Router

ABR – Area Border RouterASBR – Autonomous System Border Router

Division in to area:

In case of large network, RIT capacity can be exceeded of over writing of RIT may occur. In order to avoid this, each router has entries only on router in its own area.

Convenience time can be reduced sine synchronization is with a single area. Changes whit this are does not affect network in other area.

Internal routers:

If all interfaces of a router involve more the same area. ABR If the interface area router involves more than 1 area. ASBR It the interface of a router involves different autonomous system.

Terms:

Link each Interfaces of a router Neighbours directly connected router Router ID IP address of router for a router the highest IP address among its

interface is taken as its router ID. This is also loop back interface ID logical interface ID.

CCNA Page 37 of 81

This is assigned sometimes interface can be down so this ID is router ID.

Hello protocol for neighbour relationship

Adjacency – creating neighbour relationship among OSPF router only these

established routers exchange RIT wrong them selves

Neighbour ship database – contains neighbour details

Topology database - All routers to a specific network

Link state advertisement (LSA) this is a packet carrier Link states, routing

information

Sends hello packet every OS

After adjacency is created LSA packets one sent based on this topology table is

created then RIT tables can be exchanged. There information an any specific

N/W is required LSR LS request is sent too this LSO (LS update) sent as

response.

Types of Network in OSPF

1) Broadcast2) Point to point3) Non broad cast network

Broadcast: Switch

Switch in ability is broad casting so information from only router is broadcast to all other routers.

2) Point to Point:

R3R2R1

R1 R2 R3

CCNA Page 38 of 81

Using encapsulation protocols like HDLC or PPP direct connection network

3) Non broadcast network

A single physical line can be divided into multiple line logically using a technique called frame relay.

BroadcastHere because broad casting is done for all routers, all of then create adjacency

his each other so all of them are neighbour in order to ovoid this, one router is selected as DR (Designated Router) and one as BDR backup DR.

Now DR only creates adjacency to all other router to all others only this is a neighbour they broadcast changes only to DR so this DR’s is to broadcast any changes to all other routers.

DR selection is done via election Router with lightest priority is DR & 2nd lightest is BDR. If all have some priority router ID is used to select Due. Router can have more

than I logical 100p ID. This is checked first as router ID. This is used to select DR.

To set PriorityRouter (Config) IP OSPF priority <pr.value>

To set loop back interfaceRouter (Config) # interface <Interface Number>Then router (Config) # IP address <IP add> <Subnet mask>

Configuration Router (Config) # router OSPF <process ID>

(Range 1 – 65535)Router (Config – router) # Network <directly connected network ID> <wild and mask>Area <area No>

Wild card number opposite of subnet maskEg: 255.0.0.0 0 0.255.255.255To view

Router # show IP OSPF database to view (Topology table view)

Router show IP ASPF neighbour to view Neighbour table view

R1

R2

R3

CCNA Page 39 of 81

To view router ID area No:

Router # show IP OSPFRouter # show IP OSPF interface (To view DR, BDR, router ID, priority, cast, etc… )

Password Breaking

Restart the router (off/no) After router press (Ctrl + Break) Going the Rommon1 mode is entered Ex : Rommon1>

Trouble shooting Commands

Rommon1 > Confreg 0x2142 (in 1750 series) > (in 2500 series ) Rommon1 > I

System Configuration dialog

Did you like to enter the initial configuration (Yes / No)

Yes Older setting will be loaded from NVRam to DRAMNo Fresh configuration is loaded (skip to NVRAM to DRAM )

Router > en Router # copy start run

Older setting to load from NVRAM to DRAM

Next steps:

Disable all passwords Router (Config) # no enable password

Changing the configure registration value 2142 to 2102

Router (Config) # config – register 2102 Router # copy run start Router # reload

System configuration has been modified save? (Yes / No)

Routed ProtocolThis carries the date packetEg: IP, IPX

CCNA Page 40 of 81

Routing ProtocolCarries the update packetsEg: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, and EIGRP

Non – Routing ProtocolNet BEUI

Dynamic routing protocol Interior Gate Way Routing ProtocolExterior Gate Way Routing Protocol

IGRPRouting protocol used within same domain single autonomous system

TELNET (Terminal Emulation)

We can configure remote router using the telnet using telnet a remote N/W can be configured or trouble shoot.

E0 10.0.0.1 S0 20.0.0.1 S0 20.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.1 S0 30.0.0.2

To get the information for all router, routing should be enable.

R1 R2 R3 R4

Chennai Bangolre

CCNA Page 41 of 81

S0 S1 S0 S1 S0 S1

Routing

Telnet can be established only when the following conditions we satisfied:

The remote router should home been configure VTY password (Telnet password)

The remote router should have been configured with Enable (or) secret password.

To Enable Telnet in a router (VTY)

Router (Config) # line VTY 04Router(Config – line) # LoginRouter(Config – line) # Password <udaya >Router(Config – line) # Ctrl + ZRouter (Config) # Enable password <udaya >Router (Config) # Ctrl + ZRouter # copy Run Start

To establish Telnet with Bangalore & Chennai

Chennai> Telnet 20.0.0.2Password: < udaya>Bangalore > enPassword: < udaya>Bangalore#

Telnet ting into Multiple device (connecting simultaneously)Router # ctrl + shift + 6 (release) after press “X”

To check Telnet connectingTo see the connection mode from router to remote device

Router # show sessionsRouter # show usersRouter # disconnects (or) exit

Enabling telnet using hostname:

Router (config) # IP host Bangalore 20.0.0.2

CCNA Page 42 of 81

Remote host name Remote host IPRouter (config) # ctrl + ZBangalore # copy Run startChennai > Telnet Bangalore

To enter into remote router

Chennai # resume <Session no>Bangalore #

To view the correctly opened session

Chennai # show session

To terminate particular session

Chennai # disconnect < Session No>Chennai # disconnect (Last activated session will be terminated)Chennai # clear line <user number>

To view the no of user

Bangalore # show user (or) Bangalore # who

Access Control List (two Types)

Standard Range 1 - 99Extended Range 100 - 199

StandardNamed Access ListNumbered Access List

Extended

Named Access ListNumbered Access List

Preparing the access list Implementing

CCNA Page 43 of 81

Access list can be implemented in source and destination source. But one is source

router. This will reduce the traffic access list can be implemented either in the inbound

or outbound but the best one is inbound.

Chennai Mumbai

Out bound In bound

S0 20.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.1 E0 10.0.0.1 S0 20.0.0.1

Right Path Wrong Path

Inbound: first it implements ACL table and filters so no need of routing information table.

ACL RIT

Outbound: first it forms RIT and then filters ACL.

RIT ACL

CCNA Page 44 of 81

Standard IP Access List Numbered:Prepare

By using standard ACL implemented in destination only.

Mumbai (config) #access-list<ACL-No>permits /deny <source add> <wildcard mask> 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255

Mumbai (config) #access-list <ACL-no>permit any (other Network will be permit)

Wild card mask for 10.0.0.0Default subnet 255.0.0.0 --- opposite 0.255.255.255 is a wild card maskHere, 0—Care,1—Don’t care

Implementation: Mumbai (config) # int<E0/S0>Mumbai (config) # IP access-group<ACL-NO> in\out

To block particular hostMumbai (config) #Access-list<ACL no>deny10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0Mumbai (config) # Access <ACL no> permits any

Implementation

Mumbai (Config) # int E0Mumbai (config) # IP access – group <ACL-No> out

Blocking a group of Networks

For wild card mask, you should perform XOR gateEg: 1000-1111=0111 say should perform blocking of subnet 10.8.0.0 to 10.16.0.0

10.|8.|0.0 0000100010.|16|.0.0 00001111 Subtract = 00000111 7So, wild card is 0.7.255.255Subnet for this will be 255 / 7 = 248So, 255.248.0.0

Preparation

Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL-No> permit /deny 10.8.0.0 0.7.255.255

Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL – No> permit any

ImplementationMumbai (Config) # int E0Mumbai (Config) # IP access – group <ACL-No> out

CCNA Page 45 of 81

Valid block ranges2 to 3, 4 to 7, 8 to 15, 16 to 31, 32 to 63, 64 to 127, 128 to 255

Access list block only data packets not update packets

Blocking Telnet: (Telnet to Chennai to Mumbai)

Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL – No> deny 10.0.0.0Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL – No> permit any

Implementation

Mumbai (Config) # line Vty 04Mumbai (Config) # access – class <ACL – No> in

Named IP Standard ACL:

Named access list you can edit the exiting access list

10.0.0.0 20.0.0.0 30.0.0.0 70.0.0.0 Chennai Bangalore Mumbai

Right Path Wrong Path

PreparationBangalore (Config) # IP access – list standard <ACL – Name>Bangalore (Config- STD- ACL) # deny 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 Bangalore (Config-STD- ACL # permit any

ImplementationBangalore (config) #int E0Bangalore (config) # ip access group <ACL no> out.

To block once again

Bangalore (Config) # IP access – List standard <ACL – Name>Bangalore (Config) # IP access – List standard <ACL – Name>

Chennai R1

Bangalore R2

CCNA Page 46 of 81

Bangalore (config)# No permit anyBangalore (config)# deny 70.0.0 0.255.255.255Bangalore (config)# permit any

Implementation It is the same

Extended IP Access – List

10.0.0.0 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 30.0.0.0

R1 (Config) # access list <ACL no> permit / deny <protocol> <Source add> <Wildcard mask> <desk add> <wildcard mask> <gt (or) eq (or) Lt (or) neq > <port no>

Where,Gt Greater thanLt Lesser thanEq EqualNeq Not equal

R1 (Config) # Access lists <ACL – No> permit IP any any

Source destination

Implementation R1 (Config) # int EOR1 (Config) # IP access – group <HCL-No> in

To Block Telnets SessionR1 (Config)#access-list <ACL no> deny TCP 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 30.0.0.0

0.255.255.255 eqR1 (Config)#<ACL-no> permit IP any any

ImplementationR1 (Config)# int E0R1 (Config)# ip access-group <ACL no> in

CCNA Page 47 of 81

To block TFTP:

R1 (Config) # access list <ACL No> deny TCP/UDP 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 eq 69 (69 – is port no)R1 (Config) Access – List <ACL-No> permit IP any any

TCP/UDP based on

Application LayersProtocols FTP TELNET SMTP DNS TFTP SNMP RIPPort No 21 23 25 53 61 561 520

TCP TCP TCP TCP/ UDP

UDP UDP UDP

Protocol No

6 17

Telnet S1 addressE0 addressS0 address we can enter telnet

By blacking that particular S1 interface we can enter, either E0 are S0 Vty 0 4 all interface to block telnet.

Named Extended IP access List

Not able to block particular service

Router1 (Config) # IP access – list extended <ACL-Name>\Router1(Config) # deny IP <Src> <Wildcard> <Destination-Add> <Wildcard>Router1(Config) # Permit IP any any

Implementation Router1# int E0Router1(Config) # IP access – group <ACL-Name> inRouter1(Config) # No permit IP any any

WAN Technology1. Lease Line2. Circuit Switching3. Packet Switching

Wan Terms CPE (Customer premises Equipment) Demarcation point (Ex: Telephone Rosier box) Local Loop

Chn Bgl

LAN

LAN

Chn Bgl

Cal

CCNA Page 48 of 81

E0 S0 S1 E0 DOT

Wan Cloud

Wan Link

Wan link Between router and DOTDOT Dept of Telephone Telecomm

Leased line: (Point to point)

S0

DOT S1

Dedicated line between source & destination 24hrs Conley 2 station are connected given by ISP

Local Loop Trunk port

Central office

For between point to point, privacy is more (No sharing of BW) synchronous serial line upto 45 Mbps

DSP

Chn Modem ISP Modem Bgl

CCNA Page 49 of 81

Demarcations point

Local Loop: Connects the demarcation point to the customs switching office

Central office The point connect the customers to the provider’s switching network

Toll network: It is trunk line inside a WAN provider Network This network is a connection of switches and facilities owned by ISP

Wan EncapsulationIn LAN encapsulation techs used in Ethernet are 802.2, 802.3

HDLC (High level data Link control) (to using for convert the frames)PPP (Point to point protocol) (to using for convert the frames)

HDLC It is an encapsulation protocol Layer 2 protocol It don’t have the capability to understand multiple network protocol such as

(IP, IPx) Was protocol Two types HDLC & Cisco HDLC Not support multi core protocol Not Security No verification, No authentications

Proprietary CISCO HDLC protocolNot used other vendorsOnly working Cisco router

Normal HDLCFlag Add Control Data CRC

CRC -- Cyclic Redundancy Check (to use error checking)

CCNA Page 50 of 81

Cisco HDLCFlag Add Control Propriety Data CRC

Config HDLC Router (config) # interface S0Router (config) # encapsulation HDLC

CISCO HDLCThis is the default protocol that is enabled in all Cisco routers It is an encapsulation protocol developed by CiscoIt is a propriety protocolIt is support multiple network layerIt is done by adding an appropriation field to the HDLC protocols

CO CSU/CDU CSU/CDU

Toll Network

CPE Demarcation Point Local Loop 1) CPE – Customer Premises Equipment These are the Devices that are owned by the customers.

2) CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit/Digital Serial Unit Just like a modem (used to connect our data network to a telephone network)

3) Demarcation pointIt is the point where the services provides responsibility Ends.The CPE begins.

4) Local loopLocal loop connect the Demarcation point to the nearest switching office

Switch

R R

Switch

CCNA Page 51 of 81

5) CO (central office) This point connects he customer to the service providers switching N/W

Wan Connection Types

1) Leased (or) Dedicated line2) Circuit switching3) Packet switching

Leased lineA leased line is a free establish was communication path from the through the ISP’S new to the CP of the remote site, allowing DTE N/W to communication at any time with know setup procedure before transmitting the date.

Advantage24 hrs connectivityHigh performancesA Least can have board with of 45 mbps with a T3 line

DisadvantageWe have to pay a huge fixed amount (Independent of the usage)

2. Circuit SwitchingEncapsulation protocols are used in HDLC, PPP

Method ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)

We have to setup the connection before tramission the data

AdvantageWe have to pay only for the times.

DisadvantagePoor performancesMaximum data transfer rate 2.048 mbpsEncapsulationPPP (Point to Point Protocol)

3) Packet switchingThis is a hand switching method that all to show the bad with other company to save the money

CCNA Page 52 of 81

AdvantageTo high performance 1m cast

DisadvantageThis is not suitable for continuous transfer

Note: Frame relay Y.25 & ATM are the popular Packet switching technologies.

Procedures in making a connection1. LCP (Link control protocol)2. Authentication 3. NCP (Network Control Protocol)

1. LCP (Link Control Protocol) LCP check where the Atherton is enabled not.

CompressionIt compress the outgoing data so that is saves the expensive bandwidth.

Error detectionLCP detects the error using the quality magic No.

PPP (Point to Point Protocol) 2nd Layer protocol Common used (diff vendor using) High security (Authentication verify) Multi protocol support Serial type cable (using table copper, fiber optical)

Three Basics1. LCP phase (Link control protocol) Maintain connection (Terminate, etc.,)2. Authentication 3. NCP

LCP1. Compression (compression the data)2. Error detection (to detect the data lass)3. Multi link (load balance to send data’s equal)

Authentication (to verify the user)1. PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)2. CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)

R1

R2

R1 R2

Chennai Bangalore

CCNA Page 53 of 81

PAP User Name, Password Accepted / Rejected

User & Password text format In this protocol using two way fund share If accept connection creation If rejected connection rejected No securing

CHAP

Challenge

Accepted / Rejected

User name, Password

In this protocol using three way hands shake

High security

Priority checking

All verification in designation router

Check challenge (code) if corrected create connection & not correct reject

connection.

All verification in source router

User name & password encryption type.

To assign username & password

User Name: Bgl User Name: Chn Password: 123 Password: 123

Bgl 123Router (coating) # username <username> password <password>

BRI

NT

S0

TA NT

CCNA Page 54 of 81

Configuration

Router (config) # int S0Router (config-if) # Encapsulation PPPRouter (config-if) # PPP Authentication PAP (or) CHAP

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

Circuit switchingRouter Physical Connection

Junction Box

U Link

D

O S/T Link (or) S/T Reference T

R Link U Link (or) U Reference

If BRL 1S in Router this Router is known as Native Terminal Router (Terminal as TFI)R link S0 to TA, U link ISP to NT, B/T linkBRI to NT SDN Box

D T U O T

S

R Link

BRI

S0

NT2 NT1

TA

Chn Bgl

CCNA Page 55 of 81

T link between NT2 and NT13 link between BRI to NT2

TE 1 Terminal end point 1TE 2 Terminal end point 2Router having BRI channel is called as Native Terminal. ISDN devices named as TE1. Router having only service port is called as Non-Native ISDN router termed as TE2

Preference PointThe link running between different functional Units is called as reference portNT1 the link between NT2 to ISPNT2 the Point at which all the ISDNLines of the customer’s site are connected using ISDN Box (public Box)

Configure ISDN BRI 1 ISP BRI 0 ISDN Switch E0 E0

ISDN Protocols

E-series ISDN numbering protocolEg: E168, E164

I series: Concept & Terminologies Eg: I 100

Q Series: Switching & signaling

SPID1: 1111 SPID1: 3333Ph: 5555 Ph: 7777SPID2: 2222 SPID2: 4444Ph: 6666 Ph: 8888

SPID Service Provider Identification

CCNA Page 56 of 81

ISDN Switch types (given by ISP)

Basic ESS using IndiaBasic SESS using USNet3 using EuropeNet4 using UKDMS100 using Japan

Layer 2 Encapsulation

It support HDLC, PPP, SLIP

Chn (Config) # int BRI0Chn (Config-if) # Encapsulation HDLC (or) PPP (or) SLIP

Configuring ISDN Switch type

Chn (Config) # int BRI0 Eg: ESSChn (Config-if) # ISDN switch type <switch type>

Config Service Provider

Chn (Config) int BRI 0 Chn (Config-if) # ISDN <SPID No> <SPID Value> <Ph.No>Chn (Config-if) # ISDN SPID1 1111 5555Chn (Config-if) # ISDN SPID2 6666

Note: above all this configuration has to be done at Bangalore Router (encapsulation, ISDN config, ISDN service config)DDR – (Dial on Demand Routing)It explains the step involved in config ISDN network default idle time out 120 secs.

Configuration DDR

1. Enable routing2. Defining the interested traffic3. Config the dialer traffic

Idle time out:

If three is no communication between the source & designation for a septic

time taken the connection, will be automatically terminated. This Idle time out default

value is 120 des.

CCNA Page 57 of 81

Enable routing: Static routing is preferable because the link goes down automatically after 120 sec of idle duration. But in dynamic update or hello packet will be kept of an exchanging between routers.

Static routing Chn (Config) #ip routing

Chn (Config) #ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 BRI0Chn (Config) #ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 E0Chn (Config) #ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 BRI0

Static default Chn (config) #ip routing

Chn (config) # ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.BRI No.

Determining the interested traffic 1 to 10Chn (config) #dialer-list<dialer list no> protocol <protocol type> permit List No ACL-NO IP / IPX Chn (config) #dialer-list 8 IP permit

To restrict (a particular list):1. Create access list2. Give the ACL NO in dialer list

Chn (config) #access list 10 permits 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0Chn (config) #dialer-list 8 protocol IP permit list 10 ACL NO

Implementation: Chn (config) #int BRI 0 Chn (config) #dialer group 8

Config dialer information

Chn (config) # int BRI 0Chn (config-if) #ip address 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0Chn (config-if) # no shutChn (config) # encapsulation PPPBgl (config) #int BRI 1Bgl (config-if) ip address 100.0.0.0 255.0.0.0Bgl (config-if) #no shutBgl (config-if) #encapsulation PPP

To map phone & network IPChn (config) #int BRI 0Chn (config-if) # dialer map ip 100.0.0.2 Name Ph.NoChn (config-if) # 100.0.0.3 Bgl 7777Chn (config-if) # 100.0.0.4 calc 8888

R1 R2 R3

CCNA Page 58 of 81

To change idle timeoutChn (config) #int BRI 0Chn (config-if)#dialer idle-timeout <sec>

Load sharing:

Chn (config-if) #dialer-threshold <1-255>

1 ------ 1st “B” channel is used2 ------ 2nd “B” channel is used128 ----- Both channel used

Practical (RIP Protocol) S0 20.0.0.1 S1 20.0.0.2 S0 40.0.0.1 S1 40.0.0.2

E0 10.0.0.1 E0 30.0.0.1 E0 50.0.0.1

E0 10.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.2 E0 50.0.0.2

First assign the RIP setup

R1

R1(Config) # IP routingR1(Config) # IP Router RIPR1 (Config-Router) # network 20.0.0.2R1 (Config-Router) # network 10.0.0.1

R2

R2 (Config) # IP RoutingR2 (Config) # IP Router RIPR2 (Config-router) network 20.0.0.1R2 (Config-router) # Network 30.0.0.1R2 (Config-router) # Network 40.0.0.2

CCNA Page 59 of 81

R3

R3 (Config) # IP routingR3 (Config) # IP router RIPR3 (Config-router) # network 40.0.0.1R3 (Config-router) # Network 50.0.0.1

Show IP route in Router 3

R3 # Sh IP router

C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connectedC 20.0.0.0/8 is directly connectedR 30.0.0.0/8 (120/1) Via 20.0.0.2R 40.0.0.0/8 (120/1) Via 20.0.0.2R 50.0.0.0/8 (120/2) Via 20.0.0.2

Where,

120 Administrative distance (AD value)1,2 Hop Count (No of Router crossing)

To view which protocol is runningRouter # sh run

To exit the present protocol (RIP) in RouterRouter # no routers RIP

To enable RIP & IGRP is same network

S1 10.0.0.2 S0 30.0.0.1

S1 30.0.0.2 S0 10.0.0.1

S1 20.0.0.1 S0 40.0.0.2

S0 20.0.0.2 S1 40.0.0.1

R1

R2

R4

R3

CCNA Page 60 of 81

R1 R2 R4 using RIP protocolR1 R3 R4 using IGRP protocol

To enter in to IGRP

Router (Config) # IP routingRouter# IGRP 10 (Autonomous System no)

R3 (config) # router 1GRP 10 (Autonomous System no)R3 (config-router) # network 20.0.0.1R3 (config-router) # network 40.0.0.2

R4 (config) # router 1GRP 10R4 (config-router) # Network 30.0.0.1R4 (config-router) # Network 40.0.0.1

To enter into RIP

R4 (config) # router ripR4 (config-router) # network 10.0.0.2R4 (config-router) # Network 20.0.0.2R2 (config) # router ripR2 (config-router) # Network 30.0.0.2R2 (config-router) # Network 10.0.0.1TracingRouter # trace router <30.0.0.2>1. 20.0.0.2 0 msec 16 msec 0m sec2. 40.0.0.2 20 msec 16 msec

Router # sh ip route

C 20.0.0.0/8 is directly connectedC 30.0.0.0/8 is directly connectedC 40.0.0.0/8 is directly connected I 10.0.0.0/8 [100/273] Via 20.0.0.1 I 50.0.0.0/8 [100/651] Via 40.0.0.2

Where100 A.D value273 Composite Metric valueI IGRP

Router # sh IP protocol

Eg: Routing protocol is “IGRP 10”

R1 R2 R3

CCNA Page 61 of 81

All information

Router # sh protocolInter protocol is enabled & information

Practical (OSPF Protocol)

S0 20.0.0.1 S1 20.0.0.2 S0 40.0.0.1 S1 40.0.0.2

E0 10.0.0.1 E0 30.0.0.1 E0 50.0.0.1

E0 10.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.2 E0 50.0.0.2

Router (config) # router OSPF 0Router (config-router) # network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0Router (config-router) # network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0Router # show IP OSPF database

To view the next hoop address

Router link states (Area 0)Link ID ADV Router Age Seg # check sum link count20.0.0.2 20.0.0.2 303 0x80000003 0x9084 1

Net Link states (Area 0)Link ID ADV Router Age Seg # check sum 20.0.0.2 20.0.0.2 303 0x80000003 0x9084

R2 # show IP OSPF database

Router link state (Area 0)Link ID ADV router Age Seg # check sum link count20.0.0.2 20.0.0.1 543 0x80000093 0x9084 140.0.0.2 40.0.0.2 496 0x80000093 0x9084 1

Net Link Stats (Area 0)Link ID ADV router Age Seg # check sum link count20.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 543 0x8000003 0x9084 1

Mum

Bgl

CCNA Page 62 of 81

Router # sh IP OSPF neighbour (highest IP address)Neighbour ID priority state dead time Add Interface 40.0.0.1 1 full 00200:06 20.0.0.2 serial

R2: To disable (access) 30.0.0.1 networkPreparation (list no)Router (config) # access-list 1 deny 10.0.0 0.255.255.255Router (config) # access-list 1 permits any

ImplementationRouter (config) # int E0Router (config-if) # ip access-list 1 out

Enter in Pc 1C :> ping 30.0.0.2 Request time outC :> Ping 40.0.02 Success Pinging

(Router2 S1 interface)To enable (access) 30.0.0.1 networkRouter (config) # no access group 1 out (only remove implementation)

Enter to pc mode C :> ping 30.0.0.2

Frame Relay (or) Packet Switching Network

Packet switching method It is using in single physical to logical multiple lines It is similarly to ISDN Virtual circuit.

128 Kpbs

DLCI 100 (Doted Line) 30.0.0.0 Frame Relay 64 Kbps S1 20.0.0.2 E0

S0 20.0.0.1 ----------

Chn ---------

Switch 64 Kpbs S1 20.0.0.3 E0 DLCI 110(Doted Line) 40.0.0.0 Access List (or) Virtual Circuit (PVC, SVC) – (Doted Line)

CCNA Page 63 of 81

1. Permanent virtual circuit (leased line)2. Switched virtual circuit (on the demand)

Single physical leased line is shared among more than one network is called as packet switched network.

To communicated between different network, a virtual circuit is created to all the network

Virtual Circuit:

It is a logical circuit created to ensure communication between different networks.

Layer 2 encapsulation protocol:

DLCI Data Link Connection IdentifierLMI Local Management InterfaceFECN Forward Explicit CongestionBECN Backward Explicit Congestion DE Discard EligibilityPVC Permanent Virtual Circuit CIR Committed Information Rate

DLCIIt identifies the logical link number of virtual circuit

Eg: DLCI 100, DLCI 110The frame relay switch maps the DLCI no bandwidth two pair of routers to create a virtual circuit

CIRBits per second The service provided communicates the date transfer rate.

LMILMI request given to frame relay switch then it will give LMI response

LMI (three types) Active DLCI No. Inactive Deleted

When the router is switched on, the router give LMI request to the frame relay switch and it will give the LMI response to the source

Active If the destination is available and not in position to communicate. The frame relay switch will give the DLCI no the source and virtual circuit is established

CCNA Page 64 of 81

InactiveIf the destination is available and not in a position to communicate 1 due to errors), then the response will be inactive (no virtual circuit)

Deleted If the destination is physically disconnected

FECNIt will give the information (i.e.) more traffic to the destination frame relay packet (Traffic = Status of traffic is destination)

FECN BELN DE DataBECN

If will give the information more traffic (start in source) to the source. It any congestion in the network than BECN intimates to the source router, so that a router decreases the data transfer rate

DEDue to congestion some packet will be lost if the DE bit is 1 then it will be dropped. If it is 0 it will be not be dropped

PVCIf the LMI response is active and it goers the DLCI no then the PVC is created

Config Frame RelaySpecification of frame relay switch LMISpecification and DLCI no will be given to DOT.

Chn (config) #int S0Chn (config-if) #IP Address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0.Chn (config-if) #no shutChn (config-if) #encapsulation framer lay <Cisco or IETF>

IETF Internet Engg Task ForceIf all entire router are Cisco router the you give CiscoIf different routers are used then you give IETF

Chennai (config-if) #frame-relay LMI type <ANSI, CISCO>

Inverse ARP It will convert DLCI number into IP addressStatic mapping of DLCI into logical address:Chennai (config-If) #frame-relay map ip 20.0.0.2 100 DLCI NO BroadcastChennai (config-If) #frame –relay map ip 20.0.0.3 110 Broadcast

Enabling Inverse ARPChn (config-if)#frame-relay inverse-ARP<protocol><DLCI No>Chn (config-if)#frame-relay inverse-ARP IP 100Chn (config-if) #frame-relay inverse-CP IP110

CCNA Page 65 of 81

Frame Relay Types1. Multipoint2. point to point3. Hybrid

MultipointCommunication of group router is called mesh topology

S0

Frame-Relay Switch

S1 S1 S1

E0-100.0.0.2 E0- 100.0.0.3 E0- 100.0.0.4

Virtual circuit between Chennai to Mumbai, Calcutta, Bangalore and Mumbai to Bangalore, Calcutta and Calcutta to Bangalore six virtual circuit is created.

If all the router interface is in same then it is known as multipoint network

Chennai (config-if) #int S0 multipoint (to disable the split horizon)

Chennai (config-if) #ip address 100.0.0.1 255.00.0

Chennai (config-if) #no shut

Chennai (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay Cisco

Chennai (config-if) #frame-relay LMI-type ANSI

In multipoint split horizon is disable, inverse ARP is enable

Point to Point If there is different destination IP then the interface so it’s divided into many

logical interface Here one logical interface will communicate with one network. so it is point to

point No need to disable the split horizon

Chennai

Mumbai Calcutta Bangalore

CCNA Page 66 of 81

S0

Frame-Relay Switch

S0 S0 S0

S0-110.0.0.2 S0- 120.0.0.2 S0- 130.0.0.2

Chn #int S0 1Chn (config) #ip address 110.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 #no shut #no S0 2 #ip address 120.0.0.2 255.0.0.0

# no shut #int S0 3

#ip address 130.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 #no shutIn this inverse ARP will be disabling for effective communication.

HybridCombination of Multipoint and Point to Point

DLCI No 201 DLCI No 202

DLCI No.200 Frame-Relay Switch

S1 S1 S1

S1-100.0.0.2 S1- 100.0.0.2 S1- 100.0.0.2

Chennai


Chennai


Seg 2

Seg 1

Sw BSw A

CCNA Page 67 of 81

Chennai (config) #int S0.1 multipoint #ip add 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 #no shut # Encapsulation frame-relay CISCO #frame-relay LMI-type ANSI #frame-relay interface-DLCI 200 #frame-relay interface- DLCI 201 #int S0.2 #ip add 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 #no shut #frame-relay interface-DLCI 202Chennai #sh int so #sh frame-relay LMI #sh frame-relay Map #debugs frame-relay LMI

SWITCH (Managable1900series) (unicast)

It is a larger 2 device which reeds the destination MAC address and forwards the data using forwarding table or MAC table

If creates the forwarding table using hardware called ASIC. It stores into the NVRAM. So no need to save the configuration.

In the absence of startup configuration switch using initial configuration. No terminal editing is not applicable in switch. Show CDP entry or sh CDP neighbour comments will not work in switch.

Function of switch Address learning: It learns the system Mac add that are connected to the parts

and creates the forwarding table or Mac table Forwarding and filtering of format: It forwards the frame to the destination

only and filters all other ports.

Loop Avoidance

E0 1 E0 1

E0 2 E0 2

Sw = Switch

Seg 2

Seg 1

Sw BSw A

Switch A Switch B

CCNA Page 68 of 81

For fault tolerance in the network more than one switch is used, which caused the following problem:

Unicast becomes multicast Multicast \ Broadcast becomes storms Mac table instability.

To overcome three, switch user Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Spanning tree protocol (STP) IEEE 802-1dIt will assign one switch is root switch and another one is non root switch

4 Mbps E0 / 1 E0 / 1 Root Switch

E0 / 2 2 Mbps E0 / 2

Designated port (forwarded state) Root Port (forwarded state)

Non-Designated port (blocking state)

Designated port (forwarded state)

Root port

Root Switch Non- Designated port (Blocking state)

Priority low ----- Root switchPriority high ----- Non root switch

If 2.switch select lowest Mac address as root, another is non root higher bandwidth is root, lowe5r bandwidth is root, and lower bandwidth is non designated port

If both are in same bandwidth then consider the lowest port no .

CCNA Page 69 of 81

BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit)

Update information between 2 switches for every 2 secs. If there is any problem in switch A then using BPDU the next path will become as root path.

Spann Tree Standardized by IEEE 802 1d STP assigns the one bridge as Root Bridge and other as non root bridge. Root

bridge ports are called designated that can receive and forward the frame.

Non-root bridgesOne will be assigned as root port that as and forward the frame and non design

port that can the frame and cant forward (blocked).Root bridge is assigned on priority no and Mac add switch will have single Mac add that share for all the ports.

Root port is assigned based on bandwidth (higher B.W) and port no (lower) default priority no to switch is 32768.

STP Port Status Blocking state 20 sec (initial state of switch) Listening State 15 sec(listen Mac add by broadcast) Learning state 15sec (creating Mac table) Forwarding state To forward a frame it take 50 sec

Bridges exchange BPDU for every 2 sec (non-designated port receives the BPDU)Different modes of operation of switchesStore and forward

In this mode, switch store the entire frame in the buffer and checks the error and forwards (sourced TX)

Cut throughIt read the up to destination Mac add and the immediately forward to the destination no error checking (no security) there are many collisions.

Fragment free or modified cut through

It avoids collisions head the 1st 64 bit address checks. The error and forwards [switch 1900 series default mode]

1900 catalyst switch (manageable switch)

1912 model1. E0 port (E01, E02………E012)2. AUI port (E0/25)3. Fast Ethernet port (F026, F027)

CCNA Page 70 of 81

1924 model1. 24 port (E01……….E024)2. AUI port (E0/25)3. Fast Ethernet port (F026, F027)

To configure switch It has IOS K, M, I mode

K Command modeM Menu driver,I IP address config

Manageable switch has the built in IOS while booting CISCO switch will boot through this menu Switch full duplexHub hub duplexWhile booting >k command line (mostly used)Switch>en (user exec. mode)Switch# (priv. modes)Switch# config terminal (global config mode)

To view the Mac tableSwitch # sh Mac-address tableMac address port No Type source service listMac (AAA) eo/1 static (restricted site) eo/10Mac (BBB) eo/2 permanent (manual config) a11Mac (CCC) eo/3 Dynamic a11Manually or static method of assigning or feeding Mac or forwarding table

AllowSwitch (config)# Mac-address-table permanent <Mac-add) E01 (exit interface)

To Restrict Switch (config)# Mac address-table restricted static <Mac-add> E0/2 E0/5

(Exit) (Stat list)Allows: E0/5 port data to E0/2 port.

To enable duplexSwitch (config) # int E0/1Switch (config) # duplex half / full / Auto

One Mac table in 1900 services catalyst switch Accommodate 1024 Mac-address Per port 132 addresses can be mapped

To restrict the no of address mapped to a protocol portSwitch (config) # Int E0/2Switch (config)# Port secure max-Mac-count <1-32>

CCNA Page 71 of 81

To view whether securing is enabled or notSwitch (config)# sh Mac-address table security

Port status CountEo/1 Enable 20Eo/2 Enable 10Eo/3 Disable N/A (not allowed)

Address ViolationThe no-to Mac add mapped to a particular port exceeds the limit, the address

violation takes place.

To disable securitySwitch (config) # Address-violation disable (or) ignore (or) suspend

VLAN

10.1.0.0./16 10.2.0.0/16

8 concision domain single broad cast domain.VLAN: 2 VLAN: 3 (Or) (Or)VLAN: Red VLAN: Black

To restrict broadcast we used VLAN by defined all VLAN = 2, so we use 2, 3.

By implementing VLAN in a switch, are can control the broadcast (i.e.) single

broadcast domain cable subdivided into many. In order to increase the network

performance VLAN can be with a switch or between switches or between remote

locations switches or between remote location switching with thee help of router

VLAN connecting between switches or switches to router should be through fast

Ethernet.

VLAN within a Switch

VLAN 2 VLAN 3

Router

CCNA Page 72 of 81

VLAN between a switch

Switch 1 Switch 2

VLAN 2 VLAN 3

VLAN 2 F0=Fast Ethernet F0/26 VLAN 3 F0/27

Trunk Line

To communicate to the same VLAN in designation network we need VLAN

Inter VLAN communication

F0/1 F0/2 F0/3……F0/22 F0/24

2950 switch

Trunk Link Sys 2 – 10.2.0.1 /16 Sys 1 VLan no: 200 10.1.0.1/16 VLan Name: Kumar VLan no: 100 VLan Name: udaya

Enabling inter VLAN communication can be done by using trunk link as shown in the above diagram

CCNA Page 73 of 81

Link carrying VLAN information of single VLAN referred as Access link Link having capability of carrying more than one VLAN information is

referred as trunk link. Trucking can be achieved between fast Ethernet port and gigabit Ethernet ports, but not by using Ethernet ports so for inter VLAN communication. We need a router with at least one fast Ethernet port.

ISL – Inter Switch Link protocol

It is a layer 2 encapsulation protocol to add VLAN information along with the data.

TruckingThe link running between switching which allow data and VLAN information

to find through it (trunk)

To enable truckingSwitch (config) # Int F0/26

# Trunk on

Mapping the VLAN to a nameSwitch (config) # VLAN <VLAN No> name <VLAN name>

# VLAN 2 Name red# VLAN 3 Name Black

Making VLAN MembershipIt can be done by using two methods

1. Static2. Dynamic VMPS (VLAN Membership Policy Sever)

DynamicIn the dynamic VMPS service need to assign VLAN number dynamically. In

the server VLAN no and system Mac add to be configured. In 5000 series of catalyst switch will have the built in VMPS service.

StaticIn static port No should be mapped to the VLAN

Switch (config) # Int E0/1 # VLAN-membership static <VLAN No> # VLAN-membership static 2 # Int E0/2 # VLAN membership static 2 # Int E0/6 # VLAN membership static 3

Router

CCNA Page 74 of 81

To communicate between 2 diff VLAN are need router

Fa/0

Switch

Trunk Link VLan:2 VLan: 3 10.1.0.0/16 10.2.0.0/16 Gateway: 10.1.0.10 Gateway: 10.2.0.10

(If different network we have to give gateway same network no meet of gateway. In router you have to give 2 gateways.)

Router (config) # int fa / 0.1 # IP address 10.1.0.10 255.255.0.0 # No shut # Encapsulation ISL O # Int to / 0.3# IP add 10.2.0.10 255.255.0.0# No shut# Encapsulation ISL 3

VTP – VLAN Trucking Protocol

It is also called as layer 2 messaging protocol which causes the VLAN

configuration message to the remote location.

If we-domain restricts updation of a switch but it win broadcast.

VTP Server --- Adding, modification, defection, synchronization

VTP Client --- Only updating no modification, synchronization is possible (update, information)

VTP Transport --- If only transport the changes no synchronization

Router

CCNA Page 75 of 81

Switch 1 Switch 2

VLan 2 VLan 3

VLan 2 VLan 4

VLan 4 VLan 2VTP Modes

VTP serverBy default, every switch acts as a VTP server. It can add, modify, delete the VLAN information but it will not save the changes of other switch but it will forward to the other switch.

VTP ClientIf will not allow add, modify, delete the VLAN information. But it will not save the changes of other switch. But it will forward to the other switch.

To change VTP madeSwitch (config) # VTP client or server or transparent

To configure VTP domainSwitch (config) # VTP domain <domain name>

# VTP domain udaya

CCNA Page 76 of 81

VLAN Practical

Fa 0/1 Fa 0/2 Fa 0/3 Fa 0/4

10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 20.0.0.2 20.0.0.3

Switch#en #VLan database Switch (VLan) #VLan 2 name udaya #apply

#exitSwitch#sh VLan

VLan Name Status Ports1 Default Active Fa 0/1……..Fa 0/122 Udaya Active

Switch#en #VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) #VLan 3 name Kumar #exitSwitch#sh VLanVLan Name Status Ports

1 Default Active Fa 0/1……Fa 0/122 Udaya Active3 Kumar Active

Switch # conf tSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/1Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/2Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/3Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/4Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3

Switch 1 Switch 2

CCNA Page 77 of 81

Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access # Exit.

VLan Practical with two switches

Trunk Link

Pc 1 Pc 8 Pc 2

Pc 3 Pc 7

Pc 4 Pc 6 Pc 5

Note: Pc 1, Pc 2, Pc 5, Pc 6 in VLan 2Pc 3, Pc 4, Pc 7, Pc 8 in VLan 3

Pc.No IP Address Subnet Mask 1 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.02 10.0.0.3 255.0.0.03 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.04 20.0.0.3 255.0.0.05 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.06 10.0.0.5 255.0.0.07 20.0.0.4 255.0.0.08 20.0.0.5 255.0.0.0

Configure (Switch 1)Switch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 2 name redSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exitSwitch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 3 name blueSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exit

Switch # conf tSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/1

CCNA Page 78 of 81

Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/2Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/3Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/4Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access

Configure (Switch 2)Switch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 2 name redSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exitSwitch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 3 name blueSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exit

Switch # conf tSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/1Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/2Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/3Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/4Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access

Connect Trunk Line between two switchesSwitch 1Switch # conf tSwitch # int Fa 0/10Switch (config-if) # switch port mode trunk

Switch 2Switch # conf tSwitch # int Fa 0/10Switch (config-if) # switch port mode trunk

Router (R1)

CCNA Page 79 of 81

VLan Practical Router with switch

E0/0.1,E0/0.2

Fa 0/1 Fa 0/2 Fa 0/8 Fa 0/3 Fa 0/4

VLan 2 VLan 3

Pc 1 Pc 2 Pc 3

Pc 4

VLan 2 default gateway 10.0.0.1VLan 3 default gateway 20.0.0.2Pc.No IP Address Subnet Mask

1 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.02 10.0.0.3 255.0.0.03 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.04 20.0.0.3 255.0.0.0

Configure Switch

Switch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 2 name udayaSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exitSwitch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 3 name KumarSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exit

Switch # conf tSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/1Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2

CCNA Page 80 of 81

Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/2Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/3Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/4Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access

Configure in Router

Router # conf tRouter (config) # E0/0.1Router (config-subif) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0Router (config-subif) # no shutRouter (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 3

Router (config) # E0/0.2Router (config-subif) # ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0Router (config-subif) # no shutRouter (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 3

VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)

Classless Routing

Eg:172.168.0.0 /18255.255.192.0

1st subnet id 172.168.64.0/182nd subnet id 172.168.128.0/18

172.168.64.0/18+3=21255.255.248.0

1st subnet id 172.168.72.0/212nd subnet id 172.168.80.0/213rd subnet id 172.168.88.0/214th subnet id 172.168.96.0/21

172.168.72.0/21+3255.255.255.0

M1

M2 M3

BRBR BR

BR

F3

F2F1

CCNA Page 81 of 81

1st subnet id 172.168.73.02nd subnet id 172.168.74.03rd subnet id 172.168.75.0

172.168.73.0/24+3=27255.255.255.254

1st subnet id 172.168.105.0 – 30 host2nd subnet id 172.168.137.0 – 30 host3rd subnet id 172.168.164.0 – 30 host

172.168.0.0

172.168.64.0 172.168.128.0

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