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Linksvayer, M. (2009, July 28). Panel on Open Source, The Commons as a collective intelligence meta-innovation. Retrieved Retrieved May 7, 2010, from http://slidesha.re/9ZXtHl.
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Singularity University
Panel on Open Source
2009-07-28
The Commons as a collective intelligence meta-innovation
Mike Linksvayer
Creative CommonsPhoto by asadal · Licensed under CC Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 ·
http://flickr.com/photos/68242677@N00/2117153416/
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Creative Commons .ORG
●Nonprofit organization, launched to public December 2002●HQ and ccLearn in San Francisco●Science Commons division at MIT●~70 international jurisdiction projects, coordinated from Berlin●Foundation, corporate, and individual funding●Born at Stanford, supported by Silicon Valley
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Enabling Reasonable Copyright
●Space between ignoring copyright and ignoring fair use & public good●Legal and technical tools enabling a “Some Rights Reserved” model●Like “free software” or “open source” for content/media–But with more restrictive options–Media is more diverse and at least a decade(?) behind software
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Six Mainstream Licenses
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Lawyer Readable
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Human Readable
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Machine Readable<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> <License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/nl/"> <permits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Reproduction"/> <permits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Distribution"/> <requires rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Notice"/> <requires rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Attribution"/> <prohibits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#CommercialUse"/> <permits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#DerivativeWorks"/> <requires rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#ShareAlike"/> </License></rdf:RDF>
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Machine Readable (Work)<span xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"><span rel="dc:type" href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text" property="dc:title">My Book</span> by <a rel="cc:attributionURL" property="cc:attributionName" href="http://example.org/me">My Name</a> is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License</a>. <span rel="dc:source" href="http://example.net/her_book"/>Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at <a rel="cc:morePermissions" href="http://example.com/revenue_sharing_agreement">example.com</a>.</span>
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DRMfree
“DRM Voodo”by psd licensed under CC BY 2.0http://flickr.com/photos/psd/1806247462/
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Software/Culture (i)
Utilitarian/obvious but narrow reuse vs non-utilitarian but universal reuse possible
● Gecko in Firefox, Thunderbird, Songbird... = Obvious
● Device driver code in web application = Huh?
● Cat photos and heavy metal = music video
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Software/Culture (ii)
Maintenance necessary vs rare● Non-maintained software = dead● “Maintained” cultural work = pretty
special● (Wikis are somewhat like software in this
respect)
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Software/Culture (iii)
Roughly all or nothing modifiable form vs varied and degradable forms
● You have the source code or you don’t● Text w/markup > PDF > Bitmap scan● Multitracks > High bitrate > Low bitrate
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Software/Culture (iv)
Construction is identical to creating modifiable form vs. iteratively leaving materials on the cutting room floor
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Software/Culture (v)
Why NoDerivatives and NonCommercial?● Legal sharing of verbatim works made
interesting by filesharing wars● Maybe less emphasis on maintenance
means–Restrictions on field of use less impactful–Free commercial use more impactful on existing business models
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Sofware/Culture (vi)
Commercial anticommons● When distributed maintenance is
important, NC is unusable for business (one explanation of why free software ≅ open source)
● Maybe some artists want a commercial anticommons: nobody can be “exploited” ... but most want to exploit commerce. NC maybe does both.
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History (i)
Some evocative dates for software ...● 1983: Launch of GNU Project● 1989: GPLv1● 1991: Linux kernel, GPLv2● 1993: Debian● 1996: Apache● 1998: Mozilla, “open source”, IBM
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History (ii)
... evocative dates for software● 1999: crazine$$● 2004: Firefox 1.0● 2007: [AL]GPLv3● ????: World Domination
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History (iii)
Open content licenses (some of them Free):
● 1998: Open Content License● 1999: Open Publication License● 2000: GFDL, Free Art License● 2001: EFF Open Audio License
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History (iv)
Other early 2000s open content licenses (some of them Free):
Design Science License, Ethymonics Free Music Public License, Open Music Green/Yellow/Red/Rainbow Licenses, Open Source Music License, No Type License, Public Library of Science Open Access License, Electrohippie Collective's Ethical Open Documentation License
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History (v)
Versioning of Creative Commons licenses (some of them Free):
● 2002: 1.0● 2004: 2.0● 2005: 2.5● 2007: 3.0
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History (vi)Anti-proliferation?
2003: author of Open Content/Publication licenses recommends CC instead and PLoS adopts CC BY
2004: EFF OAL 2.0 declares CC BY-SA 2.0 its next version
No significant new culture licenses since 2002
2008+: Possible Wikipedia migration to CC BY-SA
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Indicators (community)
1993: Debian :: 2001 : Wikipedia● 8 years● Wikipedia’s success came faster and
more visibly● Does Wikipedia even need an Ubuntu
(2004)?● But how typical is Wikipedia of free
culture?
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Indicators (business)
1989: Cygnus Solutions :: 2003 : Magnatune
● 14 years● Cygnus acquired by Red Hat (1999);
Magnatune’s long term impact TBD● Magnatune may not be Free enough for
some, but it seems like the best analogy for now
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Indicators (big business)
1998: IBM :: ???? : ?● No analogous investments have been
made in free culture. Most large computer companies have now made large investments in free/open source software
1998: Microsoft :: 2008 : Big Media● Could Microsoft’s attitude toward
openness a decade ago be analogous to big media’s today?
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Indicators (Wikitravel)
Very cool round-trip story:● 2003: Launch, CC BY-SA● 2006: Acquired by Internet Brands● 2008: First Wikitravel Press paper titles
Community is the new “IP”?
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Indicators (NIN)
Ghosts I-IV released 2008 under CC BY-NC-SA:
● $1.6m gross in first week● $750k in two days from limited edition
“ultra deluxe edition”● This while available legally and easily,
gratis.● NC doesn’t seem important in this
story ... yet
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Indicators (Summary Guesses)
Free culture is at least a decade behind free software
Except where it has mass collaboration/maintenance aspects of software, where it may rocket ahead (Wikipedia)
Generally culture is much more varied than software; success will be spikey
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In Innovation, Meta is Max
“The max net-impact innovations, by far, have been meta-innovations, i.e., innovations that changed how fast other innovations accumulated.”
Robin Hanson (Economist)http://www.overcomingbias.com/2008/06/meta-is-max---i.html
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Collective Intelligence
Meta innovation?
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Commons
Meta innovation for Collective Intelligence?
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$2.2 trillion
Value of fair use in the U.S. Economy
http://www.ccianet.org/artmanager/publish/news/First-Ever_Economic_Study_Calculates_Dollar_Value_of.shtml also see http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7643
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Cyber terrorism(Cyber terror war on)
Privacy breaches
Loss ofGenerativity
Lock-in
Surveillance
DRM
Censorship
Suppressionof innovation
Electoral fraud
Luddism
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Threat categories
● Legitimate security issues● Protectionism● Politics and power● Security theater and fear-based
responses (driven by all of above, not just legitimate security issues)
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What digital freedoms needed for beneficial collective
intelligence?● Keep same rights online/digitally that we
(should anyway) have offline/IRL● Permit innovation and participation
enabled by digital world even if not possible before (probably follows from above)
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How building the commons (free software, free culture, and
friends) helps
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Security
● Data shows FLOSS is more secure● Security through obscurity doesn’t work● FLOSS encourages a heterogeneous
computing environment● Free software and free culture both
allergic to DRM and other mechanisms that sacrifice security to other goals
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Protectionism
● Peer production undermines policy arguments for protecting knowledge industries
● Free software and free culture both allergic to DRM
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Politics and power
● Free software and culture improve transparency
● ... and the ability of all to participate● Peer production works against
concentrated power — doesn’t require concentrated production structures and lowers barriers to entry
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Security theater and fear
● Access to facts mitigates fear and allows rational evaluation of responses
● Commons work against three previous threats that drive security theater and fear
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Can the success of the (digital) commons alter how we view
freedom and power generally?
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“The gate that has held the movements for equalization of human beings strictly in a dilemma between ineffectiveness and violence has now been opened. The reason is that we have shifted to a zero marginal cost world. As steel is replaced by software, more and more of the value in society becomes non-rivalrous: it can be held by many without costing anybody more than if it is held by a few.”
Eben Moglen
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“If we don’t want to live in a jungle, we must change our attitudes. We must start sending the message that a good citizen is one who cooperates when appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from others.”
Richard Stallman
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i.e., we can form collective intelligences instead of forced collectives ... and still “change
the world”
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Building the commons is key to achieving a good future
● Politicians and corporations are unimaginative ... they need to see solutions, or they react in fear
● A dominant commons makes many collective stupidity scenarios much less likely
● Beneficial collective intelligence needs universal access to culture, educational resources, research ... in machine-readable form
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License●
http://creativecomm
ons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Attribution
●
Author: Mike Linksvayer
●
Link: http://creativecomm
ons.org
Questions?
●
ml@
creativecomm
ons.org Detail of image by psd · Licensed under CC Attribution 2.0 · http://flickr.com/photos/psd/1805374441