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Causes of the Great
War
1st World War in history
•Great War or War to End all War
•Not called WWI until after WWII
•Total war
•Involved 60 nations and 6 continents
Influences of Spanish-American War
• US began to establish an international Empire
• Becoming an Industrial Power
• “Open Door Policy”
• Liberal Internationalism– Economic and Political Progress went hand in hand– “make the world safe for democracy”
Now Let’s Look at Some “isms”
NationalismNationalism•Countries proud of their
heritage and culture•Similar toSimilar to patriotismpatriotism
•Ethnic groups of similar heritage wanted to free their oppressed brethren and unite their people into one country•Germany wanted to expand its Germany wanted to expand its culture and political influence culture and political influence
throughout Europe.throughout Europe.
Aggressive NationalismAggressive Nationalism
ImperialismImperialism
•France, Great Britain, Germany and Russia were establishing
colonies in Africa and Asia
•economic and political control economic and political control over other countries……over other countries……
•these countries were in competition for colonies
Cartoon-European grab
bag
European nations competing for colonies around the world…..Imperialism
Cartoon-European grab
bag
Cartoon-European grab
bag
MilitarismMilitarism•European nations began
an arms race as they competed for colonies around the world……
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mill
ion
s
Militarism & Arms RaceMilitarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [[Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and
RussiaRussia] in millions of dollars.] in millions of dollars.
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into the 3the 3rdrd largest naval fleet in the world…. largest naval fleet in the world….
The Great White Fleet
AlliancesAlliances•European nations began forming military alliances with one another to maintain a balance of power balance of power
……..
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Triple EntenteTriple EntenteCentral PowersCentral Powers Allied PowersAllied Powers
Germany Great Britain Austria-Hungary Empire FranceOttoman Empire Russia
The Boiling Point Political Cartoon by Leonard Raven-HillA 1912 political cartoon published in Punch magazine shows the boiling
point of Balkan troubles
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family. Archduke
was heir to the throne in the Austrian Hungarian Empire. His assassination June 28,
1914 eventually led to WWI.
Garvillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist assassinated the
Archduke. He was trying to gain allowances for his fellow Serbs who
lived under Austrian rule.
Franz Ferdinand’s funeral procession
franz
alliances1
•Austrian-Hungarian Empire controlled
several ethic groups.
•Serbian nationalists wanted to untie Serbs
who lived in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire with Serbia.
•This led to the assassination of the
Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Sarajevo
1. June 28Assassination at Sarajevo
2. July 28Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
3. July 30Russia began mobilization
4. August 1Germany declared war on Russia
alliances1
alliances2
5. August 3Germany declared war on France
6. August 3Great Britain declared war on Germany
7. August 6Russia and Austria/Hungary at war.
8. August 12Great Britain declared war on Austria/Hungary
Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied PowersAllied PowersAllied Powers Central Central
PowersPowersCentral Central PowersPowers
Great Britain
France
Russia
Italy
Germany
Austrian-Hungarian Empire
Ottoman Empire
world map
Causes of WWI – MANIA!Militarism - policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war (ARMS RACE)
Alliances – agreements between nations to provide aid and protect on another
•European powers formed rival alliances to protect themselves
•PROBLEM: One event could drag all countries involved into a conflict
Assassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Imperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically.
Nationalism – extreme pride in one’s country
Three Phases which brought US Closer to War!!
• Discrimination against American shipping to Central Powers.– British Blockade– Credits and Loans
• $2 ½ billion to Allied Powers• Less than $300 million to Central Powers
– Exports• $2.75 billion to Allied Powers• $29 million to Central Powers
US tries to stay Neutral
• August 4, 1914 Wilson proclaims neutrality• “Impartial in thought as well as deed/action.”
Phase #2 Submarines
• U-Boats– Advantages– Problems– Wolf packs
•The Germans could not match Great Britain's
superior navy.•Germans introduced
unrestricted submarine warfare with U-Boats
•Germans warned the world they would sink any ship
they believed was carrying contraband to Great
Britain.
U-BoatsU-Boats
•By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied ships.
Two typesTwo types•small subs
with a crew of 24
•larger subs with a crew of
60
•44 by 1918
Lusitania ad
war zone
•May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the Lusitania which was British passenger liner.
•Germans believed it was carrying contraband (weapons)contraband (weapons) to the British.
•Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans. •U.S. and other countries outraged towards
Germany because of “unrestricted submarine “unrestricted submarine warfare”.warfare”.
•US believed the Germans had violated international lawinternational law of targeting civilians
Lusitania
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sURi21sJsWc
•After the sinking of the Lusitania, public opinion of most Americans was to go to war with Germany.
•Germany promised they would not sink anymore ships unless
warning them first and providing safety for civilians.
•BUT, President Wilson was able “keep us out of war” ….
Sinking of the Arabic Sept. 1, 1915
• British Liner- loss of 2 Americans
• Arabic Pledge--Germany would not sink any unarmed liners
Sussex Sunk: led to Sussex Pledge in March
24, 1916. Germany promised not to sink
anymore ships.war zone
X
Sussex Pledge
• Won’t sink any ships until Germany used adequate search & safety procedures
• Turning point in Wilson’s diplomacy
3rd Phase- Making World Safe forDemocracy
• In 1916, Wilson re-elected– “He kept us out of War”– 277 vs. 254
All-Out Submarine Warfare
• Kaiser Wilhelm- 1917
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliancealliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizonaterritory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The
details are left to you for settlement....
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak
of warZimmerman notes
Berlin, January 19, 1917Berlin, January 19, 1917 On the first of FebruaryFebruary we intend to
begin unrestricted submarine warfareunrestricted submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutralneutral the United
States of America.
Zimmerman code
Zimmerman code
zimmerman cartoon
When German submarines sank three American
merchant ships in March 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war.
Declaration of War
• April 2, 1917
• Senators- 82 for 6 against
• Representatives- 373 for 50 against