CausesType I1. Genetic SusceptibilityHeredity plays an important part in determining who is likely to develop type 1 diabetesHuman Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) genes that contain instructions for making proteins needed by the body to function well Some combinations of HLA gene variants will predict whether a person will be at higher risk for type 1 diabetes or will not be at risk Can help in identifying the potential targets for therapy and preventionType I2. Autoimmune Destruction of Beta ells! cells!hite blood cells that attack and destroy beta cells"ften Type 1 diabetes is not diagnosed until most beta cells have been destroyed#erson diagnosed need daily insulin treatmentImmune systems of people who are susceptible to developing Type 1 diabetes respond to insulin as if it was a foreign substance or antigenType I". #n$ironmental %actors$oods viruses and to%insThey trigger the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in people with a genetic susceptibility to diabetesType I&. 'iruses an( )nfections&ot caused by a virus on its own but during or after a viral infectionCo%sackievirus ' cytomegalovirus adenovirus rubella and mumpsThey might damage or destroy beta cells or trigger an autoimmune responseType I*. )nfant %ee(ing +ractices(ietary factors may raise or lower the risk'reastfed infants receiving )itamin ( supplements may have a reduced risk of developing Type 1 diabetesType II1. Genetic Susceptibility*enes play a signi+cant part in susceptibility to Type , diabetes*ene variants that have been discovered seem to a-ect the insulin production rather than insulin resistance!%,L2 . increase susceptibility to type , diabetesCan increase a person/s tendency to become overweight or obeseType II2. -besity an( +.ysical )nacti$ityStrongly associated with the development of Type , diabetesAn imbalance between caloric intake and physical activity can lead to obesity which causes insulin resistanceType IIentral -besityA person has e%cess abdominal fatA ma0or risk factor for insulin insurance Type , diabetes and heart and blood vessel disease 1C)(2The e%cess fat produces hormones and other substances that can cause harmful chronic e-ects in the body Type II". )nsulin /esistanceA common condition in people who are3"verweight or obeseHave e%cess abdominal fat#hysically inactive4uscle fat and liver cells stop responding properly to insulin forcing the pancreas to compensate by producing e%tra insulinType II!hen beta cells are able to produce enough insulin blood glucose levels stay in the normal range5!hen insulin production falters because of beta cell dysfunction glucose level riseThis leads to pre(iabetes or (iabetesType II&. Abnormal glucose pro(uction by t.e li$er&ormally the pancreas release the hormone glucagon when blood glucose and insulin levels are lowGlucagon . stimulates the liver to produce glucose and release it into the bloodstream!hen blood glucose and insulin levels are high glucagon levels drop and the liver stores e%cess glucoseType IIIn many people with diabetes glucagon levels stay higher than neededHigh glucagon levels cause the liver to produce unnecessary glucose contributing to the high blood glucose levels0etformin4ost commonly used drug to treat Type , diabetes6educed glucose production by the liver