Catalytic Converter used on automobiles in Europe: Converts CO, Hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen into Water, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen. Reduces the emissions of these harmful gases.

What is a Catalyst?

A Catalyst is a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself

being affected. Catalysts provide an alternative reaction mechanism with a lower activation energy.

Introduction to Catalysts Catalysts increase the rates

of both the forward and reverse reactions equally. Thus, they reduce the time to reach the equilibrium. They have no effect on either the yield of the reaction or the

equilibrium constants. Reaction with

Catalyst Vs. without Catalyst>>>

General Uses Of CatalystsMeat productsCatalytic Converters help reduce

pollutionAntibiotics “Biological” DetergentsManufacturing of PetroleumDifferent types of Motors (thrusters)

Recyclable Catalysts Replacing hazardous solvents

with water and being more efficient with resources are methods that chemists use to reduce the environmental impact of their reactions—a central goal of the ‘green chemistry’ movement. Yasuhiro Uozumi from the RIKEN Advanced Science Institute in Wako has developed recyclable catalysts that selectively generate chiral organic molecules in water, considered a nearly ideal green chemical process.

Goal: Improve quality of loading of reformer catalyst

Goal: Improve quality of loading of reformer catalyst

Tools: PETROVAL uses the UNIDENSE technology to load reformer tubes in ammonia, methanol and hydrogen plants. gives improved homogeneity and density, and shorter loading time, than pre-socked catalyst

Benefits: Quick loading No pre-socking required No or very little tube vibration Uniform dPs (PETROVAL

guarantees ±5%) No bridging or gaps in catalyst

inside the tubes

catalysts improve yields in petrochemical plants.

Types of CatalystsHomogeneous Catalysts

---Catalyst is in the same phase as reactants

---Increase rate of reaction caused by catalyst allowing for reaction to occur with alternative mechanism with lower activation energy

---Catalyst is consumed at one stage in the mechanism and reformed at a later stage

---Liquid Phase

*Source-Green Damji- Chemistry 2nd Edition p.241

Heterogeneous Catalysts---Catalyst is in different phase to

reactants---Catalyst provides reactive surface

where reaction can take place; reactants are absorbed onto the surface

---This process weakens the bonding in molecules and brings them into close contact; reaction occurs on the surface and the products are desorbed; this frees the surface for further reaction

---Solid/Gas Phase*Source-Green Damji- Chemistry 2nd

Edition p.241

HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS WORKFLOW

The Homogeneous Catalysis Workflow uses liquid and solid handling robotics, parallel pressure reactors, and standard analytical screens to study up to hundreds of reactions every day under different temperature/pressure conditions

Advantages and DisadvantagesHomogeneous

CatalystsAdvantages---all the catalyst is

exposed to the reactant, easily modified, reaction mechanisms are well understood by scientists, easy process of diffusion and heat transfer, well defined active site

Disadvantages--- can be difficult to remove from the products for reuse

Heterogeneous Catalysts

Advantages---easily removed from products by filtration, easily recycled

Disadvantages---only effective on the surface, reaction mechanisms are poorly understood in general, poorly defined active site

Low Temp. Oxidation Catalyst <<<Low Temperature

Oxidation Catalyst—reduces CO emissions as well as formaldehydes and other lightweight hydrocarbons

MODES OF ACTION Heterogeneous One or more of

reactants adsorbed(stick to surface) onto surface in the active site, Product molecules are desorbed, or break away.

Homogeneous Catalyst in same

phase as reactants transition metal

compounds as catalysts is convenient- their ability to change oxidation state-avoids problem of wrong collisions for reaction to occur

CatCart Immiscible phases

The CatCart® - created to make the process of hydrogenation easier and more efficient., steel tube packed with heterogeneous catalyst, filter system at both ends of tube allows liquid to pass through the column and prevents catalyst from leaking out

two immiscible aqueous-organic phases investigated for different organic transformations =the onium salt forms a distinct liquid phase which is catalyst-philic, and contains - or coats - the metal catalyst methods of catalyst separation and product recovery, as well as advantages on catalytic efficiency, have been demonstrated.

Factors that determine choice of catalystsselectivity (produce only the desired product)efficiencyability to work under mild/severe conditionsenvironmental impactproblems caused by catalysts becoming poisoned by impurities.

 

RTM is a low pressure moulding process, where a mixed resin and catalyst are injected into a closed mould containing a fibre pack or preform. When the resin has cured the mould can be opened and the finished component

removed. The Advantages and Benefits of using

RTM: Components will have good surface

finish on both sides Selective reinforcement and accurate

fibre management is achievable Ability to build-in fibre volume fraction

loadings up to 65% Uniformity of thickness and fibre loading,

resulting in uniform shrinkage Tooling costs comparatively low

compared to other manufacturing processes

Uses only low pressure injection Low volatile emission during processing Ability to produce near net shape

mouldings, reducing material wastage Process can be automated, resulting in

higher production rates with less scrap Ability to mould complex structural and

hollow shapes  

Bibliography of Photos http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/images/content/351625main_low-temp-ox-catalyst_516-387.gif  http://www.plastech.co.uk/Images/JEC%20RTM%20Diagram.jpg

http://www.vajdagroup.com/images/stories/industry/our%20offer/production/RTM_1.jpg  http://www.symyx.com/products/images/homogeneous_catalysis_4.jpg

http://www.thalesnano.com/files/image/products/catcarts.jpg  http://www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/images/figures/hi_3392.jpg  http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/function/conversions:/publish/content/innovations/innovation-award/2007/images/2007-catalysts-170x170.jpg

 http://www.petroval.fr/image/tubeloading_250.gif http://ene.web.psi.ch/Combustion/comchem/Fig1a.gif  http://www.unive.it/media/allegato/dipartimenti/Dip%20SA/Selva_image037.jpg  http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/Resources/Fact_Sheets/Key_Stage_4/Transport/images/06a.jpg

Other Sourceshttp://gcserevision101.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/energy-level-diagram-activation-energy.jpg

Green, Damji Chemistry: For Use With The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programmme

http://www.essortment.com/all/howenzymeswork_rkyf.htm

file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAMMYT~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/chemistry_hl_paper_2a.pdf

http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/examples/samplepapers/documents/gp4_chemistyhl3.pdf

http://web.uvic.ca/~mcindoe/423/homovshet.pdf

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/catalysis/introduction.html

THANKS YOU