Casey C. Grant, Research Director Fire Protection Research Foundation Quincy, Massachusetts USA F...
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Casey C. Grant, Research Director Fire Protection Research Foundation Quincy, Massachusetts USA F IRE H AZARDS IN T IMBER B UILDINGS AND THEIR N EED FOR
Casey C. Grant, Research Director Fire Protection Research
Foundation Quincy, Massachusetts USA F IRE H AZARDS IN T IMBER B
UILDINGS AND THEIR N EED FOR S PRINKLERS F IRE S PRINKLER I
NTERNATIONAL 2014 21 M AY 2014 L ONDON, E NGLAND
Slide 2
A GENDA 1) Overview and Background 2)Timber Building
Construction 3)Building Regulations for Timber 4)Timber Fire
Performance 5)Knowledge Gaps & Future Direction Fire Hazards in
Timber Buildings and their Need for Sprinklers
Slide 3
F IRE H AZARDS IN T IMBER B UILDINGS AND THEIR N EED FOR S
PRINKLERS 1) Overview and Background Focus of this presentation: o
Fire hazards o Timber buildings o Tall wood buildings Key focus:
Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings FPRF Report, Dec 2013
Report Author: Arup Phase 1 Study Available on FPRF Website
www.nfpa.org/foundation www.nfpa.org/foundation
Slide 4
FPRF P ROJECT B ACKGROUND Recent architectural trends include
design and construction of increasingly tall buildings with
structural components Using components of laminated wood referred
to by names such as: cross laminated timber (CLT), laminated strand
lumber (LSL) glued laminated timber (Glulam) Construction currently
underway on buildings up to 10 stories in Australia, Austria,
Canada and Norway Motivation includes sustainability and green
approach (use of renewable construction materials) Questions on
claims of safety exceeding other construction 1) Overview and
Background
Slide 5
FPRF P ROJECT O RIGIN AND D EVELOPMENT Need exists to clarify
building performance under credible fire scenarios. Questions on
characteristics (e.g., fire service operations, interior/exterior
flame spread, structural stability, fire exposure hazard, etc)
Project funded by PIRG Property Insurance Research Group Project
contractor was Arup Project started earlier in 2013 Phase 1
completed December 2013 1) Overview and Background
Slide 6
FPRF P ROJECT S COPE AND T ASKS Focus on buildings 6 stories
and greater Intent is to consider fire protection features that are
functioning, or are partially or fully impaired Objectives
(overall): Characterize the fire performance of tall wooden
structures. Define the necessary design and material requirements
to achieve a level of safety and property protection equal to or
above steel structures. Communicate the results to serve as a guide
for architects, engineers, and code officials. Phase 1 Task 1:
Literature Review Phase 1 Task 2: Gap Analysis 1) Overview and
Background
Slide 7
R EPORT : I NTRODUCTION 1.1) Phase 1 of the Fire Safety Study
1.2) Background 1.3) Context: Visions of Tall Timber 1.4)
Principles of Fire Safety 1.5) Timber Building Fundamentals 1.6)
Timber Fire Fundamentals 1) Overview and Background
Slide 8
R EPORT : T ASK 1 L ITERATURE R EVIEW 2.1) Overview 2.2)
Testing Data on Timber Structural Components in Fire 2.3) Ongoing
Research Studies 2.4) Review of Fire Incidents in Timber Structures
2.5) Review of Existing Design Guidelines 2.6) Global Case Studies
of High-Rise / Tall Timber Framed Buildings 1) Overview and
Background
Slide 9
R EPORT : T ASK 2 G AP A NALYSIS 3.1) Overview 3.2) Structural
and Non- Structural Component and Sub-System Fire Tests 3.3)
Compartment Fire Dynamics 3.4) Environment 3.5) Economics 3.6)
Society 3.7) Prioritization 1) Overview and Background
Slide 10
S UPPORTING I NFO : T ALL B UILDING F IRE P ROTECTION 1)
Overview and Background Report: High Rise Building Fires Fire Stats
on U.S. High Rise Buildings For 2007 through 2011
Slide 11
S UPPORTING I NFO : T ALL B UILDING F IRE P ROTECTION 1)
Overview and Background Annual average: 15,400 fires; 46 civilian
fatalities; 530 civilian injuries; $219M property damage Risk is
lower in high rise buildings Reason: higher levels of built-in fire
protection (e.g., fire resistive construction, sprinklers)
Slide 12
A GENDA 1) Overview and Background 2)Timber Building
Construction 3)Building Regulations for Timber 4)Timber Fire
Performance 5)Knowledge Gaps & Future Direction Fire Hazards in
Timber Buildings and their Need for Sprinklers
Slide 13
E XAMPLES OF F EATURES AND C HARACTERISTICS 2) Timber Building
Construction Heavy timber frame products - Engineered wood products
Glue laminated wood (Glulam) Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) Cross
Laminated Timber (CLT)
Slide 14
E XAMPLES OF F EATURES AND C HARACTERISTICS 2) Timber Building
Construction Heavy timber frame products - Composite wood products
Post-tensioned timber Timber-concrete composite
Slide 15
2) Timber Building Construction Heavy timber frame construction
- Panelized construction E XAMPLES OF F EATURES AND C
HARACTERISTICS
Slide 16
2) Timber Building Construction Historical examples E XAMPLES
OF E XISTING T IMBER B UILDINGS Yiangxian Pagoda, China, 1056 Urnes
Stakirke, Norway, 1132 Leckie Building, Vancouver, Canada,
1908
Slide 17
2) Timber Building Construction Contemporary examples - Post
and beam construction E XAMPLES OF E XISTING T IMBER B UILDINGS
Bullitt Center Seattle, WA 2013 Life Cycle Tower One Austria, 2012
Wood Innovation Design Centre Prince George, Canada, 2014
Slide 18
2) Timber Building Construction Contemporary examples -
Panelized construction E XAMPLES OF E XISTING T IMBER B UILDINGS
Via Cenni Milan, Italy 2013 Stadthaus London, UK 2009 Forte
Building Melbourne, Australia 2013
Slide 19
2) Timber Building Construction F EASIBILITY E XAMPLES OF T ALL
T IMBER B UILDINGS Timber Tower SOM, 2013 40-story office building
CEI Architecture, 2013 30-story high-rise Michael Green
Architecture, 2012
Slide 20
A GENDA 1) Overview and Background 2)Timber Building
Construction 3)Building Regulations for Timber 4)Timber Fire
Performance 5)Knowledge Gaps & Future Direction Fire Hazards in
Timber Buildings and their Need for Sprinklers
Slide 21
I NTERNATIONAL R EGULATIONS 3) Building Regulations for Timber
CountryApplicable Building Code Maximum # of Stories
SprinkleredUnsprinklered Australia2013 Building Code of Australia
(BCA)33 AustriaAustrian Building Codes8 (*72 feet)3 Canada 2010
National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) 43 Germany2012 Federal
Building Code8 (*59 feet)3 Sweden2013 Planning and Building Act82
United Kingdom 2010 Building Regulations5**4** * Indicates a height
limit in addition to a maximum story limit
Slide 22
U.S. R EGULATIONS 3) Building Regulations for Timber Applicable
Building Code Maximum # of Stories SprinkleredUnsprinklered 2013
International Building Code (IBC) 5*4* 2012 National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) 5000 6*5* * Number of heavy timber
stories permitted
Slide 23
A GENDA 1) Overview and Background 2)Timber Building
Construction 3)Building Regulations for Timber 4)Timber Fire
Performance 5)Knowledge Gaps & Future Direction Fire Hazards in
Timber Buildings and their Need for Sprinklers
Slide 24
C HARRING Well understood Predictable ~0.7mm/min (0.03 in/min)
4) Timber Fire Performance
Slide 25
E XAMPLES FROM L ITERATURE R EVIEW Timber Frame 2000 (TF 2000)
- Cardington, UK, 1999 - Fire resistance mid-rise timber building
4) Timber Fire Performance
Slide 26
E XAMPLES FROM L ITERATURE R EVIEW Natural fire testing, Frangi
and Fontana, 2005 - CLT structure - Sprinklered vs. non-sprinklered
- Exposed wood vs. gypsum lining 4) Timber Fire Performance Exposed
CLT Gypsum board lining Sprinkler protection
Slide 27
E XAMPLES FROM L ITERATURE R EVIEW Light timber assemblies -
Improved fire resistance with gypsum board layers and thickness -
Design equations (Just, Schmid and Konig, 2010) 4) Timber Fire
Performance
Slide 28
E XAMPLES FROM L ITERATURE R EVIEW CLT assemblies (Osborne,
Dagenais, Benichou, 2012) - Charring rate consistent with wood
(~0.7 mm/min [0.03 in/min]) - Predictable behavior - Improved
performance with gypsum board protection 4) Timber Fire
Performance
Slide 29
E XAMPLES FROM L ITERATURE R EVIEW Timber composite assemblies
(ONeill, 2012) - Fire performance based on testing - Up to 2-hour
ratings for assemblies 4) Timber Fire Performance
Slide 30
E XAMPLES FROM L ITERATURE R EVIEW Environmental impact of fire
protection (Wieczorek, Ditch & Bill 2010) - Tests demonstrate
the positive impact of sprinklers: o Reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions by 97.8% o Reduction in water usage between 50% and 91% o
Significant improvement in water runoff quality o Reduction in
fire-damaged contents 4) Timber Fire Performance
Slide 31
A GENDA 1) Overview and Background 2)Timber Building
Construction 3)Building Regulations for Timber 4)Timber Fire
Performance 5)Knowledge Gaps & Future Direction Fire Hazards in
Timber Buildings and their Need for Sprinklers
Slide 32
T OPICS BEING CONSIDERED System level testing e.g., with
exposed steel Wood contribution to compartment fire Composite
assemblies Connections Delamination Penetrations & firestopping
Economics Fire protection Life cycle costs Not being questioned at
this time: appropriate sprinkler design 5) Knowledge Gaps &
Future Direction
Slide 33
R ECOMMENDATIONS FOR F UTURE R ESEARCH 5) Knowledge Gaps &
Future Direction 1)Fire testing of new and innovative timber and
hybrid solutions; 2)Full-scale / large-scale fire testing of mock
up tall timber frames; 3)Natural fire testing in full-scale /
large-scale tall timber frames; 4)Economic analysis to quantify
construction, operation and costs of tall timber buildings; and
5)Emphasis on effective risk communication and education
Slide 34
B UILDINGS UNDER CONSTRUCTION Additional challenges 5)
Knowledge Gaps & Future Direction
Slide 35
Contact Information: One Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA USA
02169-7471 Phone: 617-984-7284 Email:
[email protected]@nfpa.org FPRF Website:
www.nfpa.org/foundation Casey Grant, P.E. Fire Protection Research
Foundation www.NFPA.org/Foundation