Case studies about Case studies about multiple use of water multiple use of water

from Colombiafrom Colombia

Case studies about Case studies about multiple use of water multiple use of water

from Colombiafrom Colombia

Cinara Institute – Universidad del ValleCinara Institute – Universidad del Valle

June 12June 12thth 2006 2006

MUS Project

ApproachApproach• Various community-level case studies

– Undergraduate students– Post graduate students– CINARA researchers

• Focussing on a range of topics, including technology, livelihoods, water use and financial aspects

• Analysis at household and water supply system level

MUS Project

Case studies locationCase studies location

La Palma – Tres Puertas water supply system (Restrepo)

Cajamarca and San Isidro water supply systems (Roldanillo)

Los Sainos microcatchment (El Dovio)

Water supply systems in settlemets located at El Chocho microcatchment: La Castilla, Montebello, Golondrinas, Campoalegre (Cali)

Suramérica

Colombia

Valle del Cauca

Settlement Population (inh)

Rainfall (mm/year)

Los Sainos 290

Cajamarca and San Isidro 700 1200

La Palma – Tres Puertas 1827 1070

La Castilla 1543 1300

Montebello 8821 1200

Golondrinas 2349 1238

Campoalegre 2685 1200

HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ANALYSISANALYSIS

HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ANALYSISANALYSIS

MUS Project

Households with agricultural activities

No 27%

Si 73%

Livelihoods (I)Livelihoods (I)

La Palma – Tres Puertas

Golondrinas

Montebello

Cajamarca

La Palma – Tres Puertas(Colombian goverment, 2005)

Households w ith productive activities

49%

82%95% 98%

15%5% 2%

48%

85%

52%

18%

51%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Montebello Golondrinas La Castilla La Palma -Tres Puertas

Los Sainos Cajamarca

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%)

Yes No

MUS Project

Livelihoods (II)Livelihoods (II)Cultivated area in homesteads

19%

5%

28% 29%

16%

3%

15%

24%

48%

12%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

< 100 101 - 1000 1001 - 5000 5001 - 10000 10001 - 50000 > 50000

Cultivated area (m2 )

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%)

La P alma - Tres P uertas

Cajamarca

Animals in homesteads

25%

59%

23%

13%

24%

9%

24% 25%24%

52%

3%9%

51%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Pigs Chickens Cow s Horses Others

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%)

La Palma - Tres Puertas

CajamarcaLa Castilla

MUS Project

Livelihoods (III)Livelihoods (III)Pigs

74%

18%

3% 5%

25%

13%

63%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

1 - 5 6 - 15 16 - 30 31 - 100

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%)

La Palma - Tres Puertas

CajamarcaDistribution of the number of animals per household

Cows

54%

31%

6% 9%

67%

33%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%

1 - 5 6 - 15 16 - 30 31 - 100

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%)

La Palma - Tres Puertas Cajamarca

Chickens

37%

46%

12%

1% 3%6%

35% 35%

24%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

1 - 5 6 - 15 16 - 30 31 - 100 > 100

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%)

La Palma - Tres Puertas Cajamarca

Horses

95%

5%

100%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1 - 5 6 - 15

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%)

La Palma - Tres Puertas

Cajamarca

MUS Project

Livelihoods (IV)Livelihoods (IV)

Gender distribution in breeding animals (La Palma - Tres Puertas)

50%

19%

75% 75%

47%

78%

17% 20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Pigs Chickens Cow s Horses

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%)

MenWomen

Gender distribution in cultivation (La Palma - Tres Puertas)

55%

75%

48%42% 39%

11%

28%

14% 15%

4%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Coffe Pineapple Beans Corn Vegetables

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%)

Men Women

MUS Project

Livelihoods (V)Livelihoods (V)

Percentage of the income which depends of the acces to water

38% 38%

61%

6%3%

30%

12%12%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

Ns / Nr 0 - 40 40 - 80 80 - 100

Range (%)

Ho

useh

old

s (

%)

Cajamarca

La Palma - Tres Puertas

Average monthly income

0

12%

7% 9%6%

15%

3% 3% 1% 03%

15%12%

15%

21%

0

10%

25%

40%

3%0%5%

10%

15%20%25%30%

35%40%45%

Ns/Nr 0 - 80 80 - 160 160 - 240 240 - 320 320 - 400 400 - 600 600 - 800 > 800

Income (US$)

Ho

useh

old

s (

%) Cajamarca

La Palma - Tres Puertas

MUS Project

What does the law say?What does the law say?• There are different categories of users

(Res. 1096 / 2000, RAS):– Domestic– Commercial– Industrial– Institutional– Public

• But, where does small-scale productive use fit in?

MUS Project

Sources of WaterSources of Water

“Multiple uses

NOT

Multiple sources”

Water for domestic uses

1% 5%

91%

9%

99%94%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Watersupplysystem

Rainw ater Springs Bottledw ater

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%) La Castilla

GolondrinasLa Palma - Tres Puertas

Water for washing, cleaning and sanitation

95%

5%2% 1%

98%98%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Watersupplysystem

Rainw ater Springs Gray w ater

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%) La Castilla

GolondrinasLa Palma - Tres Puertas

Water for keeping animales

97%

2% 1%

100%96%

4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Water supplysystem

Rainw ater Springs

Ho

use

ho

lds

(%) La Castilla

GolondrinasLa Palma - Tres Puertas

Water for crop production

75%

2% 4%

77%

23%34%

59%

4% 3%

19%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

Watersupplysystem

Rainfed Springs Gray water

House

hold

s (%

)

La Castilla

Golondrinas

La Palma - Tres Puertas

MUS Project

• The sources for water supply systems are groundwater and surface water. Just in exceptional cases rainwater or seawater could be used. (Res. 1096 de 2000, RAS)

• Rainwater could be used when there are no other sources. It is necessary to ensure sufficient quantity of water according the complexity level of the system (Res. 1096 de 2000, RAS)

What does the law say?What does the law say?

MUS Project

Water consumptionWater consumptionTotal water consumption

67%

20%

6% 7%

72%

13%7% 8%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

150 - 250 251 - 350 351 - 450 > 450

Consumption (lpcd)

La CastillaLa Palma - Tres Puertas

The average water

consumption for all uses over all

cases

“213 lpcd”

MUS Project

Water consumption (II)Water consumption (II)

Use Mín Prom. Máx.

Toilet 9 13 20

Washing dishes 4 11 17

Cooking and drinking 2 4 13

Taking shower 7 12 15

Washing hands and teeth 0 2 6

Washing clothes 12 27 54

Cleaning house 2 4 11

Total 36 73 135

Water for domestic use (Los Sainos) (lpcd)

“Just around 6 lpcd need to ensure drinking water quality”

MUS Project

What does the law say?What does the law say?

• The quantity of water necessary to satisfy all basic needs of one person is (Res. 1096/2000, RAS):

• 100 – 150 lpcd (< 2500 inh.)• 120 – 175 lpcd (2500 – 12500 inh.)

• In places with population higher than 12500 inhabitants water can be used for any use and there is no maximum water allocation

MUS Project

Those are causes to cancel the water service (Dec. 302 de 2000 ):

• Use of the service for an activity which is not considered in the contract with the service provider

• Make connections between pipes of the water supply system with other sources of water

What does the law say?What does the law say?

SYSTEM LEVEL SYSTEM LEVEL ANALYSISANALYSIS

SYSTEM LEVEL SYSTEM LEVEL ANALYSISANALYSIS

MUS Project

Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

La Castilla

Cajamarca Montebello

La Palma – Tres Puertas

MUS Project

Quantity and ContinuityQuantity and Continuity

Water supply system Users Quantity (lpcd)Continuity

(%)

Villa del Rosario 46 601 100

Las Palmas 116 676 100

Cajamarca 136 4756 * 100

La Palma - Tres Puertas 404 329 10

Golondrinas 490 317 17

Campoalegre 537 169 25

Montebello 1650 109 4

* Water supply system + Irrigation system

MUS Project

QualityQualityWater

supplysystem pH

Colour (UPC)

Turbidity

(UNT)

Alkalinity

(mg/l)

Faecal Coliforms

(UFC/100ml)

La Castilla 6,8   1,1 17 0

Golondrinas 7.65 20.75 11.78 92.58 0

Montebello 7.31 5.87 3.47 79.43 520

Campoalegre 7.91 13.28 4.95 113.64 10.8

Las Palmas 7.34 41.42 20.28 85.37 159.67

El Pinar 7.19 2.9 2.61 96.1 27

Villa del Rosario 7.52 5.15 3.31 89.8 0

Lomitas 7.82 3.33 3.55 88.4 12.67

Cajamarca 7.6 10 4.4 21 1120

Los Sainos 7.5   4.8   68

Act. 475/ 98 6.5 - 9 < 15 < 5 0 – 100 0

Just 20% of the systems evaluated supply drinking water to people, although 60% of them have treatment plants or desinfection

MUS Project

What does the law say?What does the law say?• In places where multiple uses exist, the quality

criteria for the water source are the most restrictive between the different standards for all the uses considered. (Act. 1594/1984)

• Water for human consumption has to attain quality criteria set by Act. 475 / 1998 (Res. 1096 de 2000, RAS)

• Settlements less than 12500 inhabitants have to make two times a week test of: pH, color, odor, suspended solids, turbidity, nitrate, chloride, sulfate, total iron, hardness and free residual chlorine, when it is used for disinfection. (Act. 475/1998)

MUS Project

TariffsTariffsWater supply

systemTariffs

(US$/month/hh)Default rate

(%)

Villa del Rosario 1.1 High

La Palma - Tres Puertas 1.2 High

Golondrinas 2.8 25

Montebello 3.1 30

Campoalegre 3.6 50

Las Palmas 1.8 - 9.3 5

Cajamarca 1.9 - 22.9 7

Systems which have higher and differential tariffs have smaller default rates

MUS Project

TariffsTariffs

Tariff ($US/month/subs.)

Households (%)

Tariff ($US/month/subs.)

Susbcriber (%)

1.8 14% 6.0 2%

2.0 37% 6.4 4%

2.6 1% 8.6 1%

2.8 7% 8.8 2%

3.0 10% 9.0 1%

3.2 8% 9.2 1%

4.4 2% 9.6 2%

4.6 1% 10.8 1%

4.8 2% 11.0 2%

5.2 1% 18.0 1%

5.6 1% 22.0 1%

Bills are delivered every three months, they recognize as default rate when people have not paid two bills, they considered this period reasonable for people who have their income from agricultural activities. The default rate in this system is 7%. Everybody consider as “fair” the water service tariff.

Block tariff system in CajamarcaBlock tariff system in Cajamarca

There are 22 different tariff levels, depending on:

• Homestead area

• Wealthy

• Livestock activities at

homestead

• Having lakes at homestead

MUS Project

What does the law say?What does the law say?

• Tariffs has to include a consumption charge, fixed charge, connection charge, reconnection charge and reinstallation charge. It is allowed to apply interests for default rate. (Law 142 / 1994)

MUS Project

Conclusions and Conclusions and questionsquestions

• In Colombia existing legislation to design, manage and operate rural water supply systems, does not recognize the multiple water needs of rural people

MUS Project

Conclusions and Conclusions and questions (II)questions (II)

The typical needs of water in a poor rural Colombian family could be:

– Water for domestic uses– Water to irrigate during the dry season a cultivated

area until 10000 m2

– Water to keep 10 chicken, 2 pigs, 2 cows, 1 dog and 1 cat

• The amount required for all those uses would be around 250 lpcd – but less if water were used more efficiently

• Should we use this as the new parameter, or have a flexible range in design?

MUS Project

Conclusions and Conclusions and questions (III)questions (III)

• It is important to use multiple (alternative) sources for multiple uses in designing water systems

• However, many water professionals lack skills and understanding about this

MUS Project

Conclusions and Conclusions and questions (IV)questions (IV)

• The water quality standards for water supply systems in rural areas need to be more flexible, based on the different uses at the household level

• Community level treatment often has poor performance

• Could household treatment be an alternative?

MUS Project

Conclusions (V)Conclusions (V)

• Official tariff regulations are difficult to apply in rural areas

• There are successful systems, where community have set their tariff models by themselves, with excellent results in terms of financial sustainability

• How to use local criteria in tariff regulations?

MUS Project