CartographyCartographyMaps and MapmakingMaps and Mapmaking

Maps are an important tool for Maps are an important tool for understanding and navigating the understanding and navigating the

world around usworld around us

Defining CartographyDefining Cartography

• From Greek  From Greek  khartēskhartēs, "map, "map““ and   and  grapheingraphein, , "write"write““

• It It is the science and study of making mapsis the science and study of making maps

• It has been an integral part of the human It has been an integral part of the human story for a long time, possibly up to 8,000 story for a long time, possibly up to 8,000 years.years.

Why is it important?Why is it important?

To communicate To communicate geographic information geographic information in a graphic form as a in a graphic form as a digital image digital image or a or a paper map paper map

To understand oneTo understand one’’s surroundings and s surroundings and locationlocation

GGraphics raphics are are better than better than a a description description —’A picture tells a thousand words’ —’A picture tells a thousand words’

Maps are DIFFERENTMaps are DIFFERENT

Cartographers create maps for Cartographers create maps for specific purposesspecific purposes

Maps represent the context in which Maps represent the context in which they were created.they were created.• time, place, culture, and regions time, place, culture, and regions

Map ProjectionsMap Projections

RobinsonRobinson GlobularGlobular MercatorMercator MollweideMollweide Hammer equal-areaHammer equal-area

Robinson ProjectionRobinson Projection

Pro: -size and location of main landmasses-curve of planet-easy to measure distance N/S

Con: -Poles are distorted-Longitude lines do not intersect-Antarctic disproportionate (too large)

Globular ProjectionGlobular Projection

Pro: -proper display of poles (South)-Longitude lines intersect at Pole -Proper Antarctic size

Con: -Only shows half of Globe-”squeezes” land masses and makes them look smaller (S.A.)

Mercator ProjectionMercator Projection

Pro: -Easy to identify location (flat surface)-Easy to move around especially on the water (this map is used for shipping)-commonly seen in most classrooms (familiarity)

Con: -Poles are distorted-Longitude lines do not intersect-cuts off landmasses (Greenland)

Mollweide ProjectionMollweide Projection

Pro: -most accurate for location-size of oceans are accurate-doesn’t distort size of poles

Con: -hard to measure anything-visually “cut-up”-Landmasses split

Hammer Equal-area ProjectionHammer Equal-area Projection

Pro: -more accurate “look”-curve of planet-doesn’t distort landmasses size or location

Con: -Latitude lines aren’t parallel-appearance all land is on one side of globe

Why DIFFERENT?Why DIFFERENT?

The way a map looks depends on the The way a map looks depends on the perspective of the cartographer perspective of the cartographer creating it and the perspective of the creating it and the perspective of the viewerviewer

When it was made, where it was When it was made, where it was made, for what purpose, and with made, for what purpose, and with what tools all affect the outcome of a what tools all affect the outcome of a map map

Mapping ToolsMapping ToolsMapping in the western world has undergone

six major phases: Manual Magnetic (compass -12th century) Mechanical (Mechanical Printing Press-16th

century) Optical (telescope 17th century) Photochemical (Photography-19th century) Electronics (computers, GPS, GIS, 1950-

present)

The first mapsThe first maps The first known map was The first known map was

created in 2300 B.C.E. by the created in 2300 B.C.E. by the Babylonians, living in what is Babylonians, living in what is now modern day Iraq, and now modern day Iraq, and was scratched on a clay was scratched on a clay tablet. This map shows a tablet. This map shows a representation of the world.representation of the world.

By the 500s B.C.E., Greece By the 500s B.C.E., Greece was the center of scientific was the center of scientific study and learning in the study and learning in the ancient world.ancient world.

Most people at that time Most people at that time thought that the Earth was thought that the Earth was flat. The Greeks, however, flat. The Greeks, however, described a round Earth.described a round Earth.

The Middle Ages: 400-1450The Middle Ages: 400-1450 Religion is more important Religion is more important

than science. than science.

The center of Christian The center of Christian faith was Jerusalem, so faith was Jerusalem, so that city often was the that city often was the center of a world map.center of a world map.

Road maps-showing the route Road maps-showing the route to holy places.to holy places.

Portolan maps-maps for Portolan maps-maps for navigators.navigators.

The T-O map was common. In this map format, Jerusalem was depicted at the center and east was oriented toward the top of the map instead of true north.

All maps were, of course, drawn and illustrated by hand, which made the distribution of maps extremely limited.

Year circa 1300 ACE

Year circa 1450 ACE

Year circa 1050 ACE

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Historic voyage in 1492 to chart a Historic voyage in 1492 to chart a

western trade route to Asia from western trade route to Asia from Spain.Spain.

Columbus used PtolemyColumbus used Ptolemy’’s s inaccurate maps to cross what inaccurate maps to cross what was then thought to be a small was then thought to be a small ocean.ocean.

As we know he never found Asia. As we know he never found Asia. Instead he ran into what is now Instead he ran into what is now known as the Americaknown as the America’’ss

The maps that were created from The maps that were created from his voyages, changed the world his voyages, changed the world forever.forever.

The invention of printing made maps much more widely available beginning in the 15th century. Maps were at first printed using carved wooden blocks.

Post Columbus world view

Gerardus Mercator of Flanders (now Belgium) was the leading cartographer of the mid-16th century. He developed a cylindrical projection that is still widely used for navigation charts and global maps. He published a map of the world in 1569 based on this projection. Many other map projections were soon developed.

1500’s

Polar View

1694 Map

The Modern AtlasThe Modern Atlas

As a result of countless As a result of countless explorations, the modern explorations, the modern Atlas was developed.Atlas was developed.

An atlas is a book containing An atlas is a book containing maps of the world, named maps of the world, named after the giant in Greek after the giant in Greek Mythology who held the Mythology who held the world on his shoulders.world on his shoulders.

Geography as we know it Geography as we know it today, centers around the today, centers around the use of an Atlas.use of an Atlas.

AstrolabeAstrolabe The Greeks invented the The Greeks invented the

astrolabe in the second astrolabe in the second century B.C.century B.C.

It is a flat metal ring It is a flat metal ring marked off in degrees, with marked off in degrees, with a rotating bar in the center.a rotating bar in the center.

It was used to measure the It was used to measure the altitude of stars, planets, altitude of stars, planets, and the sun.and the sun.

From these measurements From these measurements it was possible to establish it was possible to establish latitude.latitude.

Cross StaffCross Staff Like an astrolabe, the cross staff measured Like an astrolabe, the cross staff measured

altitude, by looking at the sun and altitude, by looking at the sun and establishing latitude.establishing latitude.

consisting essentially of a wooden rod with consisting essentially of a wooden rod with one or more perpendicular crosspieces free one or more perpendicular crosspieces free to slide along the main rodto slide along the main rod

Navigators preferred using a cross staff Navigators preferred using a cross staff because it was much easier to use on a because it was much easier to use on a rolling ship.rolling ship.

Although it was easier to use, it became Although it was easier to use, it became very unpopular after many navigators very unpopular after many navigators became blind from staring at the sun too became blind from staring at the sun too long.long.

SextantSextant In 1757 a new tool called In 1757 a new tool called

a sextant was introduced.a sextant was introduced.

The sextant derived its The sextant derived its name from the fact that it name from the fact that it could measure up to sixty could measure up to sixty degrees.degrees.

An instrument used to An instrument used to determine the position of determine the position of a ship or airplane by a ship or airplane by measuring the positions of measuring the positions of the stars and sun.the stars and sun.

CompassCompass A magnetic needle A magnetic needle

mounted on what is mounted on what is known as a compass roseknown as a compass rose

Because of the earthBecause of the earth’’s s magnetic fields, the magnetic fields, the compass always points compass always points NorthNorth

Aiding explorers in Aiding explorers in navigationnavigation

Considered the greatest Considered the greatest invention in the world of invention in the world of explorationexploration

The Birth of Modern Mapmaking-The Birth of Modern Mapmaking-SurveyingSurveying

Surveying- the science and art of determining the relative Surveying- the science and art of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earthpositions of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth

New techniques in France in the late 1700sNew techniques in France in the late 1700s

greatly improved the art of mapmaking.greatly improved the art of mapmaking.

By measuring angles and distances between various points, By measuring angles and distances between various points, surveyors can plot a picture of the part of the Earth they are surveyors can plot a picture of the part of the Earth they are studying.studying.

They can learn its shape, size and position.They can learn its shape, size and position.

Based on the new art of surveying, an accurate map of the planet Based on the new art of surveying, an accurate map of the planet was finally developed in 1791.was finally developed in 1791.

Mapmaking Has Changed the Mapmaking Has Changed the WorldWorld

Surveying has lead to many Surveying has lead to many new types of maps over new types of maps over time:time:

Accurate maps of citiesAccurate maps of cities

Accurate maps of roadsAccurate maps of roads

Accurate maps for traveling Accurate maps for traveling on the oceanon the ocean

Even in the air…..such as…..Even in the air…..such as…..

AERONAUTICAL MAPAERONAUTICAL MAP

The Future of MapmakingThe Future of Mapmaking

SonarSonar A new device known as Sonar was A new device known as Sonar was

invented during World War II.invented during World War II.

Sonar involves the use of sound Sonar involves the use of sound waves to detect objects.waves to detect objects.

A sound wave is sent to an object, A sound wave is sent to an object, and the time it takes to return and the time it takes to return determines distance.determines distance.

In relation to sonar, we are talking In relation to sonar, we are talking about water depth.about water depth.

Many consider the ocean to be the Many consider the ocean to be the last great frontier.last great frontier.

The use of sonar has lead to very The use of sonar has lead to very accurate maps of our oceans and accurate maps of our oceans and

waterways.waterways.

SatellitesSatellites Satellite: manmade instrument Satellite: manmade instrument

placed in orbit around the earth placed in orbit around the earth or moon or another planet in or moon or another planet in order to collect information or for order to collect information or for communication. communication.

The first satellite was launched The first satellite was launched into space in 1957 by the former into space in 1957 by the former Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

Satellites send signals to track Satellites send signals to track locationlocation• Global Positioning System Global Positioning System

(GPS) (GPS)

GPS

Global Positioning System Global Positioning System • a navigational system involving satellites and a navigational system involving satellites and

computers that can determine the latitude computers that can determine the latitude and longitude of a receiver (device) on Earth and longitude of a receiver (device) on Earth by computing the time difference for signals by computing the time difference for signals from different satellites to reach the receiverfrom different satellites to reach the receiver

• a navigational system that uses signals from a navigational system that uses signals from satellites to tell you where you are and to satellites to tell you where you are and to give you directions to other placesgive you directions to other places

GISGIS

A geographic information system (GIS) A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.referenced information.

It digitally makes and "manipulates" spatial It digitally makes and "manipulates" spatial areas areas

GIS plays an important roleGIS plays an important role

GIS allows us to view data in many ways that GIS allows us to view data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts.form of maps, globes, reports, and charts.

Police and fire departments may use GISs to Police and fire departments may use GISs to locate landmarks and hazards, plot destinations, locate landmarks and hazards, plot destinations, and design emergency routes.and design emergency routes.

CAMCAM

Computer Aided Mapping: Software Computer Aided Mapping: Software with the capability of generating with the capability of generating standard mapping functions.  In standard mapping functions.  In contrast to GIS, it can not analyze or contrast to GIS, it can not analyze or process a database.process a database.

The Future of MapmakingThe Future of Mapmaking

Satellite Imagery

Data gathered from satellites provides Data gathered from satellites provides 44 distinct types of distinct types of MapsMaps

Topographical Map: Shows elevation and contour

Resource Map: Location of natural resources, rivers, lakes, etc

Place Map: Shows location (road or city)

Movement Map of Beijing China

Weather Map: Shows weather fronts, temperature trends, etc

Physical MapsPhysical Maps

Show what the land itself looks like, Show what the land itself looks like, identifying physical features such as identifying physical features such as mountain ranges and rivers.mountain ranges and rivers.

These maps use different colors to These maps use different colors to represent different elevations of land. represent different elevations of land.

Physical Map of USAPhysical Map of USA

Political MapPolitical Map

Show how an area is divided into Show how an area is divided into countries, states, provinces or other countries, states, provinces or other units.units.

This maps use different colors to This maps use different colors to represent countries, and capital represent countries, and capital cities are often shown with a special cities are often shown with a special star symbol. star symbol.

Political Map of India

Distribution Map of Rhino’s in Africa

Distribution maps- show where something can be found

Special-Purpose MapSpecial-Purpose Map A general purpose map gives you location A general purpose map gives you location

of various places and uses traditional of various places and uses traditional symbols. symbols.

A special purpose map focuses on a A special purpose map focuses on a certain detail. For example: topography, certain detail. For example: topography, climate or district. climate or district.

A special purpose map is one made for a A special purpose map is one made for a specific need, such as showing waterways specific need, such as showing waterways or railroads or bike paths.or railroads or bike paths.

Special-Purpose Map: Special-Purpose Map: Fire EcologyFire Ecology

EvaluationEvaluation In your best words, describe what a map means to In your best words, describe what a map means to

you. you.

Name different types of maps you may come across. Name different types of maps you may come across.

What is a compass used for? A legend? What is a compass used for? A legend?

Why are maps important?Why are maps important?

Who designs maps? How do you think this is done?Who designs maps? How do you think this is done?