WEL=COME

Production technology

of carrot and

radishPresented by:-Kuldeep garwa

Botanical Name : Daucus carota Family : Umbelliferae Centre of origin : Europe Pollination system : Cross pollinated Chromosome no : 2n=18

Carrot

It is an annual or biennial herb with an erect and much branched stem , 30 to 120 cm tall arising from a thick fleshy taproot,5 - 30 cm long bearing flowers borne in umbels.

The main carrot growing states are Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.

Haryana is leading producer of carrot in India followed by Andhra Pradesh.

Introduction

Total area in India-62220 Ha Total production in India-1.15MT

Haryana-Area-18870 Ha Production-0.36MT

Rajasthan-Area-1120 Ha Production-4260T

Principle Nutrient Value Percentage of RDA

Energy 41 Kcal 2%

Carbohydrates 9.58 g 7%

Protein 0.93 g 1.5%

Total Fat 0.24 g 1%

Cholesterol 0 mg 0%

Dietary Fiber 2.8 g 7%

Vitamins

Folates 19 µg 5%

Niacin 0.983 mg 6%

Pantothenic acid 0.273 mg 5.5%

Pyridoxine 0.138 mg 10%

Riboflavin 0.058 mg 4%

Thiamin 0.066 mg 6%

Vitamin A 16706 IU 557%

Vitamin C 5.9 mg 10%

Vitamin K 13.2 µg 11%

Carrots (Daucus carota), Fresh, raw, Nutrition value per 100 g.(Source: USDA National Nutrient data base)

Soil : Carrots grows well drained, deep, loose, sandy loam soils

rich in humus and having a pH 5.5-7.0. Soils free of clods are preferred for smooth straight roots. Compared to sandy soils, carrots grown on heavy soils

tend be more rough and coarse as the soil compaction affects root growth and length.

Very loose or highly compact soils are detrimental to growth of roots.

Climate : Carrot is a cool season crop growing under a wide range

of rainfall. A temperature range of 7- 230C is considered optimum

for seed germination while for better root growth 18 - 230C is ideal.

Very high or low temperature is not conducive for proper development of roots.

At higher temperatures, the roots become shorter, thicker and non-juicy while at lower temperatures (10° to 15°C), they become longer and develop poor color.

Land Preparation The land should be thoroughly ploughed so that the clods

do not interfere with the root development. Well decomposed FYM (25 t/ha) is mixed at the time of

land preparation. Application of fresh undecomposed FYM should be avoided as it leads to forking of the fleshy roots.

Season of Planting The crop is sown during January- February, June- July and

October November. In the mild climate carrot can be grown almost all the year

round except few summer months. For regular supply of fresh and tender roots, the sowing

should be staggered and done at 15 or 20 days interval. The seed rate of5-6 kg/ha is recommended.

Method of Planting Carrot is a usually grown on ridge to facilitate good root

development. The seeds are dibbled at 1.5 cm depth at a spacing of 30 x

8 cm. For enhancing germination, the seeds are soaked in water

for 12-24 hours before sowing.

Manure & Fertilizer The fertilizer dose depends upon the fertility of soil and

amount of organic manure applied to the crop. For a good yield, 25 t/ ha of well-decomposed FYM is

incorporated into the soil.

Generally, application of 100kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O is recommended for optimum yield.

Intercultural Operations Intercultural operations like weeding and hoeing are

necessary to check the weed growth and provide soil aeration.

Hoeing not only checks weeds but also facilitates soil aeration.

Earthing up of roots along with weeding is done to prevent exposure of roots to atmosphere and consequent discoloration.

Irrigation Irrigation is given immediately after sowing. Depending upon the planting season and the available soil

moisture, carrots may be irrigated at 10-12 days interval during winter and 5-6 days interval during summer.

Irrigation should be discontinued 2-3 weeks before harvesting to increase the sweetness and taste of the carrots.

Exotic Varieties USA-Processing purpose Red Cored Chantenay, Danvers Half Long, Imperator. New Zealand-Akaroa Long Red, Spring Market

Improved, Wanganui Giant Japan-Suko Belgium-Belgian White France-Chantenay, Nantes, Oxheart, Touchon Australia-Red Elephant, Western Red, Yellow Netherlands-Early Horn

Harvesting The edible roots become ready for harvesting in about

100-120 days depending on the variety. A light irrigation may be given a day before harvesting to

facilitate lifting of roots. Crop is harvested manually by uprooting individual plant. Carrots for processing purpose are left in the ground for a

longer period. After harvesting the green tops are cut and the carrots are

separated and washed.Yield Generally, Asiatic types yield 25-30 t/ha whereas

European types yield 10-15 t/ha.

Grading : Carrots are graded according to their size,

diameter or length. The carrot should ideally, be of uniform and

similar shape for the variety, well formed, smooth, firm but of tender texture.

It should also be free from harvest damage, decay, disease or insects.

Post Harvest Technology

Packaging : Carrots are packed in baskets or gunny bags before sending

to market. These are sometimes marketed along with their tops to

indicate freshness. Storage : Temperature is the most important factor affecting the

storage of carrots. Carrots can be stored for 3-4 days under ambient conditions. However in cold storage, topped carrots can be stored at

temperatures of 0 - 4.4°C with 93-98% relative humidity for 6 months.

Untopped carrots can be stored only for 10-14 days at 0°C.

Botanical Name : Raphanus sativus Family : Cruciferae Centre of origin : Mediterranean region Pollination system : Cross pollinated Chromosome no : 2n=18

Radish

It is an annual or biennial herb having rosette leaves and bearing a swollen root which is the economic part.

The main radish growing states are West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab and Assam.

West Bengal is leading producer of radish in India followed by Haryana.

Introduction

Total area in India-0.16MHa Total production in India-2.28MT

West Bengal-Area-40490ha Production-0.49MT

Rajasthan-Area-640ha Production-2560

Principle Nutrient Value Percentage of RDA

Energy 16 Kcal 1%

Carbohydrates 3.40 g 3%

Protein 0.68 g 1%

Total Fat 0.10 g <1%

Cholesterol 0 mg 0%

Dietary Fiber 1.6 g 4%

Vitamins

Folates 25 µg 6%

Niacin 0.254 mg 1.5%

Pyridoxine 0.071 mg 5.5%

Riboflavin 0.039 mg 3%

Vitamin A 7 IU <1%

Vitamin C 14.8 mg 25%

Vitamin E 0 mg 9%

Vitamin K 1.3 µg 1%

Radish (Raphanus sativus), Fresh, raw,Nutrition Value per 100 g, (Source: USDA National

Nutrient data base)

Soil: Radish is ideally grown on light, friable sandy-loam

soils which are rich in humus and having a pH range between 6.0-7.0.

Heavy soils should be avoided as they produce rough, malformed roots with number of small fibrous laterals.

Climate: Radish is very specific in its climatic

requirements especially, temperature. Radish is predominantly suited to a cool or

moderate climate. A long day as well as high temperature results

in boltings before proper root development. Also, the roots become hard, pithy and

pungent before reaching maturity. It develops best flavour, texture and size at

cooler temperatures between 10-150 C.

Land preparation : The land should be thoroughly ploughed so that the clods

do not interfere with the root development. Well decomposed FYM (15-20 t/ha) is mixed at the time

of land preparation. Application of fresh undecomposed FYM should be

avoided as it leads to forking of the fleshy roots.

Season of Planting : The crop is sown during winter from September to

January, in the plains from 1st September-1 st December and in the hills from June September.

In the mild climate of peninsular India, radish can be grown almost all the year round except few summer months.

The best sowing time in South India is from April to June.

Method of Planting : For regular supply of fresh and tender roots, the sowing

should be staggered and done at 15 or 20 days interval. The seed rate of 10-12 kg/ha is recommended. Radish is a usually grown on ridge to facilitate good root

development. The seeds of tropical varieties are sown at a spacing of

45 x 8 cm while a spacing of 20-30 x 8 cm is recommended for temperate varieties.

Manuring & Fertilization The fertilizer dose depends upon the fertility of soil and

amount of organic manure applied to the crop. For a good yield, 15-20 tonnes of well-decomposed FYM

is incorporated into the soil. Generally, application of 50-100 kg N, 100kg P2O5 and 50

kg K2O is recommended for optimum yield. Half dose of N and full dose of P and K is given at the

time of planting. The balance half of N is given 30 days after planting.

Intercultural Operations Intercultural operations like weeding and hoeing are

necessary to check the weed growth and provide soil aeration for better growth and yield.

During rainy season, two weddings are required to keep the growth of weeds under check.

In radish, the growing roots tend to push out of the soil surface.

Therefore, earthing up and weeding during the early stages of growth are necessary for proper development of quality roots.

Irrigation The irrigation cycle depends upon season, type of soil and

amount of organic matter present in soil. The first irrigation is given immediately after sowing. Depending upon the planting season and the available soil

moisture, radish may be irrigated at 10-12 days interval during winter and 5-6 days interval during summer.

Asiatic Types or tropical types : Pusa Desi:-It is a subtropical cultivar, suitable for sowing

from middle of August to October in the northern plains. Pusa Chetki:-This variety has wider adaptability and can

tolerate high temperature. Pusa Reshmi:- Suitable for early sowing from mid-

September to mid-November but it can tolerate slightly higher temperature.

Japanese White:-Suitable for growing between October- December in the plains and July September

in the hills. Crop matures in 60-65 days.

Varieties

Punjab Safed:-Suitable for sowing in September-October. It is a quick growing type with free of forking, roots remaining edible for 10 days after attaining full size.

Kalianpur No. 1 Roots 20-23 cm long, white with green shoulder. Nadauni Roots are long, light pink, popular in Himachal Pradesh. Arka Nishant Roots are long, marble white, resistant to pithiness and pre-

mature bolting.

Contd…

European types or temperate types : The skin is pure white, the flesh is crisp and sweet-

flavoured with mild pungency. It is the only variety, which can be grown throughout the

year in the hills except for winter months from November-January.

White Icicle It is a medium short European table variety, which matures

in 25-30 days. Pusa Himani Suitable for kitchen garden.

Harvesting The edible roots become ready for harvesting in about 25-60

days depending on the variety. The temperate types reach harvest maturity 25-30 days after

seed sowing while tropical varieties require longer period. At the time of harvest, the roots should not be pithy or solid. Crop is harvested manually by uprooting individual plant. A light irrigation may be given a day before harvesting to

facilitate lifting of roots. Yield The average yield of Asiatic cultivars ranged between 25-30

t/ha in 40-60 days while the temperate varieties yield 15-20 t/ha in 35-40 days.

Grading Harvested roots are washed and graded according to size

and tied into bunches along with the tops. The radish should ideally, be of uniform and similar shape

for the variety, well formed, smooth, firm but of tender texture.

It should also be free from harvest damage, decay, disease or insects.

Bunched radish tops should be fresh in appearance and turgid.

Post Harvest Technology

Packaging Normally the produce is sent to the market loose or

sometimes it is packed in gunny bags. Storage Radish cannot be stored at room temperature for more

than 2-3 days. However in cold storage, topped radish if packed in

polybag with few holes for aeration, can be stored at 0OC with 90-95 % relative humidity for about 2 months.

THE END