Carrie Moran - Drexel University Information Technologycem325/docs/th.doc · Web viewIntroduction 3. Purpose and scope 3. Usage guide 4. Hierarchical display of terms 6. Alphabetical

Kayaking Thesaurus Carrie Moran

INFO622

TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction..........................................................................................................................3Purpose and scope..............................................................................................................3Usage guide.........................................................................................................................4Hierarchical display of terms................................................................................................6Alphabetical display of terms...............................................................................................8References........................................................................................................................... 24Appendix.............................................................................................................................. 25

2Kayaking Thesaurus

INTRODUCTION

Kayaks are narrow, lightweight boats that are operated by one or more paddlers. Kayaks

were invented by the native inhabitants of the Arctic region over four thousand years ago

(Hamilton). Kayaks were initially used for the basic elements of living: work, gathering food, and

socializing with distant friends and relatives. Kayaks were an important part of the early Arctic

societies, and their use has remained important in the culture of Arctic peoples today. Over time,

the use of kayaks has developed popularity as a recreational sporting activity.

Kayaking began to gain popularity in Europe in the mid-1800’s, and kayaking became an

Olympic sport in 1936 (Bryant). Kayaking is an activity that can be enjoyed in almost any body of

water, and can be undertaken by people of all skill levels. There are many different types of

kayaks designed for different environments, skill levels, and uses. Kayakers also make use of a

variety of accessories depending on what type of kayaking they are performing. Kayakers must

learn different types of strokes and maneuvers depending upon what environment they will be in.

Fortunately, the new kayaker does not need to learn all of this information; however, the kayaking

enthusiast would need to know a wealth of information in order to operate safely.

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

People around the world are using kayaks every day. Kayaking has become a popular

recreational activity and an Olympic-level sport. This thesaurus was created to give kayakers of

all skill levels a controlled vocabulary to use when seeking information about kayaking. This

thesaurus will also be useful to researchers engaged in research about the historical use of

kayaks, and can be used to index images, videos and other non-textual information. This

thesaurus was developed through the study of several instructional kayaking books, articles and

guides. This thesaurus is limited to a basic view of the types and uses of kayaks, the

environments in which kayaks are used, and some of the basic accessories and navigational

techniques used in kayaking.

The thesaurus can be used to index a variety of information. The thesaurus can be

applied to books, articles and other printed materials. It can be used to index photographs, videos

3Kayaking Thesaurus

and other non-textual materials. It can be used to create a directory of kayaking facilities, popular

kayaking locations, and maps of kayaking routes. This thesaurus is intended to be used by

people interested in kayaking as a sport, as a recreational activity, and from a historical

perspective as a vital part of the Arctic community.

USAGE GUIDE

The terms in this thesaurus are arranged according to the standards in the NISO

Standard Z39.19-2003. The terms are listed using two different methods: hierarchical and

alphabetical. The first word in each term is capitalized, with any secondary/tertiary words being

non-capitalized. The hierarchical display is provided to display the terms according to their

semantic relationships. The hierarchy lists broad terms, which are then broken down into

narrower terms according to facets of the original broad terms. The facets in this thesaurus are

displayed as bracketed terms in italics, for example:

Kayaks<kayaks by material>

FiberglassGel-coatKevlarRotomoldSkin on FrameWooden

In this example, Kayaks is the broad term and <kayaks by material> is the facet underneath

which narrower kayak terms are listed.

This display is used to indicate the parent-child relationship between sets of terms, and to

help the user refine their search using ever more specific sets of terms. The alphabetical display

also makes use of these relationships, but lists the terms independently of any semantic

structure. The alphabetical display contains a scope note describing the intended usage of the

term, along with information about terms with direct relationships to the original term. The

following list explains the meanings of the abbreviations used in the alphabetical display:

SN scope note; a brief definition of the term used to clarify the meaning of the term within the thesaurus

UF use for; lists the non-preferred terms that are synonymous with the index term

4Kayaking Thesaurus

NT narrower term; a more specific term than the listed term

BT broader term; a more general term than the listed term

RT related term; a term related to the listed term or within the same broader term facet

USE directs the user from a non-preferred term to a preferred term

5Kayaking Thesaurus

HIERARCHICAL DISPLAY OF TERMS

Accessories

Navigational aids CompassesGlobal positioning systemsPaddlesTide tablesTopographic maps

Protective equipmentDry suitsHelmetsPersonal flotation devicesSpray skirts

Storage Dry bagsHatches

Kayaks<kayaks by material>

FiberglassGel-coatKevlarRotomoldSkin on FrameWooden kayaks

<kayaks by type>Arctic kayaksFolding kayaksInflatable kayaksSit-on-top kayaksTandem kayaks

<kayaks by usage>Recreational kayaksSea kayaksSurf kayaksWhitewater kayaks

Kayak partsBowsChinesCockpitsHullsRockersRuddersSterns

NavigationLanding

6Kayaking Thesaurus

LaunchingPaddling

Draw strokesForward strokesForward sweep strokesHigh bracesLow bracesPaddle bracesReverse strokesReverse sweep strokesSpin turns

PilotingBearingsLines of positionRanges

WaterCurrentsTides

<water by type>LakesRivers

Whitewater<rivers by type>

Class IClass IIClass IIIClass IVClass VClass VI

Seas

7Kayaking Thesaurus

ALPHABETICAL DISPLAY OF TERMS

180 degree turnsUSE Spin turns

AccessoriesSN Supplementary items used when kayakingUF Attachments

Add-onsNT Navigational aids

Protective equipmentStorage

RT Kayak parts

Arctic kayaksSN The boats that all kayaks today are based on. These kayaks were originally

made by the Inuits who lived in northern North America or by people in Siberia.BT KayaksRT Folding kayaks

Inflatable kayaksSit-on-top kayaksTandem kayaks

AttachmentsUSE Accessories

Add-onsUSE Accessories

BacksUSE Sterns

Backward strokesUSE Reverse strokes

BagsUSE Dry bags

BearingsSN The compass directions in which a paddler is headingBT PilotingRT Compasses

Lines of positionRanges

Blow-up kayaksUSE Inflatable kayaks

BoatsUSE Kayaks

BottomsUSE Hulls

Bows

8Kayaking Thesaurus

SN The front of a kayakUF FrontBT Kayak partsRT Chines

CockpitsHullsRockersRuddersSterns

ChinesSN The curve between the sides and the bottom of the kayakUF CurvesBT Kayak partsRT Bows

CockpitsHullsRockersRuddersSterns

Class ISN Easy, fast moving water with little to no obstaclesBT WhitewaterRT Class II

Class IIIClass IVClass VClass VI

Class IISN Novice, straightforward rapids with easily avoidable obstaclesBT WhitewaterRT Class I

Class IIIClass IVClass VClass VI

Class IIISN Intermediate, moderate rapids that may require complex maneuversBT WhitewaterRT Class I

Class IIClass IVClass VClass VI

Class IVSN Advanced, intense rapids that require complex maneuversBT WhitewaterRT Class I

Class IIClass IIIClass V

9Kayaking Thesaurus

Class VI

Class VSN Expert, long and possibly violent rapids where rescue may be difficultBT WhitewaterRT Class I

Class IIClass IIIClass IVClass VI

Class VISN Extreme, rapids with a very high level of dangerBT WhitewaterRT Class I

Class IIClass IIIClass IVClass V

CoatingUSE Gel-coat

CockpitsSN The openings in a kayak’s deck where the paddler sitsUF Openings

SeatsBT Kayak partsRT Bows

ChinesHullsRockersRuddersSpray skirtsSterns

Collapsible kayaksUSE Folding kayaks

CompartmentsUSE Hatches

CompassesSN A type of device used to determine geographic locationBT Navigational aidsRT Bearings

Global positioning systemsPaddlesTide tablesTopographic maps

CreeksUSE Rivers

CurrentsSN The movements of water in large or fast-moving bodies of water

10Kayaking Thesaurus

UF Rip currentsBT WaterRT Rivers

SeasTides

CurvesUSE Chines

DisembarkingUSE Landing

Double kayaksUSE Tandem kayaks

Draw strokesSN A stroke designed to move the kayak sidewaysBT PaddlingRT Forward strokes

Forward sweep strokesHigh bracesLow bracesPaddle bracesReverse strokesReverse sweep strokesSpin turns

Dry bagsSN Waterproof bags used to store gearUF Bags

Storage bagsBT StorageRT Hatches

Dry suitsSN A waterproof garment with watertight seals at the neck, wrist, and anklesBT Protective equipmentRT Helmets

Personal flotation devicesSpray skirts

FiberglassSN A kayak constructed with fiberglassBT KayaksRT Gel-coat

KevlarRotomoldSkin on frameWooden

Folding kayaksSN A kayak with a collapsible frame made of some combination of wood, aluminum

and plastic, and a skin made of a tough fabric with a waterproof coatingUF Collapsible kayaksBT KayaksRT Arctic kayaks


Inflatable kayaksSit-on-top kayaksTandem kayaks

Foot pedalsUSE Rudders

Forward strokesSN A stroke where the paddler begins by reaching forwardBT PaddlingRT Draw strokes

Forward sweep strokesHigh bracesLow bracesPaddle bracesReverse strokesReverse sweep strokesSpin turns

Forward sweep strokesSN A stroke where the paddler begins by reaching forward and drags the paddle 180

degrees from bow to sternBT PaddlingRT Draw strokes

Forward strokesHigh bracesLow bracesPaddle bracesReverse strokesReverse sweep strokesSpin turns

FrontUSE Bows

Gel-coatSN The abrasion-resistant outer layer in a molded fiberglass-and-resin kayakUF CoatingBT KayaksRT Fiberglass

KevlarRotomoldSkin on frameWooden kayaks

Global positioning systemsSN Electronic devices that use satellite technology to aid in navigationUF GPSBT Navigational aidsRT Compasses

PaddlesTide tablesTopographic maps

GPSUSE Global positioning systems


HatchesSN Covered openings in kayaks used for storageUF Compartments

HoldsStorage areas

BT StorageRT Dry Bags

HelmetsSN Any of various protective head coverings usually made of a hard material to

resist impactBT Protective equipmentRT Dry suits

Personal flotation devicesSpray skirts

High bracesSN A technique used to prevent capsizing that requires the paddler to hold the

paddle at shoulder heightBT PaddlingRT Draw strokes

Forward strokesForward sweep strokesLow bracesPaddle bracesReverse strokesReverse sweep strokesSpin turns

HoldsUSE Hatches

HullsSN The bottom of a kayakUF BottomsBT Kayak partsRT Bows

ChinesCockpitsRockersRuddersSterns

Inflatable kayaksSN A kayak designed to be inflated and deflated that does not have a rigid frameUF Blow-up kayaksBT KayaksRT Arctic kayaks

Folding kayaksSit-on-top kayaksTandem kayaks

Kayak componentsUSE Kayak parts


Kayak featuresUSE Kayak parts

Kayak partsSN The features that make up a kayakUF Kayak components

Kayak featuresKayak sections

NT BowsChinesCockpitsHullsRockersRuddersSterns

BT KayaksRT Accessories

Kayak sectionsUSE Kayak parts

KayaksSN Non-motorized boats operated by paddlers using one two-sided paddle eachUF BoatsNT Arctic kayaks

FiberglassFolding kayaksGel-coatInflatable kayaksKevlarRecreational kayaksRotomoldSea kayaksSit-on-top kayaksSkin on frameSurf kayaksTandem kayaksWhitewater kayaksWooden kayaks

KevlarSN A kayak constructed with KevlarBT KayaksRT Fiberglass

Gel-coatRotomoldSkin on frameWooden kayaks

LakesSN Large bodies of standing waterBT WaterRT Tides

RiversSeas


LandingSN The act of stopping a kayak at a point where the paddler can exit the kayakUF DisembarkingBT NavigationRT Launching

PaddlingPiloting

LaunchingSN The act of setting the kayak in motion in a body of waterUF Take off

Taking offBT NavigationRT Landing

PaddlingPiloting

Life jacketsUSE Personal flotation devices

Life vestsUSE Personal flotation devices

Lines of positionSN A range on which a paddler is locatedBT PilotingRT Bearings

Ranges

Low bracesSN A technique used to prevent capsizing that requires the paddler to hold the

paddle at deck heightBT PaddlingRT Draw strokes

Forward strokesForward sweep strokesHigh bracesPaddle bracesReverse strokesReverse sweep strokesSpin turns

MapsUSE Topographic maps

NavigationSN The act of directing the kayak to a chosen destinationNT Landing

LaunchingPaddlingPiloting

RT Navigational aids

Navigational aidsSN Tools used to aid the paddler in navigation


UF Nautical aidsNT Compasses

Global positioning systemsPaddlesTide tablesTopographic maps

BT AccessoriesRT Navigation

Protective equipmentStorage

Nautical aidsUSE Navigational aids

OarsUSE Paddles

Ocean kayaksUSE Sea kayaks

OceansUSE Seas

OpeningsUSE Cockpits

Paddle bracesSN Techniques used to regain stability in a kayakUF Paddle stopsBT PaddlingRT Draw strokes

Forward strokesForward sweep strokesHigh bracesLow bracesReverse strokesReverse sweep strokesSpin turns

PaddlesSN Implements that have a long handle and a broad flattened blade and that are

used to propel and steer a kayakUF OarsBT Navigational aidsRT Compasses

Global positioning systemsPaddlingTide tablesTopographic maps

PaddlingSN The act of using a paddleUF RowingNT Draw strokes

Forward strokesForward sweep strokes


High bracesLow bracesPaddle bracesReverse strokesReverse sweep strokesSpin turns

BT NavigationRT Landing

LaunchingPiloting

Personal flotation devicesSN A foam-filled vest worn for flotationUF Life jackets

Life vestsPFDs

BT Protective equipmentRT Dry suits

HelmetsSpray skirts

PFDsUSE Personal flotation devices

PilotingSN The act of moving a kayak in an intended directionUF SteeringNT Bearings

Lines of positionRanges

BT NavigationRT Landing

LaunchingPaddling

PlasticUSE Rotomold

Protective gearUSE Protective equipment

Protective equipmentSN Items used to protect the paddlerUF Protective gear

Safety equipmentSafety gear

NT Dry suitsHelmetsPersonal flotation devicesSpray skirts

BT AccessoriesRT Navigational aids

Storage

RangesSN A line through two fixed points used in piloting


BT PilotingRT Bearings

Lines of position

RapidsUSE Whitewater

Recreational kayaksSN Kayaks used for recreational purposes such as paddling in calm waters and

fishingUF Touring kayaksBT KayaksRT Sea kayaks

Surf kayaksWhitewater kayaks

RearsUSE Sterns

Reverse strokesSN A stroke where the paddler begins by reaching backwardUF Backward strokesBT PaddlingRT Draw strokes

Forward strokesForward sweep strokesHigh bracesLow bracesPaddle bracesReverse sweep strokesSpin turns

Reverse sweep strokesSN A stroke where the paddler begins by reaching backward and drags the paddle

180 degrees from stern to bowBT PaddlingRT Draw strokes

Forward strokesForward sweep strokesHigh bracesLow bracesPaddle bracesReverse strokesSpin turns

Rip currentsUSE Currents

RiversSN Bodies of water that are flowing in one directionUF Creeks

StreamsNT WhitewaterBT WaterRT Currents

Tides


LakesSeasWhitewater kayaks

RockersSN The lengthwise curvature of the kayakBT Kayak partsRT Bows

ChinesCockpitsHullsRuddersSterns

Rotationally molded plasticUSE Rotomold

RotomoldSN A kayak constructed with rotationally molded plasticUF Plastic

Rotationally molded plasticBT KayaksRT Fiberglass

Gel-coatKevlarSkin on frameWooden kayaks

RowingUSE Paddling

RuddersSN Flat-bladed steering apparatuses controlled by a pair of foot pedalsUF Foot pedals

TillersBT Kayak partsRT Bows

ChinesCockpitsHullsRockersSterns

Safety equipmentUSE Protective equipment

Safety gearUSE Protective equipment

Sea kayaksSN Kayaks designed for operation in an ocean environmentUF Ocean kayaksBT KayaksRT Recreational kayaks

SeasSurf kayaks


Whitewater kayaks

SeasSN Large bodies of salt waterUF OceansBT WaterRT Currents

TidesLakesRiversSea kayaksSurf kayaks

SeatsUSE Cockpits

Sit-on-top kayaksSN Kayaks designed for the paddler to sit on top of the kayakBT KayaksRT Arctic kayaks

Folding kayaksInflatable kayaksTandem kayaks

Skin on frame SN Kayaks with wooden or aluminum frames that are covered by a layer of seal skin,

canvas or nylonBT KayaksRT Fiberglass

Gel-coatKevlarRotomoldWooden kayaks

Spin turnsSN Maneuvers designed to turn the kayak 180 degrees in a quick fashionUF 180 Degree turnsBT PaddlingRT Draw strokes

Forward strokesForward sweep strokesHigh bracesLow bracesPaddle bracesReverse strokesReverse sweep strokes

Spray skirtsSN Garments that form a water resistant seal between the paddler and the lip of the

kayak’s cockpitBT Protective equipmentRT Cockpits

Dry SuitsHelmetsPersonal flotation devices


SteeringUSE Piloting

SternsSN The rear of the kayakUF Backs

RearsBT Kayak PartsRT Bows

ChinesCockpitsHullsRockersRudders

StorageSN A space or place for storingUF StowageNT Dry bags

HatchesBT AccessoriesRT Navigational aids

Protective equipment

Storage bagsUSE Dry bags

StowageUSE Storage

StreamsUSE Rivers

Surfing kayaksUSE Surf kayaks

Surf kayaksSN Kayaks designed for maneuvering in ocean wavesUF Surfing kayaksBT KayaksRT Recreational kayaks

Sea kayaksSeasWhitewater kayaks

Take offUSE Launching

Taking offUSE Launching

Tandem kayaksSN Kayaks designed for use by two paddlersUF Double kayaks

Two-person kayaksTwo-seater kayaks


BT KayaksRT Arctic kayaks

Folding kayaksInflatable kayaksSit-on-top kayaks

Tide chartsUSE Tide tables

Tide tablesSN Charts indicating the times and heights of tides in a body of waterUF Tide chartsBT Navigational aidsRT Compasses

Global positioning systemsPaddlesTopographic maps

TidesSN The gravitational effect of the moon and sun that creates a constantly changing

topography in moving bodies of waterBT WaterRT Currents

LakesRiversSeas

TillersUSE Rudders

Topographic mapsSN Maps detailing environmental features of a body of waterUF MapsBT Navigational aidsRT Compasses

Global positioning systemsPaddlesTide tables

Touring kayaksUSE Recreational kayaks

Two-person kayaksUSE Tandem kayaks

Two-seater kayaksUSE Tandem kayaks

WaterSN The liquid contained within all bodies of waterNT Currents

TidesLakesRiversSeas


Whitewater kayaksSN Kayaks designed for traversing white water rapidsBT KayaksRT Recreational kayaks

RiversSea kayaksSurf kayaksWhitewater

WhitewaterSN Frothy waterUF RapidsNT Class I

Class IIClass IIIClass IVClass VClass VI

BT RiversRT Whitewater Kayaks

Wooden kayaksSN Kayaks constructed with wooden materialsBT KayaksRT Fiberglass

Gel-coatKevlarRotomoldSkin on Frame


References

Bryant, C.W. (2008). How Kayaking Works. HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved from http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/water-sports/kayaking.htm

Graf, M. (2004). White-Water kayaking. Minnesota: Capstone Press.

Hamilton, A. (2006). Made in Anglesey, paddled in the Arctic: the Inuits' plastic kayak rules the waves. The Times. Retrieved from http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1264660.ece

Heath, J.D., & Arima, E. (2004). Eastern Arctic kayaks: History, design, technique. Alaska: University of Alaska Press.

Stuhaug, D. (2000). Sit-on-top kayaking. Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press.

Wyatt, J.M. (2005). Basic essentials sea kayaking. Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press.


Appendix

The following bibliographic database entries describe resources that kayaking enthusiasts and researchers might search for. Included are existing sources in the following formats: book, article, website, photo, and video.

Title: Kayak: The New FrontierAuthor: Nealy, William Publisher: Menasha Ridge PressPublication Date: 2007Abstract/description: A graphic novel style manual of intermediate and advanced techniques used in whitewater kayaking. Subject terms: Paddling, Piloting, Whitewater, Whitewater kayaks,

Title: Good Health; Kayaking. (Magazine Desk)Author: Blakeslee, SandraPublisher: The New York Times MagazinePublication Date: 24 Apr. 1994URL: http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T004&prodId=AONE&docId=A174427014&source=gale&srcprod=AONE&userGroupName=drexel_main&version=1.0Abstract/description: The author describes her experiences in learning how to kayak for health benefits. Subject terms: Kayaks, Navigation, Spray skirts, Recreational kayaks, Seas

Title: Ocean KayaksPublisher: Johnson Outdoors Watercraft Inc.Publication Date: 2010URL: http://www.oceankayak.com/Abstract/description: A website devoted to ocean kayaks, focusing on kayaks manufactured by the Ocean Kayaks company. The website also offers information on kayaking basics, and how to choose a kayak. Subject terms: Kayak parts, Sea kayaks, Tandem kayaks, Seas

Title: Wooden KayaksURL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/start/154150230/Abstract/description: A photo of two wooden kayaks taken in Victoria, BC. Subject terms: Tandem kayaks, Wooden kayaks

Title: How to Kayak: How to do a Forward Stroke while KayakingAuthor: Cowie, Janet BurnettPublisher: www.kayaklesson.comPublication Date: October 24, 2008URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZyWohPcER4Abstract/description: A video that teaches paddlers how to do a forward stroke. Subject terms: Forward strokes, Rivers, Whitewater kayaks


=======================================================I certify that:

This paper/project/exam is entirely my own work.

I have not quoted the words of any other person from a printed source or a website without indicating what has been quoted and providing an appropriate citation.

I have not submitted this paper / project to satisfy the requirements of any other course.

Name: _Carrie Moran_

Date: ________November 28, 2010___________
