Cardiovascular System Final Module

8/6/2019 Cardiovascular System Final Module

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Your heart and circulatory system make up your cardiovascular system. Your heart works as apump that pushes blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of your body. Blood delivers oxygen and

nutrients to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and waste products made by those cells.

Blood is carried from your heart to the rest of your body through a complex network of arteries,arterioles, and capillaries. Blood is returned to your heart through venules and veins. If all thevessels of this network in your body were laid end-to-end, they would extend for about 60,000

miles (more than 96,500 kilometers), which is far enough to circle the earth more than twice!

The one-way circulatory system carries blood to all parts of your body. This process of bloodflow within your body is called circulation. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from your

heart, and veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart.

In pulmonary circulation, though, the roles are switched. It is the pulmonary artery that bringsoxygen-poor blood into your lungs and the pulmonary vein that brings oxygen-rich blood back to

your heart.

In the diagram, the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood are colored red, and the vessels that

carry oxygen-poor blood are colored blue.

Twenty major arteries make a path through your tissues, where they branch into smaller vesselscalled arterioles. Arterioles further branch into capillaries, the true deliverers of oxygen and

nutrients to your cells. Most capillaries are thinner than a hair. In fact, many are so tiny, only oneblood cell can move through them at a time. Once the capillaries deliver oxygen and nutrients

and pick up carbon dioxide and other waste, they move the blood back through wider vesselscalled venules. Venules eventually join to form veins, which deliver the blood back to your heart

to pick up oxygen.

Blood

The circulatory system is the route by which the cells in your body get the oxygen and nutrients

they need, but blood is the actual carrier of the oxygen and nutrients. Blood is made mostly of plasma, which is a yellowish liquid that is 90% water. But in addition to the water, plasma

contains salts, sugar (glucose), and other substances. And, most important, plasma contains proteins that carry important nutrients to the bodys cells and strengthen the bodys immune

system so it can fight off infection.

The average man has between 10 and 12 pints of blood in his body. The average woman hasbetween 8 and 9 pints. To give you an idea of how much blood that is, 8 pints is equal to 1 gallon

(think of a gallon of milk).

What is blood?

Blood is actually a tissue. It is thick because it is made up of a variety of cells, each having a

different job. In fact, blood is actually about 80% water and 20% solid.


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We know that blood is made mostly of plasma. But there are 3 main types of blood cells thatcirculate with the plasma:

y Platelets, which help the blood to clot.Clotting stops the blood from flowing out of

the body when a vein or artery is broken.Platelets are also called thrombocytes.y Red blood cells, which carry oxygen. Of the

3 types of blood cells, red blood cells are themost plentiful. In fact, a healthy adult has

about 35 trillion of them. The body createsthese cells at a rate of about 2.4 million a

second, and they each have a life span ofabout 120 days. Red blood cells are also

called erythrocytes.y White blood cells, which ward off infection.

These cells, which come in many shapes andsizes, are vital to the immune system. When

the body is fighting off infection, it makes them in ever-increasing numbers. Still,compared to the number of red blood cells in the body, the number of white blood cells is

low. Most healthy adults have about 700 times as many red blood cells as white ones.White blood cells are also called leukocytes.

Blood also contains hormones, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and gases.

What does blood do?

Blood carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to the bodys cells. Italso carries away carbon dioxide and all of the waste products that the body does not need. (The

kidneys filter and clean the blood.) Blood also

y Helps keep your body at the right temperaturey Carries hormones to the bodys cellsy Sends antibodies to fight infectiony Contains clotting factors to help the blood to clot and the bodys tissues to heal

Blood types

There are 4 different blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Genes that you inherit from your parents (1from your mother and 1 from your father) determine your blood type.

Blood is always being made by the cells inside your bones, so your body can usually replace any

blood lost through small cuts or wounds. But when a lot of blood is lost through large wounds, ithas to be replaced through a blood transfusion (blood donated by other people). In bloodtransfusions, the donor and recipient blood types must be compatible. People with type O blood


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are called universal donors, because they can donate blood to anyone, but they can only receive atransfusion from other people with type O blood.

Blood tests and cardiovascular conditions

A complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most common blood tests. It is usually done as partof a routine checkup and can help detect a number of blood disorders, such as anemia, infections,clotting problems, blood cancers, and immune system problems. A CBC test measures many

different parts of your blood, including the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, andplatelets. It also measures the hemoglobin (iron) levels in your blood and your hematocrit, which

is how much space your red blood cells take up in your blood. Another part of a CBC test is themean corpuscular volume, which is a measure of the average size of your red blood cells.

Specific blood tests can be performed to see if there is a problem with your heart, lungs, or bloodvessels.

y Cardiac enzyme tests, which measure the cardiac enzyme levels in the blood. Certainenzymes will be present if the heart muscle (myocardium) has been damaged by a heartattack, because damaged heart cells release these enzymes into the blood. The mostcommon cardiac enzyme that is released is creatine kinase.

y Troponin tests, which measure the amount of troponin (a type of protein) in the blood.Troponin affects how the heart muscle contracts. If there are high levels of troponin in the

blood (troponin T or troponin I), there is most likely damage to the heart muscle. Theamount of troponin released into the blood correlates with the degree of damage to the

heart muscle.y Arterial blood gas studies, which measure how well the blood is being oxygenated in the

lungs.y Lipoprotein (cholesterol) profile, which measures how much fat or lipid is in the blood.y

Blood cultures, which can be used to determine if there are microorganisms (like the bacteria that causes endocarditis) in the bodys system. After the blood is drawn, it is

placed on a culture, which helps the bacteria grow. The bacteria is then analyzed todetermine what type it is and what medicines can be used to kill it.

y Blood clotting tests, which measure the bloods ability to clot. Clotting stops the bloodfrom flowing out of the body when a vein or artery is broken.


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Heart Anatomy

The heart weighs between 7 and 15 ounces (200to 425 grams) and is a little larger than the size

of your fist. By the end of a long life, a person'sheart may have beat (expanded and contracted)

more than 3.5 billion times. In fact, each day,the average heart beats 100,000 times, pumping

about 2,000 gallons (7,571 liters) of blood

Your heart is located between your lungs in the

middle of your chest, behind and slightly to theleft of your breastbone (sternum). A double-layered membrane called the pericardium

surrounds your heart like a sac. The outer layerof the pericardium surrounds the roots of your heart's major blood vessels and is attached by

ligaments to your spinal column, diaphragm, and other parts of your body. The inner layer of the pericardium is attached to the heart muscle. A coating of fluid separates the two layers of

membrane, letting the heart move as it beats, yet still be attached to your body.

Your heart has 4 chambers. The upper chambers are called the left and right atria, and the lowerchambers are called the left and right ventricles. A wall of muscle called the septum separates the

left and right atria and the left and right ventricles. The left ventricle is the largest and strongestchamber in your heart. The left ventricle's chamber walls are only about a half-inch thick, but

they have enough force to push blood through the aortic valve and into your body.

The Heart Valves

our types of valves regulate blood flow through your heart:

y The tricuspid valve regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.y The pulmonary valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary

arteries, which carry blood to your lungs to pick up oxygen.

y The mitral valve lets oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass from the left atrium intothe left ventricle.

y The aortic valve opens the way for oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle intothe aorta, your body's largest artery, where it is delivered to the rest of your body.


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The Conduction System

Electrical impulses from your heart muscle (the myocardium) cause your heart to contract. Thiselectrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node, located at the top of the right atrium. The SA

node is sometimes called the heart's "natural pacemaker." An electrical impulse from this natural

pacemaker travels through the muscle fibers of the atria and ventricles, causing them to contract.Although the SA node sends electrical impulses at a certain rate, your heart rate may still changedepending on physical demands, stress, or hormonal factors.

Your heart and circulatory system make up your cardiovascular system. Your heart works as a

pump that pushesblood to the organs, tissues, and cells of your body. Blood delivers oxygen andnutrients to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and waste products made by those cells.

Blood is carried from your heart to the rest of your body through a complex network of arteries,arterioles, and capillaries. Blood is returned to your heart through venules and veins. If all the

vessels of this network in your body were laid end-to-end, they would extend for about 60,000miles (more than 96,500 kilometers), which is far enough to circle the earth more than twice!

Electrical impulses from your heart muscle (the

myocardium) cause your heart to beat(contract). This electrical signal begins in the

sinoatrial (SA) node, located at the top of theright atrium. The SA node is sometimes called

the heart's "natural pacemaker." When anelectrical impulse is released from this natural

pacemaker, it causes the atria to contract. Thesignal then passes through the atrioventricular

(AV) node. The AV node checks the signal andsends it through the muscle fibers of the

ventricles, causing them to contract.

The SA node sends electrical impulses at a certain rate, but your heart rate may still changedepending on physical demands, stress, or hormonal factors.


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The Coronary Arteries

Coronary Circulation

The heart muscle, like every other organ ortissue in your body, needs oxygen-rich blood to

survive. Blood is supplied to the heart by its ownvascular system, called coronary circulation.

The aorta (the main blood supplier to the body)

branches off into two main coronary bloodvessels (also called arteries). These coronary

arteries branch off into smaller arteries, whichsupply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart

muscle.

The right coronary artery supplies blood mainly to the right side of the heart. The right side of

the heart is smaller because it pumps blood only to the lungs.

The left coronary artery, which branches into the left anterior descending artery and thecircumflex artery, supplies blood to the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart is larger

and more muscular because it pumps blood to the rest of the body.

The Heart Valves

Four valves regulate blood flow through yourheart:

y The tricuspid valve regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.

y The pulmonary valve controls bloodflow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary

arteries, which carry blood to your lungs to pick

up oxygen.

y The mitral valve lets oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass from the left atrium into the left ventricle.y The aortic valve opens the way for oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta, your

body's largest artery, where it is delivered to the rest of the body.


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The Heartbeat

A heartbeat is a two-part

pumping action that takesabout a second. As blood

collects in the upperchambers (the right and left

atria), the heart's natural pacemaker (the SA node)

sends out an electrical signalthat causes the atria to

contract. This contraction

pushes blood through thetricuspid and mitral valves into the resting lower chambers (the right and left ventricles). Thispart of the two-part pumping phase (the longer of the two) is called diastole.

The second part of the pumping phase begins when the ventricles are full of blood. The electricalsignals from the SA node travel along a pathway of cells to the ventricles, causing them to

contract. This is called systole. As the tricuspid and mitral valves shut tight to prevent a backflow of blood, the pulmonary and aortic valves are pushed open. While blood is pushed from the

right ventricle into the lungs to pick up oxygen, oxygen-rich blood flows from the left ventricleto the heart and other parts of the body.

After blood moves into the pulmonary artery and the aorta, the ventricles relax, and thepulmonary and aortic valves close. The lower pressure in the ventricles causes the tricuspid andmitral valves to open, and the cycle begins again. This series of contractions is repeated over and

over again, increasing during times of exertion and decreasing while you are at rest. The heartnormally beats about 60 to 80 times a minute when you are at rest, but this can vary. As you get

older, your resting heart rate rises. Also, it is usually lower in people who are physically fit.

Your heart does not work alone, though. Your brain tracks the conditions around youclimate,stress, and level of physical activityand adjusts your cardiovascular system to meet those

needs.

The human heart is a muscle designed to remain strong and reliable for a hundred years orlonger. By reducing your risk factors for cardiovascular disease, you may help your heart stayhealthy longer.


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Vasculature of the Arm



In pulmonary circulation, though, the roles are switched. It is the pulmonary artery that bringsoxygen-poor blood into your lungs and the pulmonary vein that brings oxygen-rich blood back to

your heart.




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Vasculature of the Head

Arteries of the Head and UpperTorso

Veins of the Head and Upper Torso


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In pulmonary circulation, though, the roles are switched. It is the pulmonary artery that brings

oxygen-poor blood into your lungs and the pulmonary vein that brings oxygen-rich blood back toyour heart.

In the diagrams, the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood are colored red, and the vessels thatcarry oxygen-poor blood are colored blue.

Vasculature of the Leg

The one-way circulatory systemcarries blood to all parts of your

body. This process of blood flowwithin your body is called

circulation. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from your heart,

and veins carry oxygen-poor bloodback to your heart.

In pulmonary circulation, though,the roles are switched. It is the

pulmonary artery that bringsoxygen-poor blood into your lungs

and the pulmonary vein that bringsoxygen-rich blood back to your

heart.

In the diagram, the vessels that carryoxygen-rich blood are colored red,

and the vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood are colored blue.


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Vasculature of the Torso

The one-way circulatorysystem carries blood to all

parts of your body. This process of blood flow within

your body is calledcirculation. Arteries carry

oxygen-rich blood away fromyour heart, and veins carry

oxygen-poor blood back toyour heart.

In pulmonary circulation,though, the roles are

switched. It is the pulmonaryartery that brings oxygen-

poor blood into your lungsand the pulmonary vein that brings oxygen-rich blood back to your heart.



(POWERPOINT PRESENTATION)

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Consistsof3 interrelated components :BLOOD (hematology), the heart (cardiology), and BLOOD VESSELS.

BLOOD isaliquid connectivetissue composedofbloodplasma, cellfragmentsandvarious cells.

I. F

UNCTIONS

A. Transportation O2 & CO2 transport carriesnutrientsfromthe GIT to body cells. carries hormonesfromtheendocrineglandstoother body cells.


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transportheatand wasteproductsforeliminationfromthe body.B. Regulation

it helpsmaintain homeostasisofall bodyfluids:o it helpsregulatepHthrough theuseofbuffers.o italso helpsadjust bodytemperaturethrough the heat absorbing & coolantpropertiesof

waterin bloodplasma

C. Protection

blood can clot ( protectsagainstitsexcessivelossafteraninjury. WBCsprotectagainstdisease by carryingonphagocytosis. Bloodproteins (antibodies, interferons, & complement) helpprotectagainstdiseaseinavariety

ofways.

II. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS (blood)

A. Denser, moreviscousthanH2O andfeelsslightlysticky.B. Temperature: 38oC (100.4 F) 1oC higherthanoral & anal bodytemperature.C. SlightlyalkalinepH ( 7.35 7.45)D. Constitutesabt 20% ofECF (8% ofthetotal bodymass).E. Bloodvolume: 5 6 liters (1.5 gal.) [av. Sizedadultmale] & 4 5 (1.2 gal.) [av. Sizedadult

female]

III. COMPONENTS OFBLOOD (2)

1) BLOOD PLASMA/ PLASMA w/ plasmaCHON such as ALBUMIN (54%); GLOBULINS (38%); FIBRINOGEN (7%). w/ ANTIBODIES or IMMUNOGLOBULINS. w/ otherdissolvesubstances (electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases & waste

products)

2. FORMED ELEMENTS

3 principal components:1) RBCs / ERYTHROCYTES


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HEMATOCRIT the % oftotal bloodvolumeoccupied by RBCs. Foradultfemales thenormalrangeofhematocritis 38% - 46% (av. Of42%) Foradultmales

40% - 54% (av. 47%)

ANEMIA asignificantdropin hematocrit (lowerthannormalnumberofRBCs. POLYCYTHEMIA the % ofRBCsisabnormally high (65% or higher)

2) WBCs / LEUKOCYTES

distincttypes:a. Neutrophilsb. Eosinophilsc. Basophilsd. Lymphocytese. Monocytes normal : 5, 000 10, 000 WBCsper L ofblood. LEUKOCYTOSIS higherthannormalabove 10, 000 L ofblood isanormalprotectiveresponsetostresses (invadingmicrobes, strenuousexercise, anesthesia &

surgery)

LEUKOPENIA abnormallylow levelofWBCs (below

5, 000/L ofblood)

may be caused byradiation, shock & certain chemotherapeutic agents.

Thrombocytes and Clotting

Thrombocytes, or platelets, are the smallest cellular component of blood. They circulateinactivated, about 250,000 per cubic mmofblood, untilthey comeinto contact with adamaged


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bloodvessel. Atthispoint, theplateletsforma clump, adheringtoeach otherandtothe blood

vessel wall. Theysecrete chemicalsthataltera blood-borneprotein, fibrinogen, sothatitforms

amesh offibersatthedamagesite. A clotforms whenplateletsandredand white blood cells

becometrappedinthefibers. Blood clotting begins withinsecondsofinjury. Thesameprocess

canproduceunwelcome clotsinundamaged bloodvessels.

3) PLATELETS/ THROMBOCYTES

theyare cellfragments (break offfromthemegakaryocytesinred bonemarrow). (func) helpstop bloodlossfromdamaged bloodvessels byformingaplateletplug. normal: 150, 000 400, 000 per L ofblood

V. BLOOD GROUPS & BLOOD TYPES

A. BLOOD GROUPS (6) [w/nare 2 ormore bloodtypes]1) ABO O, A, B, AB2) Rh Rh+ , Rh -3) Lewissystem4) Kellsystem5) Kiddsystem6) DuffysystemB. ABO BLOOD GROUPRECIPIENT

D

O

N

O

R

BLOOD

TYPE

O A B AB

O A B AB


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UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR

AB bloodtype

UNIVERSAL DONOR

- O bloodtype

C. Rh BLOOD GROUP

theantigen Rh wasdiscoveredinthe bloodofthe Rhesusmonkey. Rh (+) RBCs w/ Rh antigens (onthesurfaceofRBCs). Rh (-) RBCs w/o Rh antigens

HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN

AbbreviatedasHDN dueto Rh incompatibility (betweenthemother & thefetus


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HEART

Location: liesinthemediastinum PERICARDIUM themembranethat

surrounds & protectsthe heart

LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL

1) EPICARDIUM outermost composedofmesothelium & delicate connectivetissue.2) MYOCARDIUM middlelayer cardiac muscletissue ( makesupthe bulk ofthe heart) responsibleforitspumpingaction.3) ENDOCARDIUM innermostlayer athinlayerofendotheliumoverlyingathinlayerofconnectivetissue

CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

1) 2 SUPERIOR CHAMBERSa. Rightatriumb. Leftatrium2) 2 INFERIOR CHAMBERSa. Rightventricleb. Leftventricle

VALVES OF THE HEART

TRICUSPID VALVE

b/w the Rightatrium & ventricle AKA rightatrioventricularvalve


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BICUSPID VALVE/mitral

b/w theleftatrium & ventricle AKA leftatrioventricularvalve

PULMONARY VALVE

AORTIC VALVE

CORONARY ARTERIES

Specializednetworksofbloodvesselsthatencirclethe heartlikea crown. abt 5% ofthe bloodpumptothe bodyentersthese bloodvessels. 3 main coronaryarteries:1. Theright circumflex2. Theleft circumflex3. Theleftanteriordescendingarteries.

_____________________________--END--________________________________________________

POINTERS TO REVIEW

Respiratory System Anatomy & Physiology Cardiovascular System Anatomy & Physiology Reproductive System (Male & Female) Anatomypartonly

NOTE: For the Anatomy part review the drawings/illustrations in your handoutespecially the reproductive system.

EXAM WILL BE ON MONDAY (October 11, 2010)

y Review very welly Those whogotafailinggradeinthemidtermperiodpassedthefinalexamandyou willpass

anatomy & physiology.

y I am going to be strict during the exam so better review.

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Cardiovascular System Final Module