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Australian soil carbon stocks: a summary of the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

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Page 1: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Australian soil carbon stocks: a summary of the Australian Soil Carbon Research Programthe Australian Soil Carbon Research ProgramLAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Page 2: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Soil Carbon Research Program (SCaRP)ObjectivesObjectives

Apply consistent methodology to quantify soil carbon stocks

Assess MIR as a rapid and cost‐effective means for quantifying soil carbon k dstocks and composition

Test automated devises for measuring soil bulk density

Quantify soil carbon stocks under different land management strategies at regional levels

Provide temporal soil carbon stock data for FullCAM/NGGI development

Quantify the inputs of carbon to soils under perennial pasture systemsQ y p p p y

Issues beyond the scope of SCaRP• The sampling methodology used in SCaRP was not appropriate to:The sampling methodology used in SCaRP was not appropriate to: 

• quantify soil carbon stocks in a paddock

• quantify rates or amounts of carbon sequestration in Australian soils

Page 3: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Background ‐ Composition of soil carbon and definitions

Soil carbon ≤2 mm 

OC = organic carbon Carbon accounting is IC = inorganic carbon

TC = Total carbon = (OC + IC)

focused on OC, may Australian soils contain IC

Soil organic carbon ≤2 mm  – complex mixture of many materials

POC = particulate organic carbon (2000–50 µm excluding charcoal)

HOC = humus organic carbon (≤50 µm excluding charcoal)

ROC = resistant organic carbon (≤2000 µm charcoal)

Page 4: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Why are we interested in fractions of soil carbon?

• Quantifying fractions is not a requirement for soil carbon accounting

• Provides data for initialising and calibrating FullCAM ‐ used in the NGGI

• Provides an indication of the vulnerability of soil carbon to subsequent change 

Vulnerability (V)POC

V

POC HOC ROC

VHOC ROC

POCV

HOCHOC

Page 5: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Composition of POC and HOC

POCHOC

Index of extent of decomposition(Alkyl C/O‐Alkyl C)

Page 6: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Sampling locations and soil samples collected

Samples collected and analysed by SCaRP

‐ 17 721 samples17,721 samples‐ 3,836 sites

Additi l lAdditional samples‐ 2774 samples‐ 690 sites

Totals‐ 20 495 samples20,495 samples‐ 4,526 sites

>92% from farmer paddocks

Page 7: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Soil sampling methodology

Some variance in the process used to select sampling locationsSome variance in the process used to select sampling locations

Once the locations of sampling sites were defined – everything was consistent from that pointp

Sampling siteProcessing and Analyses

Air dryCrushSieve ≤2 mmSplit ≤2 mm subsamples using iffl briffle boxes

Fine grind– TC, OC, IC, TN and MIR– Fractions– Fractions

– POC (2000‐50µm)– HOC (<50µm)– ROC (<2000µm)( µ )

Page 8: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Variations in 0‐30 cm soil carbon stocks 0.25

0.20

uency

All sites0 16

0.10

0.15

ative freq

u

0.12

0.14

0.16

ency

NSW sites

0 8

0.00

0.05

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Rel

0.06

0.08

0.10

ative freq

ue

0 12

0.14

0.16

0.18

ncy

Central TablelandsNSW

0 20 40 60 80 100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

Soil OC stocks (Mg C/ha)

0.00

0.02

0.04Rela

0 06

0.08

0.10

0.12

tive freq

ue

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Soil OC stocks (Mg C/ha)

0 00

0.02

0.04

0.06

Relat

0.00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Soil OC stocks (Mg C/ha)

Page 9: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Variations in 0‐30 cm soil carbon stocks

0.25

0.30

y

0.20

freq

uency

Central Tablelands, NSW

Central Slopes, NSW

l l i

0.10

0.15

Relative 

Central Plains, NSW

0.05

0.0010 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Soil OC stocks (Mg C/ha)

Page 10: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Creation of cumulative probability distributions

100

Central Tablelands

60

80

bability (%

) NSW

40

lative prob

40% of the time <38 Mg C/ha60% of the time >38 Mg C/ha

20Cumu

00 20 40 60 80 100 120

Soil OC stocks (Mg C/ha)

Page 11: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Assessing the ability of MIR/PLSR to predict soil C and its allocation to different forms

Page 12: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

MIR as rapid method of analysis for soil organic carbon

Page 13: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

MIR as rapid method of analysis for TC, OC, IC and TN

TC IC

OC TN

Page 14: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

MIR as rapid method of analysis for soil OC fractions

OCPOC

OC

HOCROC

Page 15: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Rapid assessment of bulk density – gamma radiometrics

WA Project – soil surface CSIRO – core scanner

• Impact of NDM vs cores on soil C stocks small•Bulk density accounted for <4% of variation in C stock

•Required correction for water content•NIR predicted water contents sufficed•Potential to take this technology to the field

Page 16: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Soil carbon under perennial pasture : C3/C4 transition

Regional SOC sequestration rates:50

SA - FP + KI Regional SOC sequestration rates:

• 0.9 ± 0.3 Mg C/ha/y for kikuyu in WA

• No trend for panic/Rhodes in WAMg

C h

a-1)

20

30

40SA FP KIWA - NDWA - SD

p /

• 0.3 ± 0.1 Mg C/ha/y for kikuyu in SA

SO

C (M

20

-10

0

10

• Kikuyu more responsive than pastures with a mix of panic/Rhodes grasses 

• Approximately 80% of change due to

-20

a-1) 20

25

• Approximately 80% of change due to C4‐SOC

4-C

(Mg

C h

a

5

10

15

0 10 20 30 40 50

C4

0

5

Perennial pasture age (yr)

Page 17: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Input of carbon to soil under kikuyu perennial pasture: fate of 14C CO2‐C2

2 1 6 2 1 1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

10 d

% of 14C CO2 fed to pastureSoil Depth

Time since

labelling

25.1

17.9

7.2

6.2

6.4

7.5

1.1

1.2

1.2

10 days

6 wks

1 year

10 days

0-10cm>2mm Roots

POM fractiony

6 wks

1 year

10 days

10-20cm <50µm fraction (humus)

6 wks

1 year

10 days

6 ks

>2mm Roots

POM fraction

20-30cm

30-50cm

Annual addition: 

POC + HOC = 1052 kg/ha6 wks

1 year

10 days

6 wks

POM fraction

<50µm fraction (humus)

50-70cm

HOC = 160 kg/ha

1 year

Page 18: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Murray CMA – soils of the slopes and plains

Sl i t d d d l t• Slopes:  introduced and voluntary pastures  contained more carbon than cropping

Si ifi t i ti fi d t 0• Significant variations were confined to 0‐10cm

• Increasing trend with rainfall, decreasing t d ith A O t t ttrend with Apr‐Oct temperature

Page 19: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

NSW – Northwest slopes and plains

• SOC stocks higher in pastures than cropping

• Tillage differences were not significant

• Pasture type – may be an impact of land use history

• Natural gradients are importantg p• Correlations were found with soil type, clay content, rainfall, temperature and elevation

Page 20: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Queensland cropping lands

Hermitage long‐term trial (1981‐2008)

• No evidence that no‐till or stubble retention can increase soil carbon stocks

• NT and stubble retention decreased extent of loss for 0‐10 cm layer but not 0‐30 cm layerlayer

Page 21: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Queensland rangeland systems

• Non linear trends with increasing shoot dry matter production, NDVI, and annual rain for 0‐10 cm SOC stocks

• Soil type was also important

• Potential for remote sensing to provide key information• Potential for remote sensing to provide key information

Page 22: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

South Australia – dry land cropping soils

60

70

tock

e60

70

tock 

e)

20

30

40

50

60

ganic carbon

 st

0 cm

, tonnes/hectare

20

30

40

50

60

ganic carbon

 st

0 cm

, tonnes/hectare

0

10

350 400 450 500 600

Soil org

0‐30

0

10

0

Soil org

(0‐30

cropped       crop‐pasture pasture

Mid‐North Eyre PeninsulaRainfall zone, < mm

Page 23: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Victoria – soil carbon in cropping and pasture systems

Location Management practicesDuration

(y)SOC difference(Mg OC/ha)(y) ( g / )

HamiltonP rate and grazing intensity

27 nsd

Ararat Gra ing management 5 nsdArarat Grazing management 5 nsd

Horsham, LR1 Cropping systems 94 ≤5

Horsham, SCRIME Cropping systems 13 ≤3

WalpeupCropping systemsCultivation

2727

≤2nsdCultivation 27 nsd

nsd= no statistical difference

Page 24: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Western Australia

200

250

 

Albany Sand Plain

150

rganic Carbon

ha; 0

‐0.3 m)

• Some pasture systems are at or above modelled attainable soil carbon stocks

Modelled attainable carbon

50

100

Soil Or

(t C/h carbon stocks

• Cropping and mixed crop/livestock were lower than pasture systems and generally 

0350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

Annual Rainfall (mm)

p y g y50% of modelled attainable values

Continuous cropping Mixed crop/livestockAnnual pasturePerennial pasture

Page 25: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Summary and future directions

• Significant progress in measurement technologies• Ability to generate a suite of soil carbon data with one analysis (assess 

vulnerability of soil carbon change, provide input to models)• How to extend the capability developed?• Need to develop a coordinated nationally consistent approach – central MIR 

spectral library accessible to regional labs• We need to catch and analyse samples that do not fit current calibrations –

build the prediction system through time• How do we optimise predictions and enhance certainty?

• Sampling was not comprehensive• Some important regions managements soil types were not included• Some  important regions, managements, soil types were not included• New management strategies have not been assessed

Page 26: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Summary and future directions• Temporal measurements are required to quantify sequestrationTemporal measurements are required to quantify sequestration

• Establishment of monitoring system• Verification requirements – expensive ongoing requirement (are there 

alternatives)alternatives) 

• More to be extracted from the data collected and collation with other datasets

• Creation of a national repository for data and new data• Further examination of covariates and ability to predict spatial distributions 

of soil organic carbon stocks and composition.of soil organic carbon stocks and composition.

• Many regions did not show a statistically significant effect of defined management practices on soil carbon stocks

• At least partially due to variability that existed within management classes • Are we doing the right thing by binning up on broad management classes –

should we be considering alternative metrics?

Page 27: carbon stocks: a summary of Australian Soil Carbon Research Program ·  · 2013-02-21the Australian Soil Carbon Research Program LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

h kThank youLand and Water/ Sustainable Agriculture FlagshipJeff BaldockResearch Scientist

t +61 8 8303 8537e [email protected] www.csiro.au/lorem

LAND AND WATER/SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP