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Carbon and Organic Chemistry. Carbon is a versatile atom. Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse molecules necessary for life’s functions. Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules. Structural formula. Ball-and-stick model. Space-filling model. Carbon and Organic Chemistry. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Carbon and Organic Chemistry– Carbon is a versatile atom.– Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse molecules
necessary for life’s functions.– Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules.
Structuralformula
Ball-and-stickmodel
Space-fillingmodel
• Variations in Carbon skeletons Carbon skeletons vary in length
Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched
Carbon skeletons may have double bonds,which can vary in location
Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings
Carbon and Organic Chemistry
– Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines.– Hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies.
Hydrocarbons
*structural isomers
*geometric isomers
*enantiomers
Example of enantiomers:
Chemical Components of Cells
• The unique properties of an organic compound depend not only on its carbon skeleton but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton– These atoms are called functional groups– Some common functional groups include:
Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Amino group Carboxyl group
Found in alcoholsand sugars Found in sugars Found in amino acids
and urea in urine (fromprotein breakdown)
Found in amino acids,fatty acids, and somevitamins
Carbon and Organic Chemistry
*most macromolecules are polymerspolymermonomer
The making and breaking of polymers:Dehydration reaction: Hydrolysis:
Macromolecules
Proteins• Proteins perform most of the tasks the body
needs to function– They are the most elaborate of life’s molecules
MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINSStructural Proteins Storage Proteins Contractile Proteins Transport Proteins Enzymes
Carboxylgroup
Aminogroup
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Amino acid Amino acid
Dehydrationsynthesis
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Peptide bond
• Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis
Proteins as Polymers
– The resulting bond between them is called a peptide bond
Amino Acids
• Primary structure– The specific
sequence of amino acids in a protein
1 510 15
20253035
4045
5055
6065
70
75 80 85
9095
100
105110 115
120125
129
Amino acid
– The arrangement of amino acids makes each protein different
Protein Structure
• A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function– The substitution of one amino acid for another in
hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease
(a) Normal red blood cell Normal hemoglobin
1 2 34 5
6 7. . . 146
(b) Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
2 314 5
6 7. . . 146
Protein Structure
Tertiary structure
Secondary structureMacromolecules
Quaternary structure
How does this all happen?●Spontaneously ●Chaperonins
Macromolecules