Carbohydrates

Objective:B2 - Compare the structures & functions of

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids & their organization into long complex molecules

“Carbs”

Consist of: Carbon (carbo-), Hydrogen and Oxygen (-hydrate, the atoms in water)

Carbohydrates can be divided into three main groups: simple sugars storage carbohydrates structural carbohydrates

Function: Main energy source (quick energy)

Simple Sugars Monosaccharides (mono- means one) (saccharide is Greek for “sweet” or “sugar”) glucose (blood sugar and a product of photosynthesis) fructose (fruit sugar) Disaccharides (di- means two) - 2 monosaccharides connected together sucrose (table sugar) lactose (milk sugar)

lactose

C6H12O6

Polysaccharides many sugars chained together can either be a storage or a structural carbohydrate

Storage Carbohydrates

are simply that, they store the sugar generally long chains (upwards of 1,000 or more) of glucose (When the body needs sugar (quick energy), it simply “plucks” a sugar off. Kind of like plucking of single grapes from a cluster. You eat one at a time, not the whole cluster at once) In plants it’s called starch (potatoes, bread, rice) In animals it’s called glycogen

Structural Carbohydrates used to provide structure for the organisms in which they’re found Cellulose (in the cell walls of plants) Chitin (in the cell walls of fungi) (ID badges on the cell membrane)

Identifying CarbohydratesRoughly 90% of the time a

carbohydrate ends in “-ose” Examples: glucose, fructose,

galactose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, cellulose, ribose, deoxyribose, etc.

In conclusion…

monomer (monosaccharide)

polymer (polysaccharide)

What are these carbohydrates called?

Disaccharides

POLYSACCHARIDES IN ANIMALS* glycogen-animal starch, stores energy* in arthropods, makes up the exoskeleton

POLYSACCHARIDES IN PLANTS* starch! made from plants that put together glucose* cell walls are made of cellulose

Etymology Monosaccharide: mono- (Gk. MONOS, single/one) + -saccharide (L. SACCHARUM, sugar)

Disaccharide: di- (Gk. DI, two) + -saccharide (sugar) Polysaccharide: poly- (Gk. POLUS, many) + -saccharide (sugar) Glucose: (Gk. GLUKUS, sweet) Fructose: fruct- (L. FRUCTUS, fruit) + -ose (Fr. -OSE, carbohydrate or sugar)

Sucrose: sucr- (Fr. SUCRE, sugar) + -ose (sugar) Lactose: lact- (L. LACT-, milk) + -ose (sugar)