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8/2/2019 Car Ppt Ch19(1)
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2006
PearsonEducation,
Inc.
AMERICAN
SOCIETY IN
THEINDUSTRIAL
AGE
Chapter 19
The American Nation, 12e
Mark C. Carnes&
John A. Garraty
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MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE
Took aspects of romanticismenshrinementof human potential, the relentless striving forpersonal betterment, the zest for competition
and excitementand tempered them with apassion for self-control and regularity
Civil War sapped middle class culture of itsreforming zeal
The fervor of the individual was channeled intoinstitutions
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MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE
Middle class mothers atthe end of the centuryhad two or three children
Married later in life Practiced abstinence
Dissemination ofcontraceptive devices
and the practice ofabortion in latter half ofcentury
W.H. JACKSON FAMILY [grandchildren with nurse] 1900-1920
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Detroit Publishing CompanyCollection
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MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE
Middle-class children were carefullysupervised, though parents no longerinterfered with the course of true love for
materialistic or purely social reasons An annual income of $1,000 in the 1880s
meant no need to skimp on food, shelter,
or clothing A quarter of all urban families employed at
least one servant
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MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE
Middle-class family life was defined in terms oftangible goodsfashionable clothes, large homecrowded with furniture, books, lamps, and allmanner of bibelots
H. CLARK RESIDENCE INTERIOR,1895-1910
Library of Congress, Prints and
Photographs Division, DetroitPublishing Company Collection
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SKILLED AND UNSKILLED
WORKERS
Number of workers in mining andmanufacturing increased 1860: 885,000
1890: 3.2 million More efficient methods of production
increased output and allowed for a betterstandard of living for workers 1860, average workday was 11 hours
By 1880 only one worker in four labored over10 hours
Increasingly workers talked of 8 hour day
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SKILLED AND UNSKILLED
WORKERS
While skilled workers improvedtheir positions relatively, theincreased use of machinery hadeffects
Jobs more monotonous Mechanization undermined artisan
pride in work and bargaining power
As expensive machinery becamemore important, the worker seemedless important
Machines increasingly controlled
pace of worker which was fasterand more dangerous
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SKILLED AND UNSKILLED
WORKERS
Personal contact between employer and workerdisappeared with increase in business size
Relations increasingly ruthless
Larger enterprises employed a higher number ofmanagerial and clerical workers
More workers could rise from blue collar to white
collar jobs
Fewer workers could become independentmanufacturers
Industrialization accentuated business cycleswings
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WORKING WOMEN
More women worked outside their homes in
factories (though half of working womenwere domestic servants)
Women were paid substantially lower thanmen
New jobs for women Salespersons and cashiers in department stores Nursing (especially popular with educated,
middle-class women) which expanded withmedical profession and establishment of urbanhospitals
Middle class women also became teachers Clerks and secretaries in government
departments and business offices
Department store clerks and typewritersearned more money than factory workersbut had limited opportunities for promotion
WOMAN IN RED CROSS NURSES
UNIFORM, 1900-1915
Library of Congress, Prints andPhotographs Division, Detroit PublishingCompany Collection
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FARMERS
Number of farmers and volume ofagricultural production rose butagricultures relative place in economy
declined
Between 1860 and 1890 number of farmsrose from 2 million to 4.5 million
Wheat output rose from 173 million bushelsto 449 million
Cotton from 5.3 million bales to 8.5 million
Rural population increased from 25 millionto 40.8 million
But urban population quadrupled and
industry expanded even faster
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FARMERS
Farmers suffered decline in statusseemed provincial and behind the times
Farmers were angered and frustrated;waves of radicalism swept countryside
Farmers in newer areas were usuallyworse off than those in older areas Higher debt due to set up costs
Price decline that made fixed interest ratesmore expensive every year
1870s farmers in Illinois and Iowa sufferedmost
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FARMERS
By the late 1880s farmers in the old Middle Westhad also become better established
When depression hit, they were able to weatherit due to
Lower transportation costs Better farm machinery New fertilizers and insecticides Shift from wheat to corn, oats, hogs, and cattle
Less fortunate on agricultural frontier from Texasto the Dakotas and in old states of Confederacy Crop-lien system kept thousands of southern farmers
in penury
Plains life was a succession of hardships
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WORKING-CLASS FAMILY LIFE
Early social workers stated that workerhome life varied due to Health
Intelligence Wifes ability as a homemaker
Degree of the familys commitment to middleclass values
Pure luck Family incomes varied due to
Steadiness of employment
Number of family members holding jobs
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WORKING-CLASS ATTITUDES
While there was considerable variation inworker opinion it is clear that there wasconsiderable dissatisfaction amongworkers Poverty was still chief problem
For some, rising aspirations caused problems
Workers wanted to believe in classless
society and that no one had to remain ahired laborer
Gap between rich and ordinary citizen was
growing
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WORKING YOUR WAY UP
Only about half the Americans in a censuswere in the same place for the next census
In most cities, mobility was accompanied bysome social and economic improvement On average, 25% of manual laborers rose to
middle-class status during their lives
Sons of manual laborers were still more likely toimprove their place in society
New York City: one third of Italian and Jewishimmigrants in 1890s had risen from unskilled to skilled
jobs in a decade
Newburyport, Massachusetts, which was more of an
economic backwater, saw less improvement
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WORKING YOUR WAY UP
Progress was result of overall economicgrowth combined with energy and ambition ofindividual workers and public education
State supported public education onlybecame compulsory after the Civil War whengrowth of cities provided concentration ofpopulation and financial resources necessaryfor economical mass education
Attendance increased from 6.8 million in 1870 to15.5 million in 1900
Public expenditures for education quadrupled
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WORKING YOUR WAY UP
Industrialization increased demands forvocational and technical training
Secondary education was still assumed to be
for those with special abilities and youthswhose families did not need them to work
1890 fewer than 300,000 of 14.3 million childrenattending public and private schools had
progressed beyond the eighth grade
Nearly a third of these were attending privateinstitutions
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WORKING YOUR WAY UP
1880 Manual TrainingSchool opened in St. Louis By 1890, 36 cities had
vocational public high schools
By 1910 AFL was supportingvocational schooling
Still almost all businessleaders came from well-to-domiddle-class families Were better educated
Belonged to Protestant churchof some denomination
Myth of rags to riches, ratherthan reality, maintainedworker hope and belief in
hard work and thrift
TECHNICAL SCHOOL, Springfield, Mass, 1905-1915
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Detroit PublishingCompany Collection
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THE NEW IMMIGRATION
Between 1865 and 1915about 25 million foreignersentered U.S.
Perfection of steamshipmade Atlantic crossing safeand speedy
Competition between the
great packet lines drovedown prices
Advertisement by the lines
further stimulated traffic
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THE NEW IMMIGRATION
Push pressures Cheap wheat from Russia, U.S., and other parts of
the world poured into Europe with new cheapertransportation and undermined livelihood of many
farmers Spreading industrial revolution and increased use of
farm machinery led to collapse of peasant economyof central and southern Europeloss of self-
sufficiency and fragmentation of landholdings Political and religious persecutions pushed others
Main reason remained hope of economicbetterment
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THE NEW IMMIGRATION
In 1870 one industrial worker in three wasforeign born
By early 20th century, over half the labor force
had not been born in United States Most entered by way of New York
Before 1882 (when criminals, persons
mentally defective or liable to become publiccharges and the Chinese were no longerallowed to enter) entry into the United States
was almost unrestricted
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THE NEW IMMIGRATION
Until 1891, Atlanticcoast states, notfederalgovernment,
exercisedwhatever controlsthere were
Medical inspection
was perfunctory Only oneimmigrant in 50was rejected INSPECTION ROOM, Ellis Island, New York, 1910-1920
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Detroit Publishing CompanyCollection
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THE NEW IMMIGRATION
Private agencies, philanthropic andcommercial, linked immigrants to employerslooking for labor Until Foran Act of 1885 outlawed practice, a few
companies brought in skilled workers undercontract, advancing them passage money andcollecting it in installments from their pay
Numerous nationality groups organized
immigrant banks that recruited labor in the oldcountry, arranged transportation and then housednewcomers in boardinghouses while finding them
jobs for a fee
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THE NEW IMMIGRATION
Beginning in 1880s, immigration shifted fromnorthern and western to southern and easternEurope 1882: 789,000 immigrants entered U.S.
350,000 came from Great Britain and Germany
32,000 from Italy
Fewer than 17,000 from Russia
1907: 1,285,000 immigrants Great Britain and Germany had less than half 1882 number
Russia and Italy supplied 11 times as many Up to 1880 only 200,000 southern and eastern
Europeans had immigrated but between 1880 and1910 about 8.4 million did
NEW IMMIGRANTS FACE NEW
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NEW IMMIGRANTS FACE NEW
NATIVISM New immigrants were
mostly peasants and wereextremely clannish
While some immigrants cameto work only temporarily
before returning to homecountry, many sought to saveto bring over other familymembers
Many also came as familygroups
Some, like eastern EuropeanJews, were eager to becomeAmericans
PEASANT, 1900-1920
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, DetroitPublishing Company Collection
NEW IMMIGRANTS FACE NEW
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NEW IMMIGRANTS FACE NEW
NATIVISM
Differences among immigrants Italians adjusted relatively smoothly to urban
industrial life because of their close family and kinshipties
Polish immigrants, with different traditions, found itmore difficult
German American and Irish American Catholicsclashed over such matters as the policies of the
Catholic University in Washington Many older Americans viewed these
differences and conflicts and concluded that newimmigrants could not make good citizens and
should be excluded
NEW IMMIGRANTS FACE NEW
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NEW IMMIGRANTS FACE NEW
NATIVISM
During 1880s, large numbers of social workers,economists and church leaders wantedimmigration restrictions
Social Darwinists and people obsessed with
racial purity also found new immigrationalarming Attributed social problems of new immigrants to
supposed psychological characteristics of newcomers
Workers worried about competition from peoplewith low living standard and no bargaining power
While employers liked influx of new workers,they were concerned about supposed immigrant
radicalism
NEW IMMIGRANTS FACE NEW
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NEW IMMIGRANTS FACE NEW
NATIVISM
Nativism flared Disliked Catholics and other minority groups
rather than immigrants as such
Protestant majority treated new
immigrants as underlings, tried to keepthem out of the best jobs, discouragedtheir efforts to climb the social ladder
Functioned at social and economic level butdid not result in interference with religiouspractice
Neither labor leaders nor important
industrialists took broadly anti-foreign position
NEW IMMIGRANTS FACE NEW
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NEW IMMIGRANTS FACE NEW
NATIVISM
Restrictions Exclusion Act of 1882
1885: meaninglessban on importing
contract labor 1890s: Immigration
Restriction Leaguepushed for literacy
tests 1897: literacy bill
passed Congress butPresident Cleveland
vetoed
THE EXPANDING CITY AND ITS
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THE EXPANDING CITY AND ITS
PROBLEMS
Urban problems Housing Public health Crime
Immorality While the United States was sparsely populated
it was one of the most urban nations in the worldeven before the Civil War
Expansion of industry was main cause of urbangrowth In 1890 one person in three lived in a city In 1910 it was nearly one in two Increasing proportion of urban population was
immigrants
THE EXPANDING CITY AND ITS
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THE EXPANDING CITY AND ITS
PROBLEMS
After 1890 urban immigrant concentrationbecame even greater as migrants from easternand southern Europe lacked the resources totravel beyond the city
Cities developed ethnic neighborhoods Most newcomers intended to become U.S. citizens
while maintaining their cultures Supported national churches and schools
Read newspapers in their native languages
Organized social groups
Immigrant neighborhoods were not Europeanghettos because immigrants could, and did,leave
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TEEMING TENEMENTS
As cities grew, sewer andwater facilities could notkeep up
Fire protection became
increasingly inadequate Garbage piled up in
streets
Streets crumbled under
increased traffic Housing was inadequate
and encouraged diseaseand disintegration of
family life
FAMILY IN ATTIC WITH DRYING LAUNDRY, 1900-1910
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Detroit PublishingCompany Collection
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TEEMING TENEMENTS
New York City created a MetropolitanHealth Board in 1866
1879 law placed a limit on the percentageof lot space that could be covered by newconstruction and established minimalstandards of plumbing and ventilation
Contest for best design for a new tenement
was won by James E. Ware and hisdumbbell apartment house whichcrowded 24 to 32 four-room apartments ona plot only 25 by 100 feet
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TEEMING TENEMENTS
In 1890 more than 1.4million people lived onManhattan Island
In some sections, density
exceeded 900 personsper acre
As late as 1900 aboutthree fourths of the
residents of New YorkCitys East Side lackedindoor toilets and had touse backyard outhouses
YARD OF TENEMENT, New York 1900-1910
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Detroit
Publishing Company Collection
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TEEMING TENEMENTS
Overcrowding impactedmorals of tenementdwellers Number of prison inmates
increased by 50% in the
1880s Homicide rate nearly
tripled
Youths formed gangs
Slums also drove well-to-do residents intoexclusive sections and tothe suburbs
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THE CITIES MODERNIZE
Businesses wanted efficient and honestgovernment in order to reduce their taxbills
In many communities public-spiritedgroups formed societies to plant trees,clean up littered areas and developrecreational facilities
Gradually basic facilities were improved Streets were paved
Lighting was added making law enforcementeasier, stimulating nightlife, and permitting
factories and shops to operate after sunset
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THE CITIES MODERNIZE
Urban transportationunderwent enormouschanges Until 1880s horse drawn
cars running on tracks
flush with streets werethe main means of urbantransportation
Large number of horseswere needed causing highstable costs and lots of
pollution from droppings 1880s electric trolley car
invented Cheaper Less unsightly
Quieter than steam trains
THE BELMONT COACH, New York 1900-1910
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STREET CARS
Growth of electric trolleys By 1895 some 850 lines
operated over 10,000 milesof track
Mileage tripled in thefollowing decade
Ownership of streetrailways becamecentralized until a fewcompanies controlledtrolleys of more than 100
eastern cities and towns
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STREET CARS
Streetcars changed big city life Previously walking city could not extend more than
two and a half miles from its center
Streetcars increased this radius to 6 miles or more
Better off moved to away from center in search ofair and space
Economic segregation speeded growth of ghettos
Older peripheral towns became metropolitan centers
Speeded suburban growth
Low fares enabled poor people to escape to the
countryside on holidays
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BRIDGES
Advances in bridgedesign, especially steel-cable suspension bridge,aided flow of population
Brooklyn Bridge completedin 1883 at a cost $15million
Carried 33 million people ayear
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SKYSCRAPERS
High cost of urban realestate led architects tobuild up First stone and brick
apartments replaceddumbbell tenements
Then Chicago architectsdeveloped the iron
skeleton which freedwalls from being loadbearing and allowedbuildings to become
taller
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THE CITIES MODERNIZE
Pioneer of new skyscrapers was LouisSullivan Early 1890s: Wainwright Building in St. Louis and
Prudential Building in Buffalo
Combined spare beauty, modest constructioncosts and efficient use of space
City Beautiful movement started by WhiteCity of 1893 Chicago Worlds Fair Broad vistas
Open space
Development of public parks such as Central Park
designed by Frederick Law Olmstead
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THE CITIES MODERNIZE
Attempts to relieve congestion in slum district madelittle headway
1877 Alfred T. White established Home Buildings, a 40-family model tenement in 1877 in Brooklyn
Eventually expanded it to include 267 apartments Each unit had plenty of light and air and contained its own sink and
toilet
Similar projects were developed in Manhattan in the 1890s
The landlords were essentially philanthropists sotheir work had no significant impact on housing in the19th century
LEISURE ACTIVITIES:
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LEISURE ACTIVITIES:
MORE FUN AND GAMES
Cities wereunsurpassed centers ofartistic and intellectuallife New York established
1870 American Museumof Natural History
1870 MetropolitanMuseum of Art
1883 Metropolitan Opera Boston 1870 Museum of Fine
Arts 1881 Boston Symphony
ART MUSEUM, Boston, 1890-1901
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LEISURE ACTIVITIES: SALOONS
During the last third of the centurynumber of saloons in country tripled Strictly male working-class institutions
where working men gathered to drink,meet friends, exchange news, gossip,gamble, and eat
Employers of large numbers of workers
tended to forbid consumption of alcohol onpremises
Reduction of workday left men with more
free time
LEISURE ACTIVITIES:
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LEISURE ACTIVITIES:
MORE FUN AND GAMES
Sports moved from frivolous waste ofvaluable time to middle class realizationthat games like golf and tennis were
healthy occupations for mind and body Bicycling became a fad
To get from place to place
As a form of recreation and exercise Streetcar companies built picnic
grounds and amusement parks at their
outer limits
LEISURE ACTIVITIES:
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LEISURE ACTIVITIES:
MORE FUN AND GAMES
Spectator sports Horse racing developed as upper-class sport but
racetracks attracted large crowds of ordinarypeople who saw it as betting opportunity
Professional boxing was a hobby of the rich butthe audiences were overwhelmingly youngworking class males
John L. Sullivan was first popular pugilist whenbecame heavy weight champion in 1882
Boxing remained raffish, clandestine occupation
LEISURE ACTIVITIES BASEBALL
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LEISURE ACTIVITIES: BASEBALL
Baseball
Organized teams, mostlyupper-class amateurs,emerged in 1840s
Became popular during CivilWar
After the war, professionalteams developed
1876: eight teams formed theNational League
American League followed in1901
First World Series in 1903
LEISURE ACTIVITIES:
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LEISURE ACTIVITIES:
MORE FUN AND GAMES
Organized play led to codification of rulesand improvements in technique and strategy Development of minor leagues Impartial umpires
Use of catchers masks and padded gloves Invention of various kinds of curves and othererratic pitches
By 1870s had become a working class
pastime and attracted heavy betting James Naismith invented basketball in 1891while a student at YMCA While popular was not really a spectator sport
originally since played indoors
LEISURE ACTIVITIES FOOTBALL
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LEISURE ACTIVITIES: FOOTBALL
Football evolvedout of Englishrugby andoriginated as a
college sport First intercollegiate
match wasbetween Princeton
and Rutgers in1869
By 1880s collegefootball was
popular
FOOTBALL TEAM, 1895-1910
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Detroit Publishing Company
Collection
LEISURE ACTIVITIES FOOTBALL
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LEISURE ACTIVITIES: FOOTBALL
Footballs modern character was the work ofWalter Camp, athletic director of Yale
Cut size of teams from 15 to 11
Invented scrimmage line, four-down system, keyposition of quarterback, and publicized the gamein a series of books
Camp claimed amateur sports taught the value
of hard work, cooperation, and fair play thoughhis practice did not follow what he preached
Sports were a manly activity that women did
not participate in
CHRISTIANITYS CONSCIENCE AND
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CHRISTIANITY S CONSCIENCE AND
THE SOCIAL GOSPEL Church leaders who preached a better
existence to the poor in the afterlife andresponsibility for behavior brought meagercomfort to residents of slums and the church
lost influence Church leaders followed better off residents out
of the city New York: 17 Protestant congregations abandoned
depressed areas of lower Manhattan between 1868and 1888
As pastors catered to middle and upper classworshippers, they became even more conservative
CHRISTIANITYS CONSCIENCE AND
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CHRISTIANITY S CONSCIENCE AND
THE SOCIAL GOSPEL
Increasing proportion of blighted districts wereCatholics and the church devoted much effort todistributing alms, maintaining homes fororphans and old people, and other forms of
social welfare But church leaders were unconcerned with
social causes of blight, believing sin and vice
were personal and poverty was an act of God Despite the conservatism of leaders, some
earnest preachers worked to improved the lot of
the city poor
CHRISTIANITYS CONSCIENCE AND
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CHRISTIANITY S CONSCIENCE AND
THE SOCIAL GOSPEL Dwight L. Moody became famous in the U.S.
and Great Britain in the 1870s for conducting avigorous campaign to persuade the poor toabandon their sinful ways
Evangelists founded mission schools in theslums and tried to provide spiritual andrecreational facilities Established American branches of YMCA (1851)
and Salvation Army (1880) Still paid little attention to causes of urban poverty
and vice believing faith would enable poor totranscend the material difficulties of life
CHRISTIANITYS CONSCIENCE AND
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CHRISTIANITY S CONSCIENCE AND
THE SOCIAL GOSPEL
Some ministers, believing cause ofproblems rested in environment, preacheda Social Gospel that focused on
improving living conditions rather thansaving souls
People must have enough to eat, decent
homes, and opportunities to develop talents Advocated civil service reform, child labor
legislation, regulation of big corporations andheavy taxes on incomes and inheritances
CHRISTIANITYS CONSCIENCE AND
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CHRISTIANITY S CONSCIENCE AND
THE SOCIAL GOSPEL
Most influential preacher was Washington Gladdenwho favored factory inspection laws, strictregulation of public utilities and other reforms butnever questioned basic values of capitalism
Others went to socialism D.P. Bliss founded the Society of Christian Socialists
(1889)
Advocated nationalizing industry, governmentunemployment relief programs and other measures
designed to aid poor Charles M. Sheldon wrote In His Steps(1896) and
a follower undertook a successful slum clearanceproject
THE SETTLEMENT HOUSES
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THE SETTLEMENT HOUSES
Settlement houses were organized to grapple with
slum problems Community centers located in poor districts and provided
guidance and services Settlement workers were mostly idealistic, well-to-do young
people who lived in the houses and were active inneighborhood affairs
American versions of British Toynbee Hall (founded inearly 1880s) soon appeared with 100 by turn ofcentury
Neighborhood Guild (1886), Lower East Side of New York,Dr. Stanton Coit Hull House (1889), Chicago, Jane Addams South End House (1892), Boston, Robert A. Woods Henry Street Settlement (1893), New York, Lillian Wald
THE SETTLEMENT HOUSES
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THE SETTLEMENT HOUSES
Most important settlement workers were womenfresh from college who had no other outlet fortheir energies and skills
Settlement workers tried to interpret American waysto the new immigrants and to create a communityspirit in order to teach right living through social
relations
Expected to benefit morally and intellectuallythemselves by experiencing a way of life differentfrom their own and by obtaining first handknowledge
THE SETTLEMENT HOUSES
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THE SETTLEMENT HOUSES
Soon settlement workers found attentionsabsorbed by practical problems and agitated for Tenement house laws
Regulation of the labor of women and children
Better schools They employed private resources to establish
playgrounds, libraries, classes, social clubs,
and day-care centers When felt poor families were neglecting orabandoning children they tried to place themwith foster families in the country
THE SETTLEMENT HOUSES
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THE SETTLEMENT HOUSES
By the end of the century Catholics were joiningthe movement First Catholic-run settlement house was founded in
1898 in an Italian district in New York
1900 Brownstone House in Los Angeles wasfounded to cater to Mexican immigrants
Nonetheless, settlement houses seemed to befighting a losing battle
Result was that it became clear authority ofstate must be brought to bear for improvementto happen
CIVILIZATION AND ITS
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2006PearsonEducation,
Inc.
DISCONTENTS
As century ended, majority of Americansremained optimistic and uncritical admirers oftheir civilization
Blacks, immigrants and others who failed to
share equitably in the good things of life, alongwith a growing number of reformers, found muchto lament in increasingly industrialized society More and more materialism
Increasing divorce and taste for luxury Rise in heart disease and mental illness
Lawlessness of modern plutocrat and disregard ofrights of others
WEBSITES
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PearsonEducation,
Inc.
WEBSITES
Coal Mining During the Gilded Age and ProgressiveEra
http://history.osu.edu/Projects/Gilded_Age/default.htm
Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs
from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/detroit/dethome.html
Inside an American Factory: The WestinghouseWorks, 1904
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/west/westhome.html
Thorsten Veblens The Theory of the Leisure Class
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/VEBLEN/veb_toc.ht
http://history.osu.edu/Projects/Gilded_Age/default.htmhttp://memory.loc.gov/ammem/detroit/dethome.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/west/westhome.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/west/westhome.htmlhttp://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/VEBLEN/veb_toc.htmlhttp://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/VEBLEN/veb_toc.htmlhttp://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/VEBLEN/veb_toc.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/west/westhome.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/west/westhome.htmlhttp://memory.loc.gov/ammem/detroit/dethome.htmlhttp://history.osu.edu/Projects/Gilded_Age/default.htm