Capturing value from the use of Betafin natural betaine in ...animalnutrition.dupont.com/fileadmin/user_upload/live/animal_nutrition/documents/open/...click on slide and Check ’Display

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Dr Gary Partridge, Development & Technical Director,

Danisco Animal Nutrition, Marlborough, UK

Thailand, April 2013

Capturing value from the use of Betafin® natural betaine in livestock production

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What makes Betafin® natural betaine special?

Osmoprotectant assisting in

cellular water homeostasis

Methyl group

donor via

transmethylation

Chemically, betaine is the trimethyl derivative of the amino acid

glycine with a formula of (CH3)3NCH2COO and a molecular weight

of 117.2

Betafin® natural betaine has two functions from the same molecule

Hyperosmotic stress and compensation with ion pumps

and Betafin® natural betaine

Na+

H+

Na+

K+

HCO3-

Cl -

Water

balance

maintained

Cell

volume

maintained

Ion pumps

Lower

energy

costStable

metabolism

Stable

electrolyte

concentration

in the cell

Betafin® natural betaine

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Dietary methyl donors

Mol wt 117.2Betafin®

natural betaine

CH3

CH3

CH3

N+ CH2 COO-

Mol wt 104.2Choline

CH3

CH3

CH3

N CH2 CH2OH

Mol wt 149.2Methionine CH3 S CH2 CH2 COOHCH

NH2

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Betaine as a methyl group donor

Methionine

Choline

Betaine

Protein

synthesis

Cell membranes

Neurotransmitters CH3

DNA/RNA synthesis

Immunity function

Carnitine

Creatine

Phospholipids

Hormones

Dietary methyl donors

55% conversion

efficiency

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The Methylation Cycle

SAM Methionine

Homocysteine

Betaine

Choline

Protein synthesis

Cysteine

ATPPP + Pi

Important functions:

• DNA/RNA synthesis

• immunity functions

• protein synthesis

• choline synthesis

• other

Methyl group

SAM = S-adenosyl methionine

PP = pyrophosphate, Pi = inorganic phosphate

CH3

CH3


and gut health

The effect of coccidiosis challenge on Clostridium perfringens

populations in broilers

No challenge

Coccidia challenged

Reference: Apajalahti, CTC, Finland

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Duodenal parasite

(E. maxima)

Log 1

0 c

fu p

er

gra

m c

aecal conte

nts

P=0.01

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Disease challenge (clinical and sub-clinical)

Necrotic enteritis (NE) example

Source: Poultry hub, http://www.poultryhub.org/images/thumb/b/b1/Necrotic_enteritis_lesions.jpg/400px-Necrotic_enteritis_lesions.jpg

Linnea J. Newman, DVM (2010)

Healthy

intestine

Mild NE

(sub-

clinical)

Clinical NE at different stages

Betafin® natural betaine and coccidia challenge

Source: Kettunen et al., 2001

oocyst

Non-challenged

Coccidia challenged +


Coccidia challenged


improves the crypt-villus

ratio in the ileum of

chicks challenged with

E.maxima

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1

Crypt–villus ratio

Control healthy Challenged Challenged+Betafin

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Betafin® natural betaine improves performance and

reduces lesion scores in coccidia-challenged broilers

Trial design

Chicks were inoculated at 14 days with a mixture of 3 Eimeria species

Diets either unsupplemented or supplemented with 0.15% Betafin® natural betaine,

44 or 66 ppm salinomycin, or Betafin® natural betaine plus each level of salinomycin

Corn-soy diets, 1-45 days

4 point scale for measuring intestinal lesion score (4=most lesions)

Augustine et al. 1997. Poultry Science 76:802–809

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Betafin® natural betaine and salinomycin improved FCR and reduced lesion

scores (P<0.05) compared to control

1.98a

1.95ab

1.94abc

1.90bc

1.92abc

1.88bc

0 0 44 44 66 66

0 0.15 0 0.15 0 0.15

FCR from 1 to 45 days

Salinomycin (ppm)

Betafin® (%)

3.63a3.47a

2.88b

2.22c 2.34c

1.81c

0 0 44 44 66 66

0 0.15 0 0.15 0 0.15

Lesion score (day21)

Betafin® natural betaine and salinomycin improve

performance and reduce lesion scores in coccidia-

challenged broilers

Augustine et al. 1997. Poultry Science 76:802–809

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Betafin® natural betaine significantly (P<0.05) increased leukocytes per villi

under coccidia challenge –

means more effective inhibition of coccidial invasion to epithelial cells and

better intestinal integrity in the presence of a coccidial infection

Klasing et al. 2002. Nutritional Immunology 132: 2274–2282, 2002

Betafin® natural betaine increased intraepithelial leukocytes

in the duodenum of coccidia-challenged chicks

10.4

24 a

10.6

29 ab

9.8

32 b

Control Coccidia challenge

Leukocytes/ duodenum villi

No betaine 0.5 g/kg 1.0 g/kg

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Betafin® natural betaine improves gut tensile strength in broilers

Study design:

300,000 broilers (6 commercial houses, approximately 25,000 birds/house)

At processing (41 days), 50 birds from each flock (4 houses sampled per

treatment) were randomly taken for measurement of intestine tensile strength

Broiler Integrator, USA

Betafin®

increases gut tensile strength in broilers

Significant Betafin effect at P<0.05

Broiler Integrator, USA


and heat stress

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Heat stress causes gut damage

Exposure to heat

Increased blood flow to the periphery

Reduced blood flow to the gut

Gut lining is damaged

Reduced absorptive

function

Bacterial translocation Entry of endotoxin

Cytokine release

Heat stress occurs when animals have

difficulty in balancing body heat loss

and body heat production

A process whereby live bacteria,

or products of their metabolism,

cross the intestinal barrier

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Betafin® natural betaine improves performance in broilers

exposed to heat stress

Design

240 day-old male broiler (Ross 308) chicks in 24 cages

3 treatments (8 replicate pens with 10 chicks/ pen), 1-42 days

• Control under thermoneutral conditions

• Control under heat stress

• Control under heat stress + Betafin® natural betaine at 1250g/tonne of

feed

On d 28 birds 2 treatments were exposed to 35 ºC, but due to high

mortality temperature was reduced to 28 ºC

All diets were fed in pellet form ~ 70 ºC

Massey University, NZ

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2982 a

2724 b

2963 a

Control no heat stress

Control under heat stress (HS)

Betafin (HS)

Liveweight gain (g/bird) from 1-42 days

ab Values without a common superscript are significantly different (P<0.05)

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4359 a

3851 b

4007 b

Control … Control … Betafin (HS)

Feed intake (g/bird) from 1-42 days


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1.59 ab

1.66 a

1.55 b

Control no heat stress

Control under heat stress (HS)

Betafin (HS)

FCRc* from 1-42 days


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Betafin® natural betaine intestinal morphology in broilers



0.118 b

0.140 a

0.126 b

Control no heat stress Control under heat stress (HS)

Betafin (HS)

Crypt–villus ratio

Betafin® natural betaine reduces the negative impact

of heat stress on broiler performance - summary

6.3

4.2

8.0

6.0

2.8

USA.06.45 USA.06.44 EGY.B.01.40 GRE.B.01.42 MTR.B.ISR.01.02

FCR % improvement versus control

Summary of 5 trials shows that Betafin® natural betaine reduces

the negative impact of heat stress on broiler performance and

production economics

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Betafin® natural betaine –benefits in pigs

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Betafin® offers benefits at each stage of the pigs’ growth cycle

Replacement gilts

GROWTH, FCR,

LEAN GAIN

25/30kg to slaughter POST-WEANING

PERFORMANCE

Weaning to 25/30kg

WEANING

WEIGHT,

RE-BREEDING

INTERVAL

EMBRYO

SURVIVAL,

NUMBERS BORN

ALIVE

Lactation

Gestation

Betafin® reduces maintenance energy costs

Wageningen Institute, Netherlands Rivalea (formerly QAF), Australia

Castrates (46-60kg), small groups in calorimeters,

gas exchange used to estimate maintenance

energy requirements (kJ ME/kg 0.75/day)

Boars (30-55kg), individually housed, serial

slaughter used to estimate maintenance

energy requirements (kJ DE/kg 0.75/day)

Lower maintenance energy requirements for water balance means

more energy available for growth and lean gain

(*) P<0.10 Schrama et al (2003) Campbell et al (1997)

472

459(*)

Control Betafin (1.25kg/t)

- 3% 766

686

Control Betafin (1.25kg/t)

- 10%

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Maintaining gut health in the piglet post-weaning

Betafin® increases absorptive area for improved nutrient uptake

University of Leeds, UK; Piglets fed diets -/+ Betafin (2 kg/t)

to 20 days after weaning (Slade et al, 2004)

Small intestine villus height (microns)

447*

403

No Betafin Betafin (2kg/t)

Small intestine medial crypt-villus area

(microns2 x 1000)

246

314*


Betafin significantly improved (P<0.05) villus height and

crypt-villus area

– means improved absorptive area for nutrients after weaning

Betafin® improves gut structure for better digestion and absorption

University of Leeds, UK; Piglets fed diets -/+ Betafin* (2 kg/t)

to 20 days after weaning (Slade et al, 2004)

Betafin significantly improved (P<0.05) muscle depth and tensile

strength in the small intestine – means a more robust gut structure for

improved digestion and absorption after weaning

Small intestine muscle depth (microns)

64

76*


Small intestine tensile strength (kg)

0.70

0.85*


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Betafin® improves performance versus controls in weaner pigs (%)

7.1 6.4*8.4

18.9*

4.0*

8.8

3.6(*)

1.9

7.4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MEAN

5.9 6.5*7.9

5.2*

1.9

16.7

1.5

4.26.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MEAN

1.20.0 0.6

11.6*

2.4

5.6

1.9

-2.6

2.6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MEAN

Daily gain

Daily feed intake

FCR

Net benefit of Betafin > €25/tonne of feed(Starter feed €250/tonne, June 2012)

Excluding the benefits of extra weaning weight on

days to slaughter (~1kg in this example!)

8 trials, mean 8.0 – 21.5kg bodyweight,

>700 weaned piglets, Betafin 1-2kg/tonne

* P<0.05(*) P<0.10

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Betafin® benefits in lean gain in growing-finishing pigs

Betafin® increases lean gain in pigs

Agricultural Centre of Finland (2003) University of Melbourne, Australia (2003)

Betafin -/+ Porcine Somatotropin (PST)

Betafin improves daily lean gain via its energy boosting osmolyte role

and its contribution to methylation requirements

(*) P<0.10 Siljander-Rasi et al (2003) Betafin effect P=0.03; PST effect P<0.001

Dunshea et al (2003)

Carcass lean gain (g/d)

29-99kg liveweight, gilts/castrates

384

427(*)

Control Betafin (1kg/t)

Carcass lean gain (g/d)

64-102kg liveweight, boars

673752

863 915

No PST No

Betafin

No PST +

Betafin

(1.5 kg/t)

PST No

Betafin

PST + Betafin

(1.5kg/t)

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Betafin® benefits in gestation & lactation

Breeding herd productivity – some key influencers(van Wettere et al, 2012)

Depressed fertility of sows mated in summer

Greater incidence of conceptus loss and sub-optimal

reproductive performance in higher parity sows

Homocysteine levels are elevated in sows with a high

pregnancy failure rate

High homocysteine levels are associated with reduced

embryo development and defective implantation in pigs,

cattle and humans

Adding folate (another methyl donor) decreases

homocysteine levels and increases litter size and embryo

survival

3

Control Control

+ Betafin

5.8

4.7

Weaning to heat interval (days) 2

a

b- 19%

4

Piglets born alive in subsequent litter

Control Control

+ Betafin

13.2

14.0

a

b

+6%

Reference: Betafin.S.SPA.08.52

University of Murcia, Spain

Betafin® reduces weaning to heat interval & piglets born alive

in the subsequent litter

• Mixed grain-based diets

• Equal numbers of gilts & sows

• Betafin 2kg/tonne

2

Control Control

+ Betafin

30.5

28.9

Sow weight loss (kg)

- 5%

1

Control Control

+ Betafin

Litter weight at weaning (kg)

+12%

a

b

51.4

57.4

Reference: Betafin.S.SPA.08.52

University of Murcia, Spain

Betafin® improves weaning weight & reduces sow weight loss

• Mixed grain-based diets

• Equal numbers of gilts & sows

• Betafin 2kg/tonne

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Betafin® in gestation shows particular benefits for higher parity

(P3+) sows – van Wettere et al (2012)

Total born

Standard versus Betafin (D) = 0.06

Parity (P) = 0.10

D x P = 0.02

Total born alive

Standard versus Betafin (D) = 0.07

Parity (P) = 0.94

D x P = 0.03

+ 1.23 piglets

born alive

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Betafin® natural betaine –benefits in ruminants

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Betafin® increases milk yield (kg/day) and milk fat (%)

in lactating goats(Fernandez et al, 2004 & Fernandez et al, 2009)

1.721.85

1.76a

1.47a1.61a

1.751.741.93 1.95b 2.00b

1.89b2.00

1 2 3 4 5 6

Control Betafin

3.72

4.204.41 4.43 4.40a

4.80

3.80

4.37 4.45 4.53 4.69b

5.20

1 2 3 4 5 6

Control Betafin

2009

Months of lactation (2004)

2009

Months of lactation (2004)

Betafin 4kg/tonne in concentrate + alfalfa hay; 1.5kg/day concentrate = 6g/goat/day

a,b P<0.05

+ 13% +14% +3% +8%

Milk yield (kg/day) Milk fat (%)

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Betafin® reduces carcass fat thickness (mm), neutral and polar

lipids (%) and numerically increases longissimus muscle area(Fernandez et al, 1998)

a,b P<0.05 Manchego lambs, for 6 weeks after weaning; Betafin 2kg/tonne

Polar lipids e.g. phospholipids, Neutral lipids – no areas of polarity

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‘Betaine hydrochloride: An essential nutrient in broiler diets’Cretton & van der Aa, ‘All about feed’ March 2012

References quoted Table 1

Peer-reviewed results on ‘dietary betaine’ in poultry

Virtanen & Rosi (1995) Hassan et al (2005)

Augustine et al (1997) Pirompud et al (2005)

Matthews et al (1997) Waldroup et al (2006)

Teeter et al (1999) Zhan et al (2006)

Waldenstedt et al (1999) El-Husseiny et al (2007)

Esteve-Garcia & Mack (2000) Honarbakhsh et al (2007)

Matthews & Southern (2000) Remus (2001)

Waldroup & Fritts (2005) Noll et al (2002)

Farooqui et al (2005) Wang et al (2004)

Attia et al (2005) Lu & Zou (2006)

Park et al (2006)

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‘Betaine hydrochloride: An essential nutrient in broiler diets’Cretton & van der Aa, ‘All about feed’ March 2012

References quoted Table 1

Peer-reviewed results on ‘dietary betaine’ in poultry

Virtanen & Rosi (1995) Hassan et al (2005)

Augustine et al (1997) Pirompud et al (2005)

Matthews et al (1997) Waldroup et al (2006)

Teeter et al (1999) Zhan et al (2006)

Waldenstedt et al (1999) El-Husseiny et al (2007)

Esteve-Garcia & Mack (2000) Honarbakhsh et al (2007)

Matthews & Southern (2000) Remus (2001)

Waldroup & Fritts (2005) Noll et al (2002)

Farooqui et al (2005) Wang et al (2004)

Attia et al (2005) Lu & Zou (2006)

Trials done with natural betaine

~70%

Park et al (2006)

Be careful when you are reading about ‘betaine’!!


Betafin® natural betaine – its benefits versus

betaine hydrochloride

a natural product

highly consistent

contains no residues

has a low chloride content

highly soluble in water

provides superior osmolytic protection

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Capturing value from the use of Betafin natural betaine in ...animalnutrition.dupont.com/fileadmin/user_upload/live/animal_nutrition/documents/open/...click on slide and Check ’Display