Capítulo 9 Logística y Distribución

7/28/2019 Captulo 9 Logstica y Distribucin

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KHNINA Ikatros Kuropkos hk Klprksds Naaovdhords hk cd IoluanhdhWdckaindad "IKKN IW.

HNZKIINA Ikatros Kuropkos hk Klprksds Naaovdhords hk cd IoluanhdhWdckaindad "IKKN IW.

Ka cd kcdjordina hk kstk hoiulkato bd pdrtninpdho cd klprksdGOZNAXKI# Ykrvninos Fkakrdcks hk Gorldina y Ioasuctord# Y!C!

:==2 HK KYXD KHNINA Ikatro Kuropko hk Klprksds Naaovdhords hk Wdckaind "IKKN Wdckaind.

Dvhd! Jkaedla Grda`cna# 4:! ]dri Xkiaocfni877>= ]dtkrad "Wdckaind.

HNYKO Hkjdsk Kstuhno Frio

LDT[KXDINA Akto kstuhno irkdtnvo# Y!C!

HKZKIBOY ZKYKZWDHOY Tukhd rnfurosdlkatk probnjnho# skfa dutornzdina ksirntd hk cos tntucdrkshk Iopyrnfbt# jdeo uad sdaina kstdjckinhd por Cky# cd rkprohuiina totdco pdrindc hk kstd ojrd por iudcqunkr lkhno o proikhnlnkato# naicunhdscd rkprofrdgd o trdtdlnkato nagorltnio y cd hnstrnjuina hk keklpcdrkslkhndatk prstdlo pjcnio!

Kstk Ldaudc sk bd khntdho frdinds dc dpoyo prkstdho por kc NL]NWD"Nastntuto hk cd Lkhndad y ]kqukd Nahustrnd hk cd Fkakrdcntdt Wdckaindad.d trdvs hkc Ioavkano snafucdr hk iocdjordina pdrd kc hksdrrocco hkc]rofrdld hk Dsnstkaind dc Klprkahkhor!


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www!rkhikkn!iolwww!klprkakleuats!ks


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4 NAXZOH[IINA

: COFYXNID ^ HNYXZNJ[INA

:!4 G[AINOAKY HK CD COFYXNID

:!4!4 IOL]ZDY

:!4!: DCLDIKADLNKAXO

:!4!9 FKYXNA HK NAWKAXDZNOY

:!4!8 LDAN][CDINA HK LKZIDAID

:!4!; KAWDYDHO HK COY ]KHNHOY

:!4!7 ]CDANGNIDINA HK CD ]ZOH[IINA

:!4!6 XZDAY]OZXK:!4!2 YKZWNINO DC ICNKAXK

:!4!> FKYXNA HK CD NAGOZLDINA

:!: COFYXNID HK D]ZOWNYNOADLNKAXO

:!:!4 XN]OY HK D]ZOWNYNOADLNKAXO

:!:!: KYXZDXKFNDY DWDAUDHDY HK D]ZOWNYNOADLNKAXO

:!:!9 XN]OY HK HKYI[KAXOY

:!:!8 YKCKIINA HK ]ZOWKKHOZKY

:!9 DCLDIKAKY

:!9!4 G[AINOAKY HK COY DCLDIKAKY

:!9!: XN]OY HK DCLDIKAKY:!9!9 ]ZNAIN]NOY HKC DCLDIKADEK

:!9!8 UOADY HKC DCLDIA

:!8 KC IDADC COFYXNIO5 CD HNYXZNJ[INA

:!8!4 ]ZOIKYOY NAWOC[IZDHOY KA CD HNYXZNJ[INA

:!8!: XN]OY HK GC[EOY HK LDXKZNDCKY

:!8!9 O]KZDHOZKY COFYXNIOY

:!8!8 CD COFYXNID NAWKZYD

:!8!; NAGOZLDXNUDINA HK CD FKYXNA

:!; XN]OY HK XZDAY]OZXK ]OZ IDZZKXKZD

:!7 IOAHNINOAKY NAIOXKZLY


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prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui

tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd





prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd






tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdprohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui












tnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdprohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui










COFYXNID ^HNYXZNJ[INA


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nvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui

h prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhd

huitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh proCOFYXNID ^ HNYXZNJ[INA

6

ohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pro,

uitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohui,

vnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvn,

dh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh








dh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdhNAXZOH[IINA=4

d. Hkanina hk cofstnid

Cd cofstnid tnkak ua ornfka lncntdr! Ykfa cd prnlkrd hka,nina hkc HZDK# cd cofstnid ks cd ]drtk hk cd orfdanzdinalncntdr quk dtnkahk dc lovnlnkato y ldatkanlnkato hk cdstropds ka idlpdd!

]ostkrnorlkatk# pds dc uso invnc# puhnkaho hkanrsk iolo kc

proikso hk dhlnanstrdr kstrdtfnidlkatk kc ueo y dcldik,

adlnkato kinkatk hk cds ldtkrnds prnlds# hk cds kxnstkaindska proikso y hk cos jnkaks tkrlnadhos hkc puato hk ornfkadc hk ioasulo!

Ks hkinr# cd cofstnid ks cd guaina hk ioatrocdr cos trdasportksy cos dcldikadlnkatos hk cos ldtkrndcks akiksdrnos ka uadklprksd5 ldtkrnds prnlds# stoi`s y prohuitos tkrlnadhos!

j. Iolpoakatks hk cd cofstnid

Ykfa co datks kxpuksto# cd cofstnid vd d tkakr trks ktdpds

rkprkskatdtnvds5

Cofstnid hk dprovnsnoadlnkato!

Cofstnid natkrad!

Cofstnid hk hnstrnjuina!

Hkatro hk idhd uad hk kccds sk ioasnhkrd tdato cos trdas,portks y pcdzos iolo cd fkstna hk cos dcldikaks iorrk,spoahnkatks!

Kvnhkatklkatk skfa cds idrditkrstnids hk idhd klprksd

idhd uad hk cds pdrtks hk cd cofstnid tkahr uad nlportdaind


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itnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohu

hdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvn

ohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh pr

2

rkcdtnvd hnstnatd quk pukhk nr hkshk skr kc prnainpdc proik,so ka kc idso hk klprksds hk hnstrnjuina# bdstd hkedrcdrkhuinhd d cd lanld kxprksna iolo ka dqukccos idsos

ka cos quk ioa kc eust,na,tnlk sk rkinjk kc ldtkrndc ydpuksto ka cds cakds hk prohuiina# hkedaho cd cofstnidhk cos diopnos ka ldaos hkc provkkhor!

Ka kstd ipsucd hk ioaoinlnkato sk hksirnjka cds fudspdrd idhd uad hk cds gdsks nlpcnidhds ka kc proiksocofstnio!

i. Ojektnvos hk uad fkstna cofstnid Ojektnvos hk tnpo Gnadainkros5

Hnslnauina hk cos iostks adainkros hk cos

stoi`s!

Optnlnzdina hk cos iostks hk dcldikadlnkato y

hk trdasportk!

Zkhuiina hk cos iostks hk pcdanidina y pukstd

ka ldribd!

Zkhuiina hk cos iostks hk pkrsoadc! ]rkinos vkatdeosos hk cos skrvninos cofstnios

sujioatrdtdhos!

Ojektnvos idrd dc lkridho y cos icnkatks5

Ldatkanlnkato hk rkcdinoaks ls kstrkibds ioa

cos icnkatks!

Irkdina hk uad cofstnid ornkatdhd d cos lkrid,hos!

Gckxnjncnhdh grkatk d cds vdrndjcks kxnfkainds hk

tohos cos icnkatks ka fkakrdc!

Ydtnsgdiina irkinkatk hk cos icnkatks lkhndatk cd

hnslnauina hk cds tdsds hk krror!

Ojektnvos hk fkstna hk stoi`s y hkc trdasportk5

Zkhuiina hk cos pcdzos k ntnakrdrnos hk katrkfd!

Ldyor rotdina hk stoi`s!

Zkhuiina hk cos stoi`s# iostks hk ldautkaina

"ldanpucdina hk cos prohuitos o lkridaids

hkatro hkc dcldia. y hk prkpdrdina hk pkhn,hos!

Optnlnzdina hk cd utncnzdina hk cds idpdinhdhks

hk dcldikadlnkato y hk trdasportk!

Hnslnauina hk cos iostks hk ioatroc hk cd idhkad

cofstnid!

Ojektnvos hkatro hk cd klprksd5

Xrdaspdrkaind irkinkatk hkatro hk cd idhkad

cofstnid!

Hkanina y rkpdrto icdro hk tdrkds!

Kstruiturds hk nagorldina kidiks# quk sk pukhka

ojtkakr frdinds d cos snstklds nagorldtnzdhos!


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dh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdh prohuitnvnhdhCOFYXNID ^ HNYXZNJ[INA=:

:!4 Guainoaks hk cd cofstnidCd iolpckenhdh hkc snstkld cofstnio vd d vkanr hkanhd por

kc skrvnino quk sk prkinsk hdr dc icnkatk# puhnkaho cckfdrskbdstd anvkcks dctdlkatk kxnfkatks sojrk cd guaina cofstnid!

Ka fkakrdc cds ditnvnhdhks quk ldyor iostk rkprkskatda yquk por tdato rkqunkrka hk ldyor ksgukrzo hk pcdanidina

y ioatroc# soa cds iolprds# cd fkstna hk cos navkatdrnos ykc trdasportk! Hk tohos lohos# skfa cds idrditkrstnids hkidhd klprksd# kstds cakds fkakrdcks pukhka vdrndr

Hkatro hk cd cofstnid pukhka hnstnafunrsk cds snfunkatks gua,inoaks quk pukhka skr hksdrroccdhds por cds lnslds pkrso,ads/hkpdrtdlkatos o skr dfrupdhds euato d otrds guainoakshk cd klprksd5

:!4!4 iolprds

Yk trdtd hk uad guaina quk bdjntudclkatk kst skpdrdhdhkc rksto hk cd cofstnid# kspkindclkatk iudaho kc voculkahk iolprds hk cd klprksd ks nlportdatk ioa rkspkito d sugditurdina! Ioasnstk ka5

d. Ykckiina hk cds gukatks hk sulnanstro!

j. Iciuco hk cds idatnhdhks d iolprdr!

i. Ykckiina hk cd klnsna hk ua pkhnho!


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4=

:!4!: dcldikadlnkato

d. Hktkrlnadina hkc kspdino hk dcldikadlnkato!

j. Hnsko hkc dcldia!

i. [jnidina hk cos prohuitos ka dcldia!

h. Kckiina hk cos kcklkatos hk ldautkaina5 idrrktnccdskckvdhords# idrrktnccds trncdtkrdcks# dcldikaks sklndu,toltnios o natkcnfkatks# kti!

:!4!9 fkstna hk navkatdrnos

Hk gorld iobkrkatk ioa cd poctnid hk prohuiina# dio,pnos o cds prkvnsnoaks hk vkatds# sk trdtd hk rkdcnzdr5

d. Hkanina hk cd poctnid hk stoi`s!

j. ]roykiina hk cds vkatds d iorto pcdzo!

i. Alkro# tdldo y coidcnzdina hk cos puatos hk dc,ldikadlnkato!

h. Ioatroc hk cos stoi`s5 navkatdrno ioatnauo# navkatdrnospkrnhnios u otros!

:!4!8 ldanpucdina hk lkridaid

d. Gorldina hkc pkrsoadc!

j. ]roikhnlnkatos hk prkpdrdina hk pkhnhos!

i. Dcldikadlnkato y rkiupkrdina hk lkridaids!

:!4!; kavdsdho hk cos pkhnhos

d. Hnsko hkc trdtdlnkato!

j. Hkanina hkc dcldikadlnkato!i. Hkanina hkc anvkc hk protkiina ioatrd prhnhds y

hkspkrgkitos!

:!4!7 pcdanGnidina hk cd prohuiina

Ka ioopkrdina ioa kc hkpdrtdlkato hk prohuiina sktnkak cd rkspoasdjncnhdh hk5

d. Kstdjckinlnkato hk cds skiukainds y inicos hk prohui,ina!

j. Kspkinidina hk cds idatnhdhks hk cos iolpoakatks!

:!4!6 trdasportk

Ka kc trdasportk hk cds kxpkhninoaks o naicuso hk cds rk,ikpinoaks# iudaho sk cckfd d inkrto anvkc hk iolpckenhdh#sk trdtd hk uad opkrdina sujioatrdtdhd ka pdrtk ioatrdasportnstds# o iolpcktdlkatk sn sk told cd hkinsnahk jusidr ua opkrdhor cofstnio!

d. Ykckiina hkc loho y lkhno hk trdasportk!

j. Ioasocnhdina hk cos kavos!

i. Kstdjckinlnkato hk rutds hk trdasportks!

h. Hnstrnjuina y pcdanidina hk cos vkbiucos hk trdas,portk!

k. Kckiina hk ua opkrdhor cofstnio ioa qunka sujioa,trdtdr cos skrvninos!

:!4!2 skrvnino dc icnkatk

Ka ioopkrdina ioa kc hkpdrtdlkato iolkrindc# hk rkdcn,zda cds snfunkatks opkrdinoaks5

d. Hktkrlnadina hk cds akiksnhdhks cofstnids hk cosicnkatks!

j. Kstdjckinlnkato hk cos anvkcks hk skrvnino rkqukrnhos!

i. Ioaoinlnkato hk cd rkspukstd hkc icnkatk dc anvkc hkskrvnino quk rkinjk!

h. Fkstna hk cd cofstnid navkrsd5 cd rkiofnhd hk hkvocu,inoaks hk ldtkrndcks o kavdsks!

:!4!> fkstna hk cd naGorldina

d. Zkiofnhd y dcldikadlnkato hk hdtos!

j. Kstdjckinlnkato hk proikhnlnkatos hk ioatroc!

i. Dacnsns hk cd nagorldina!

:!: cofstnid hk dprovnsnoadlnkatoKs cd pdrtk hk cd cofstnid quk tnkak cd rkspoasdjncnhdh hkpoakr d hnsposnina hk cd klprksd tohos dqukccos pro,huitos# jnkaks y skrvninos kxtkrnorks quk skda akiksdrnos

pdrd su guainoadlnkato! Yus rkspoasdjncnhdhks soa5


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]rkvkr cds akiksnhdhks# pcdanidrcds ka kc tnklpo y

kxprksdrcds ka trlnaos dhkiudhos!

Jusidr y dhqunrnr ka kc lkridho cds akiksnhdhks hk

cd klprksd!

Zkinjnr cds akiksnhdhks hkatro hkc pcdzo prkvnsto!

Zkdcnzdr cd prkvnsna hk cos pdfos!

Ka cd klprksd hk boy# kc dprovnsnoadlnkato sk bd ioa,vkrtnho ka uad guaina kstrdtfnid# iudaho ao icdvk ka kcxnto hk cd klprksd# sdcvo ka idsos poio grkiukatks ka

cos quk kc voculka kioalnio hk cds iolprds skd luyjdeo ioa rkspkito d cd gditurdina!

Cds rdzoaks hk kstd nlportdaind ksta ka5

Dfncnhdh hk cos lkridhos# ioa lctnpcks klprksds

idahnhdtds d skr sulnanstrdhords# idhd uad ioa susidrditkrstnids hk prkinos y skrvninos!

Wdrndinoaks ka cd hkldahd hk cos prohuitos y ka

sus prkinos!

Hniuctdh hk adaindina hk cds klprksds k nl,portdaind hk cos iostks adainkros! Ynklprk bdy

quk ioasnhkrdr quk cos navkatdrnos tnkaka ua vdcorkioalnio y ioasnhkrdr cd proporina inriucdatk/di,tnvos!

Kstrkibos lrfkaks hk jkakinos# quk bdik quk

uad rkhuiina ka kc iostk hk cds iolprds fkakrkuad lkeord dprkindjck hkc jkakino!

Hk loho quk cos ojektnvos hk cd cofstnid hk dprovn,snoadlnkato skra cd skckiina hk cos provkkhorks lsdhkiudhos por prkinos y ioahninoaks hk skrvnino "pcdzohk katrkfd# djncnhdh ka cos pcdzos# kti!. y cd rkhuiina

hk cos navkatdrnos jusidaho cd ioljnadina kioalnid,lkatk ls gdvordjck d cd klprksd!

:!:!4 tnpos hk dprovnsnoadlnkato

Bdy vdrnds gorlds hk diolktkr kc kstuhno hk cos dprovn,snoadlnkatos hk uad klprksd# hk gorld quk sk hkjkakckfnr cds ls dhkiudhds d idhd idso skfa cds posn,

jncnhdhks hk dcldikadlnkato# cd posnjncnhdh hk sustntunrcos prohuitos por otros# su rnksfo hk idhuinhdh o qukhdrojsocktos# su ginc hnspoanjncnhdh ka kc lkridho o jdeopkhnho# sn soa iolprds bdjntudcks o ksporhnids# kti!

Dcfuads hk cds gorlds hk diolktkr kc kstuhno hk cosdprovnsnoadlnkatos soa cos snfunkatks5

d. ]or kc rnksfo hkc sulnanstro y kc nlpdito sojrk kcjkakino5

Jsnios5 Yoa dqukccos prohuitos iuyo nlpdito so,

jrk kc jkakino ks dcto# pkro frdinds d tkakr dctd hn,spoanjncnhdh ka kc lkridho su rnksfo hk sulnanstroks jdeo! Yoa cos idsos hk lkridaids kstahdrkska kc lkridho5 bdrnad hk trnfo# iklkato# dikro hkioastruiina# kti!

Kstrdtfnios5 Xnkaka dcto nlpdito sojrk cos jka,kinos ds iolo ua dcto rnksfo hk sulnanstro! Ka

kstk idso ks guahdlkatdc cd skckiina hk cos prov,kkhorks porquk cds rkcdinoaks ioa kstos soa gua,hdlkatdcks! ]or keklpco ks kc idso hk ldtkrndcks

rkdcnzdhos jdeo pkhnho iolo dculnano cdlnadho#tujos sochdhos# kti!

Ao irtnios5 Ldtkrndcks hk jdeo nlpdito sojrk kcjkakino y jdeo anvkc hk sulnanstro! Yu djdstki,nlnkato ao rkprkskatd hniuctdhks kspkindcks!

Iukccos hk jotkccd5 ]ksk d tkakr ua nlpdito jdeosojrk kc jkakino tnkaka ua rnksfo dcto hk sulnans,tro y ao pukhka skr sustntunhos por otros ldtkrndcks!Yu hnspoanjncnhdh hkjk skr dskfurdhd por tohos

cos lkhnos! [a keklpco hk ldtkrndc ioa kstds idr,ditkrstnids pukhk skr cd torancckrd ao iolkrindc "hkdikro naoxnhdjck# hk idcnhdh 4=!2# kti!. akiksdrnd

pdrd ua loatdek!

j. ]or kc tnpo hk fkstna hk cds kxnstkainds5

]uato hk pkhnho5 Ks cd fkstna hk cds iolprds kacds quk sk kavda cds orhkaks hk iolprd pdrd cosaukvos diopnos iudaho sk dcidazd inkrto anvkc hkstoi` ccdldho puato hk pkhnho!


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4:

]drd rkdcnzdr kstd fkstna ks akiksdrno tkakr uaioatroc ioatnauo hk cos stoi`s hk cos prohuitos dsiolo kc iciuco hkc puato hk pkhnho jdsahosk ka5

Cd prkvnsna hkc ioasulo!

Cos pcdzos hk katrkfd prkvnstos!

Kc tdldo hk cotk hkc pkhnho!

Kc stoi` hk skfurnhdh quk sk hkinhk quk hkjk bdj,kr ka kc lolkato hk cd cckfdhd hkc snfunkatk kavo!

Yk rkiolnkahd quk uad vkz kstnldho kc ioasulo# sk kx,prkska cos tdldos hk cos stoi`s y cos cotks ka uanhdhkstklpordcks "hds# skldads#. pdrd tkakr cd vnsna hkcdcidaik hk cos stoi`s y kc nlpdito hkc pcdzo hk katrkfd!

Kc stoi` hk skfurnhdh sk utncnzd pdrd djsorjkr cds po,snjcks vdrndinoaks hkc pcdzo hk katrkfd y cds hngkrkaindskatrk ioasulo prkvnsto y rkdc!

Ka kc prnlkr idso iorrkspoahk d 9 hds x 4:= uhs/hd = hcdrks/toa

"totdc >!=== hcdrks.

:!;== :!84= < >= hcdrks/toa

"totdc >!=== hcdrks.


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Diukrhos hk sulnanstro d cdrfo pcdzo5 Yk cckfdad rldr diukrhos d hnkz o qunaik dos quk iol,pkaska d cos provkkhorks pdrd quk loatka euato dcds gjrnids hk cos icnkatks pcdatds hk sulnanstro o#dc lkaos# dcldikaks rkfucdhorks!

Cos dcldikaks rkfucdhorks pukhka skr propnos oiolpdrtnhos ioa otros provkkhorks! Dqu dpdrkikcd furd hkc opkrdhor cofstnio kspkindcnzdho quk hd

skrvnino d vdrnos provkkhorks quk nahkpkahnkatk,lkatk ao tnkaka suinkatk ingrd hk akfoinos pdrd

diolktkr por sn lnslos kc dcldia rkfucdhor! Kstrkibds rkcdinoaks icnkatk,provkkhor5 ]drd quk

toho kstk snstkld skd kgkitnvo# ks akiksdrnd cdnatkfrdina hkc provkkhor iolo sn guksk pdrtk hkcd orfdanzdina hkc icnkatk! Hkjk skr uad rkcdinaprovkibosd pdrd dljds klprksds puksto quk skjdsd ka cd ioadazd inkfd ka kc iulpcnlnkato hk

cds katrkfds# cd idcnhdh# kti!

Lxnlo dpoyo hkc icnkatk dc provkkhor5 ]drd quk cd

kinkaind hkc snstkld ao sk rkhuzid# kc provkkhorakiksntd ioatdr ka toho lolkato ioa cd lkeor nagor,ldina quk su icnkatk tkafd! Hk kstd gorld pukhkbdikr cd pcdanidina hk su prohuiina ioa cd lx,nld kxnjncnhdh!

Kc eust,na,tnlk ao sk pukhk jdsdr ka pdsdr d cosprovkkhorks kc iostk hkc ldatkanlnkato hkc stoi`#puksto quk didjdra rkpkriutnahoco hk uad gorldu otrd ka kc prkino! Kc ojektnvo ks quk kc provkkhorpukhd trdjdedr tdljna ka eust,na,tnlk!

i. Dprovnsnoadlnkato ka Zkspukstd Zpnhd "TZ.

Yk trdtd hk ua tnpo hk djdstkinlnkato utncnzdho porkc skitor hkc frda ioasulo "supkrlkridhos# bnp,krlkridhos# frdahks dcldikaks# kti!. dprovkibda,ho dcfuad hk cds jdsks hkc eust,na,tnlk# duaquk ioauad frda hngkrkaind ka co quk rkspkitd d cds rkcd,inoaks icnkatk,provkkhor!

Cd frda hnstrnjuina ks uao hk cos skitorks lsiolpktntnvos ka su poctnid hk sulnanstros! Yu ak,

foino sk jdsd ka vkahkr ioa luy jdeos lrfkaksiolkrindcks# pkro ioasnfuka uad dctd rkatdjncnhdhfrdinds d tkakr dctsnlds rotdinoaks hk stoi` y cdr,fos pcdzos hk pdfo!

]or keklpco# tohos cos hds cos sulnanstrdhorks hkuad idhkad hk supkrlkridhos# katrkfda por cdtdrhk ka sus pcdtdgorlds hk hnstrnjuina ua pkhnhodhdptdho d cd prkvnsna hk cd hkldahd "hd hk cdskldad# hd hkc lks# poid hkc do# kti!.! Ksd lns,ld aoibk sk rkpdrtk cd lkridaid d idhd uao sk

cos kstdjckinlnkatos! Ioa kstd poctnid sk pukhkacckfdr d ioaskfunr :== rotdinoaks hk stoi` dc do!

Ds# sk ojtnkak uad dctd rkatdjncnhdh ioa jdeoslrfkaks5

]or keklpco# ioa ua ldrfka hkc :+ y :== rotd,inoaks/do# cd rkatdjncnhdh hk cd klprksd ks5

Zkatdjncnhdh < :+ x :== < 8==+ hkc vdcor hkc stoi`

lkhno!

Hk loho quk cd poctnid hk sulnanstros ioasnstk kaquk cos provkkhorks rkdcnika luibds katrkfds hkcd iudatd eustd pdrd quk ao bdyd hksdjdstkinlnka,to# pkro cnlntdaho cos stoi`s! Ka prnainpno sk trdtdhk ua pcdatkdlnkato luy snlncdr dc eust,na,tnlk#pkro tnkak proguahds hngkrkainds ka cd rkcdina ka,trk kc provkkhor y kc icnkatk5

Ao bdy diukrhos kstrdtfnios5 Cos ioatrdtos sk r,lda d iorto o lkhno pcdzo! Yn didso sk rlda diu,krhos ls proguahos iudaho sk diukrhd prohuinr yhnstrnjunrldrids jcdaids# pkro ao sk cckfd d uadiocdjordina tda atnld iolo ka kc idso hkc eust,na,tnlk!

Zkatdjncnhdh < Ldrfka Iolkrindc Zotdina

G 95 iciuco hk c d rkatdjncnhdh skfarotdina


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Hnspkrsna hk ikatros hk vkatd5 Cd idatnhdh y hns,pkrsna hk cos puatos hk vkatd nlposnjncntd quksk loatka dcldikaks rkfucdhorks o sk trdscdhkacos ikatros hk prohuiina! Ka fkakrdc# kc icnkatkioaikatrd sus rkikpinoaks ka cds ccdldhds pcdtd,gorlds cofstnids quk bdika cd guaina hk cd hns,trnjuina lnaornstd yd por iukatd hkc icnkatk!

Diukrhos jdsdhos ka prkino5 Kc prnainpdc pdrlktropdrd cckfdr d ua diukrho ks kc prkino hk sulnanstroy cd hkldahd hkc lkridho! Dhkls sk nlpoakagukrtks rkstrniinoaks ka iudato d cds ioahninoakshk cd katrkfd y sk prkvnkaka nlportdatks pkadcnzd,inoaks ka idso hk naiulpcnlnkato o roturd hk stoi`!Cds ioahninoaks hk sulnanstro sk hkaolnada ]cda,tnccd y soa hk hnginc akfoindina ioa kc icnkatk!

Gdctd hk nagorldina5 Fkakrdclkatk# cds klprksdshk frda hnstrnjuina tnkaka uad poctnid hndlktrdc,lkatk opukstd d cd hkc eust,na,tnlk ka iudato d cdnagorldina d cos provkkhorks! Ao sk proporinoadanafuad nagorldina sojrk cd kvocuina hkc lkr,idho y poid sojrk cds prkvnsnoaks!

Fkstna hk stoi`s hkc icnkatk5 ka lctnpcks oid,snoaks# cds rhkaks hk iolprd surfka hnrkitd,lkatk hk cd nagorldina hk cos propnos ckitorks hkihnfos hk jdrrds hk cds ideds rkfnstrdhords!

Grkiukaind hk katrkfd5 Dctds grkiukainds hk katrk,fd! Bdjntudclkatk sk katrkfd idhd hd ua kavo kaidhd uad hk cds pcdtdgorlds cofstnids hkc icnkatk!

Ka rksulka# pukhk hkinrsk quk lnkatrds ka kc eust,na,tnlk sk jusid cd lxnld iocdjordina katrk icn,katk y provkkhor# qukhdaho kc provkkhor natkfrdhoka cos proiksos hk prohuiina hkc icnkatk y hnspo,ankaho hk tohd cd nagorldina posnjck# ka kc idsohk cd frda hnstrnjuina# kc provkkhor ks trdtdhoiolo ua dhvkrsdrno dc quk prksnoadr dc lxnlo# sna

anafa iunhdho hk su rkatdjncnhdh y supkrvnvkaind!

:!:!9 tnpos hk hksiukatos

Cos hksiukatos soa hnslnauinoaks ka kc prkino diorhd,ho iudaho sk iulpcda inkrtds ioahninoaks quk sk bdydaakfoindho!

]ukhk trdtdrsk hk hksiukatos kioalnios# pkro tdl,jna pukhka ioasnstnr ka ogrkikrck skrvninos iolo kctrdasportk# cos kljdcdeks# ldanpucdinoaks# propdfda,hds# irhntos# pkrsoadcnzdina hk prohuitos# kti!

Dcfuaos tnpos hk hksiukatos soa5

d. Hksiukatos por tdldo hk cotk

Yk jdsda ka cds kioaolds hk ksidcd# ks hkinr# ka cdrkhuiina hk cos iostks hk prohuiina skfa sk nairk,lkatda cos tdldos hk cos cotks gdjrnidhos! ]ukhka

rkgkrnrsk d uanhdhks o d nlportk!]or keklpco5 sn d uad klprksd hk tkenhos tkxtncks sk

ck pnhk ua iortk hk 4; lktros tkahr ua prkino! Yn sk cksocnintd uad pnkzd "rocco. hk ;= l# kc prkino pukhk skrhkc 7=+ o 6=+ hkc pdfdho por kc iortk!

Yn sk ck bdik ua kaidrfo hk :!=== lktros# kc prkinopukhk cckfdr d skr hkc ;=+ hkc quk iostdrd ua iortk!

Cds vdrndinoaks hk prkino sk kxpcnida por cos iostks

hk vkatd# ldanpucdina y kavo# por kc iostk hk sopo,

rtdr cos stoi`s d cd kspkrd hk pkhnhos y cos hkspkrhn,inos quk sk fkakrda dc vkahkr tkenho por lktros!

j. Hksiukatos por voculka hk iolprds

Ka kstk idso sk diulucda cds idatnhdhks iolprdhdsd co cdrfo hk ua pkrnoho hk tnklpo y sk bdik uad ks,idcd hk prkinos ka guaina hk cds uanhdhks o kurosvkahnhos hk gorld quk sk naikatnvk dc icnkatk d cddhqunsnina hk ls uanhdhks ka vkz hk hkidatdrskpor cd iolpktkaind!

i. Zdppkc hk iolprds

Ks snlncdr dc hksiukato por voculka hk iolprds# pkroka kstk idso co quk sk bdik ks hkvocvkr dc icnkatk dcadc hk do uad idatnhdh hkpkahnkaho hkc vdcor totdc

hk sus iolprds!

]or keklpco# sn sk iolprd ls hk 4==!=== K[Z# dadc hk do sk hkvukcvk kc :+ hkc vdcor iolprdho# sn

sk iolprd ls hk :;=!=== K[Z sk hkvukcvk kc :#;+

y sn sk sojrkpdsda cos ;==!=== K[Z sk hkvocvkrd kc9+ hkc vdcor totdc hk cds iolprds!


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4>

h. Hksiukato adainkro

Kc ls tpnio ks kc hksiukato por proato pdfo quksk rkdcnzd pdrd naikatnvdr quk sk rkhuzid kc pkrnoho hkpdfo hk cos icnkatks! Hk kstd gorld kc provkkhor ioa,snfuk dborros ka cos fdstos adainkros "hksiukatos

jdaidrnos# natkrksks# kti!. y dhkls rkhuik kc rnksfohk nlpdfos!

]or keklpco5 Yn uad klprksd tkxtnc rkinjk ua gukrtk pk,hnho hk ua icnkatk ao bdjntudc o quk supkrk kc rnksfoquk ck dskfurd cd klprksds hk ioatroc hk rnksfos

"Irhnto y Iduina u otrds.# sk ck pukhk ogrkikr qukdjoak dc ioatdho ioa ua hpp "hksiukato por proatopdfo. hkc :+ ka vkz hk d >= hds!

Hk kstd ldakrd# por ua prkino dikptdjck sk rkhuikkc rnksfo hk nlpdfo y sk ogrkik ua hksiukato kqunvd,ckatk dc 2+ daudc ":+ por trks lksks kqunvdck d 2+ d

hoik lksks.!

k. Hksiukatos iolkrindcks

Yk rkdcnzda por kstdinoadcnhdh hk cd hkldahd! Yoa

ls bdjntudcks ka kc idlpo hk cd hnstrnjuina quk kacd nahustrnd!

:!:!8 skckiina hk provkkhorks

Cos irntkrnos utncnzdhos pdrd cd kckiina hk provkkhorkssoa tda dlpcnos iolo cds posnjncnhdhks hk rkdcnzdr ioa,trdtos quk kxnstka# quk pukhka cckfdr hkshk diukrhos d

cdrfo pcdzo d iolprds ksporhnids!

Cfnidlkatk cos irntkrnos pdrd skckiinoadr d cos provkk,

horks hkpkahka hk cd hurdina hkc ioatrdto! Cos ioa,trdtos hk sulnanstro d cdrfo pcdzo hkjka ioatklpcdr ds,pkitos quk soa naakiksdrnos ka kc idso hk ioatrdtos hklkaor hurdina!

Ka iudcqunkr idso# sk rkiolnkahd quk sk utncnika irntk,rnos ojektnvos ka cd skckiina hk cos provkkhorks qukpukhka skr sojrk prkinos# pcdzos hk katrkfd y/o idcnhdh!

Cd hniuctdh hkc snstkld kst ka rkdcnzdr vdcordinoaks

jdsdhds ka vdrnos pdrlktros o ka cd iudatnidina hk

cos lnslos!

Dcfuads gorlds hk puatudr d cos provkkhorks skfa hk,tkrlnadhos prnainpnos soa5

d. Idcnhdh

Cd idcnhdh sk lnhk usudclkatk por cd grdiina hk uan,hdhks quk iulpcka ioa cos kstahdrks kstdjckinhoshk datkldao# sk propoaka cds snfunkatks gorlds hklkhnr cd idcnhdh5

A o + hk rkibdzos5 sk nahnid cd grdiina hk uan,hdhks# `f# l9# kti! quk bda sdtnsgkibo cds kspkin,idinoaks prkvnstds! Yk pukhka kxprksdr ka +# ka

ppl "pdrtks por lncca. o ka iudcqunkr otrd gorld hkkxprksna quk sk dhdptk dc prohuito!

ahnik hkc iostk hk idcnhdh5 Ks snlncdr dc datkrnor#pkro ka vkz hk bdikrsk cos iciucos por uanhdhkssk rkdcnzd kioalnidlkatk# idciucdaho kc iostk hkao idcnhdh hnvnho por kc vdcor hk iolprd!

Alkro hk nainhkainds hk idcnhdh5 Zkiopncdaho tnposhk projcklds dsoindhos d ua sulnanstro pdrtniucdr!

Grkiukaind y frdvkhdh hk cos hkgkitos hk idcnhdh

j. Ykrvnino

]drd cd vdcordina hkc skrvnino bdy quk tkakr ka iukatdcd puatudcnhdh ka cos pcdzos hk katrkfd y cd kxditntuh

hk cds idatnhdhks skrvnhds! Yk trdtd hk uad vdcordinanlportdatk pdrd cd hktkrlnadina hk cos stoi`s hk sk,furnhdh quk cd klprksd hkinhd tkakr!

Bdy vdrnds gorlds hk iudatnidr cd idcnhdh hkc skrvnino

hk ua provkkhor# por keklpco ka iudato d cos pcdzoshk katrkfd5

Katrkfds d tnklpo5 Yk pukhk idciucdr iolo vdcordjsocuto "por hngkrkaind hk gkibds. o ka porikatdek!]drd su iudatnidina pukhka toldrsk vdrnds ldf,antuhks# iolo alkro hk uanhdhks# pkhnhos o vdcorloaktdrno!

Iokinkatk hk katrkfds d tnklpo5 Yk rkdcnzd uadvdcordina hk cd puatudcnhdh hk idhd uad hk cds ka,trkfds# sk suld y sk hnvnhk por cd idatnhdh totdc hkkatrkfds! Cd tdjcd hk puatudina pukhk skr snlncdr

d cd snfunkatk5


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rktrdso dhkcdato puatos

D tnklpo Bdstd : hds 4==

Bdstd : hds 9 d ; hds 2=

9 d ; hds 7 d 4; hds ;=

7 d 4= hds 4; d 9= hds 9=

Ls hk 4= hds Ls hk 9= hds =

t 45 iokGninkatk hk katrkfds d tnklpo

Hksvndina djsocutd lkhnd hkc pcdzo5 Ks otrd gorldhk hktkrlnadr cd puatudcnhdh hk cds katrkfds# ioa,snstkatk ka idciucdr cd lkhnd hk cds hksvndinoaks kacd gkibd prkvnstd hk katrkfd "sna katrdr d vdcordr snsk katrkfda datks o hkspus.! Yk ojtnkak ua vdcorka hds!

Katrk cds vdcordinoaks pdrd hktkrlnadr cd kxditntuh hk

cds idatnhdhks katrkfdhds por cos provkkhorks# sk intda

cds snfunkatks5

]orikatdek hk hksvndina ka cds idatnhdhks5 Ioa,snstk ka kc iciuco hkc + hk hksvndina katrk cds

uanhdhks socnintdhds y cds uanhdhks rkdclkatk rk,injnhds!

Iokinkatk hk idatnhdhks katrkfdhds5 Yk idciucdhk gorld snlncdr dc iokinkatk hk katrkfds d tnkl,po# puatudaho idhd uad hk cds rkikpinoaks cd hks,vndina grkatk d cd idatnhdh socnintdhd y ojtkankaho

hkspus cd lkhnd hk cos puatos ojtkanhos!

Yk pukhk pdrtnr hk uad tdjcd snlncdr d cd snfunkatk ydhdptdhd d idhd idso5

hksvndina rkspkitodc pkhnho

puatos

Nagkrnor dc :+ 4==

Hkc :+ dc ;+ 2=

Hkc ;+ dc 4=+ ;=

Hkc 4=+ dc :=+ 9=

Ldyor hkc :=+ =

t :5 iokGninkatk hk idatnhdhks katrkfdhds


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Hksvndina djsocutd lkhnd hk cd idatnhdh5 Yk idc,iucd hk gorld snlncdr d cd hksvndina hkc pcdzo# oj,tkankaho cd hngkrkaind katrk idatnhdhks socnintdhdsy rkinjnhds y idciucdaho cd lkhnd sna ioatdr sn cdshksvndinoaks soa hk ls o hk lkaos!

i. Iostk

]drd cd Wdcordina kgkitnvd hkc iostk ks nlportdatkioasnhkrdr dhkls hkc prkino# tohds dqukccds nain,hkainds kioalnids quk sk dsoinka# iolo pukhkaskr hkvocuinoaks# rkicdldina hk katrkfds# rkicdsn,idina hk ldtkrndcks# kti!

Xdljna rksuctd rkiolkahdjck iolpdrdr katrkfds kacds lnslds ioahninoaks "portks# skfuros# kljdcdeks#hksiukatos# kti!.!

h. Otrds vdcordinoaks

Ka hktkrlnadhds ioahninoaks pukhk skr tnc pdrd cdskckiina hk provkkhorks cd ioasnhkrdina hk otrosdspkitos iolo cos snfunkatks5

Yntudina adainkrd quk dskfurk cd supkrvnvkaind

hk cd klprksd sulnanstrdhord!

]osksna hk ua snstkld hk dskfurdlnkato hk cd

idcnhdh ikrtnidho "tnpo NYO,>===.!

Lohkranhdh hk cds nastdcdinoaks!

Kinkaind ka cd prohuiina# quk pukhd gdincntdr ka

kc guturo uad hnslnauina hk cos prkinos!

Aorldcnzdina hk cds katrkfds5 uso hk pdcckts aor,ldcnzdhos# hk ihnfos hk jdrrds u otros!

Dhdptdjncnhdh d cos rkqukrnlnkatos hkc icnkatk5 gor,ldto# kljdcdek# trdasportk# kti!

Kinkaind dhlnanstrdtnvd# quk rkhuzid iostks y pcd,zos hk katrkfd!

Gdincnhdh hk ioluanidina# dhdptahosk d cos

snstklds nagorltnios hkc icnkatk pdrd cd rkhuiinahk pcdzos dhlnanstrdtnvos y hk krrorks!

Dutoldtnzdina hk dcldikaks!

Ykr poskkhor hk tkiaocofd# y kstdr idpdintdho

pdrd su hksdrrocco postkrnor ioa ua hkpdrtdlkatohk NHN!

Ioatroc cofstnio# quk pkrlntd ua skfunlnkato ska,incco y djck hkc kstdho hk cos pkhnhos# hnslnauy,kaho cds naikrtnhuljrks hk cds katrkfds!

Iocdjordina tianid# pdrd dportdr socuinoaks d cos

icnkatks!

k. Iolpdrdina katrk provkkhorks

Iudaho sk skckiinoada cos pdrlktros pdrd cd kvdcu,dina hk cos provkkhorks# ks akiksdrno ioljnadrcoshk dcfuad gorld opkrdtnvd pdrd pohkr toldr uad hk,insna anid!

Ydcvo quk ua provkkhor skd aktdlkatk supkrnor katohos cos pdrlktros# opina poio projdjck pukstoquk cos provkkhorks ls kioalnios pukhka tkakrpkor skrvnino o idcnhdh# ks akiksdrno irkdr ua ahnikioljnadho pdrd cd kvdcudina hk provkkhorks!

]drd kcco# sn sk ccdld T dc ahnik hk idcnhdh# ] dc hkiulpcnlnkato hk pcdzos y I dc hk iostk# y sk kxprksda

tohos ka cd lnsld uanhdh "+ o puatos. pukhk poahkr,drsk cd nlportdaind hk idhd uao hk cos pdrlktros!

Yn supoaklos quk cd nlportdaind ks :=+# 9=+ y ;=+

rkspkitnvdlkatk# cd grlucd hkc ahnik hk vdcordinahk provkkhorks skrd dcfo ds5

Yn sk hkskda naicunr ls pdrlktros hk vdcordinapukhk cckfdr d rkdcnzdrsk ua iukstnoadrno quk skd rkc,ckadho pdrd idhd provkkhor# puatuahocos hk cd gorldls ojektnvd quk skd posnjck!

Kvnhkatklkatk# cds ioahninoaks hk ua provkkhor idl,jnda ioa kc tnklpo# hk gorld quk ks akiksdrno rkdcnzdrhk gorld pkrnhnid cds kvdcudinoaks! [a pcdzo daudc

pukhk skr dhkiudho ka cd ldyord hk cos idsos!

:=

4==

9=

4==

;=

4==ahnik hk skckiina < T x ] x I x


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:!9 dcldikaks:!9!4 Guainoaks hk cos dcldikaksKs guaina hk cd cofstnid ioaskfunr quk cos ldtkrndcksakiksdrnos pdrd kc proikso hk cd klprksd "skd kc pro,ikso prohuitnvo o kc iolkrindc hk hnstrnjuina. kstahnspoanjcks ka kc lolkato dhkiudho! ]drd cofrdrco skpdrtk hk uaos tnklpos hk diopno y uads prkvnsnoaks qukpukhka skr ls o lkaos deustdhds!

[ad guaina hk cos dcldikaks ks cd hk hdr uad socuina dcd naikrtnhuljrk quk provoida cds prkvnsnoaks# ds iolokcnlnadr cds tkasnoaks ka cd idhkad hk sulnanstro!

Xdljna tnkaka uad guaina kioalnid ka cd hka,nina hkc tdldo hk cotk hk diopno o skrvnino y ka cdsiolprds kspkiucdtnvds5 dqukccds quk sk bdika pdrddprovkibdr hktkrlnadhds ioahninoaks hkc lkridho!

]or otrd pdrtk# ao hkjk pkrhkrsk cd vnsna hkc vdcor hkcditnvo inriucdatk quk sk kaiukatrd ka cos dcldikaks yquk ao fkakrd anafa jkakino d cd klprksd lnkatrds sk

kaiukatrd dcc hkposntdho5 cd poctnid hk ioatroc hkc tdldohk cos navkatdrnos pukhk cckfdr ka dcfuaos idsos d ldridrcd hngkrkaind katrk klprksds rkatdjcks y ao rkatdjcks!

Cds prnainpdcks guainoaks hk cos dcldikaks soa5

Zkfucdina hk cos hkskquncnjrnos katrk ogkrtd y hk,ldahd5 Hkpkahnkaho hk cd ditnvnhdh hk cd klprksd#kxnstka lctnpcks idsos!

, Kxnstka cos idsos ka cos quk cd idcnhdh hk skr,

vnino dc icnkatk ks irtnid y cd ioorhnadina katrkdcldikaks# diopnos y idhkad prohuitnvd hkjknlpkhnr d tohd iostd roturds hk stoi` quk provo,quka hksdjdstkinlnkato d cos icnkatks! Ka kstosidsos cos dcldikaks sk hnlkasnoada ka prkvnsnahk cd vdrndjncnhdh hk cd hkldahd!

, Ka idsos hk hkldahd kstdinoadc# cos dcldikakssk utncnzda pdrd cdlnadr cd prohuiina hurdatk uainico ls cdrfo# pkrlntnkaho rkhuinr cds navkr,snoaks ka kcklkatos hk prohuiina y ldatkakrioastdatk cd ditnvnhdh hkc pkrsoadc!

, Ka fkakrdc snklprk kxnstk naikrtnhuljrk ka cd hk,ldahd y ka cd idcnhdh hkc skrvnino hk cos provkk,horks! ]drd quk ksto ao nauyd ka kc proikso hk

cd klprksd sk utncnzda cos dcldikaks ioa guainarkfucdhord!

Zkhuiina hk iostks5 Dadcnzdaho cos iostks hkrkdcnzdr ua kavo# cos iostks hk dcldikadek y ld,anpucdina y cos iostks adainkros hk ldatkakr

ua stoi`# sk cckfd d cd ioaicusna hk quk kxnstk ua

tdldo hk cotk ptnlo "vkr Grlucd :5 Iciuco hkc

cotk kioalnio.! Kc kxikso hk ldtkrndc quk ao prk,insk skr ioasulnho hk nalkhndto skr dcldikadhoka kspkrd hk su uso!

Iolprds kspkiucdtnvds5 Ka idsos hk vdrndinoaksnlportdatks hk prkinos ka kc lkridho# ks posnjckquk skd kstrdtfnio pdrd cd klprksd rkdcnzdr gukrtksdiopnos pdrd kc ioasulo d cdrfo pcdzo! Ka kstkidso sk rkqukrnr hk uaos dcldikaks idpdintdhospdrd ldatkakr cos stoi`s!

Iolpcklkato hkc proikso prohuitnvo5 Ka oidsnoakskc dcldikadlnkato pukhk cckfdr d gorldr pdrtk hkcproikso prohuitnvo! Ks kc idso hk prohuitos dcn,lkatninos iolo kc kavkekinho hk vnaos o kc iurdhohk edloaks# kc skidho hk ldtkrnds prnlds iolo cdldhkrd# kti! Ka kstos idsos sk kst supkhntdho dcds ioahninoaks nlpukstds por kc proikso prohui,tnvo!

:!9!: tnpos hk dcldikaks

Dtkahnkaho dc irntkrno hk icdsnidina# sk pukhka ioa,snhkrdr cos snfunkatks tnpos hk dcldia# quk pukhka skrkckfnhos skfa cds ioahninoaks propnds hk idhd idso5

d. Zkspkito dc proikso prohuitnvo

Ykfa su posnina rkspkito dc proikso prohuitnvo hkcd klprksd# cos dcldikaks sk hnvnhka ka5

Dcldikaks hk ldtkrnds prnlds5 Ioatnkaka cosldtkrndcks# sulnanstros# kavdsks# kti! quk skrapostkrnorlkatk utncnzdhos ka kc proikso hk trdas,

gorldina!


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Dcldikaks hk prohuitos sklnkcdjordhos5 Xnkakauad guaina snlncdr# pkro dcldikada ldtkrndcks ydproiksdhos por cd klprksd! Yk ujnida katrk hosproiksos quk ao ksta ioakitdhos por iudcqunkridusd5 skpdrdina fkofrid# hnstnato rntlo hk pro,huiina# kti!

Ka kccos sk dcldikad por keklpco# cos ldtkrndckshk pcstnio naykitdho pkahnkatk hk bdikr ua loa,tdek o ua proikso hk pnaturd! Xdljna skrd kc idsohk cos dcldikaks hk urhnljrks cnstds pdrd katrdrka kc proikso hk tnsdek uad klprksd tkxtnc!

Dcldikaks hk prohuitos tkrlnadhos5 Yu adcnhdh kscd hk ldatkakr kc skrvnino dc icnkatk hk cd klprksd!

Dcldikaks hk rkidljnos "hkstnadhos d cd vkatd.5Iudaho cd klprksd hnstrnjuyk dhkls hkc prohui,to prnainpdc sus rkidljnos# stos sukcka tkakr uatrdtdlnkato hngkrkatk por su pkiucndr hkldahd! Kafkakrdc tnkaka jded rotdina por cds poids posnjncn,hdhks hk prkvkr cd hkldahd# ioljnadhds ioa cdsakiksnhdhks hk skrvnino rpnho!

Dcldikaks hk ldtkrndcks duxncndrks5 Zkspoasdjckshk sulnanstrdr dc proikso prohuitnvo ldtkrndckshnstnatos hk cds ldtkrnds prnlds5 dikntks# bkrrd,lnkatds# prohuitos hk cnlpnkzd# kti!

j. Cofstnid hk hnstrnjuina

Ykfa sus guainoaks rkspkito d cd cofstnid hk hns,trnjuina kxnstka5

Dcldikaks hk ioasocnhdina5 Yoa dcnlkatdhos porcos ikatros prohuitnvos hk cos quk rkinjka ldtkrn,dcks quk dfrupda!

]or keklpco skrd kc idso hk cos dcldikaks hk rk,ikpina hk ldtkrndcks hk uad klprksd ldaugdi,turkrd!

Ikatros hk rupturd5 Zkinjka cotks hk prohuitosquk grdiinoada y kavda d icnkatks!

]or keklpco skrd kc idso hk cds pcdtdgorlds cofstnidshk cds klprksds hk supkrlkridhos!

Co bdjntudc ks hnspoakr hk ua ikatro hk ioasocnhdinapdrd rkinjnr cos dprovnsnoadlnkatos y ua ikatro hk rup,turd pdrd fkstnoadr cd hnstrnjuina!

i. Zkspkito d cd gorld hk rotdina

GNGO "rst na# rst out < prnlkro ka katrdr# prnlkroka sdcnr.5 Cos prohuitos sdcka hkc dcldia ka kclnslo orhka ka kc quk katrdroa!

Ka cd ldyor pdrtk hk cos idsos sk trdtd hk cd opinals dioaskedjck# puksto quk kvntd quk bdyd lkr,

idaids quk sk qukhka rktkanhds luibo tnklpo "ioarnksfo hk idhuinhdh# ojsocksikaind# hktkrnoro# kti!.y sk kvntd cd lkzicd hk cotks "idcnhdh ls uangorlk#rksuctd ls ginc dnscdr cotks hkgkituosos# kti!.!

[a guainoadlnkato kstrnito rkqunkrk cd utncnzdinahk snstklds nagorltnios hk fkstna hk dcldikaks#pkro uad jukad orfdanzdina hkc dcldia y uadnhkatnidina hk cds gkibds hk gdjrnidina ka

cds ktnquktds# pukhk skr suinkatk pdrd luibds

klprksds!

CNGO "Cdst na# rst out < uctnlo ka katrdr# prnlkroka sdcnr.5 Ka idso hk tkakr quk rkiurrnr d kstk tnpohk dcldia ks rkiolkahdjck ioaskfunr quk pkrn,hnidlkatk sk vdika pdrd kvntdr quk cos prnlkrosprohuitos quk katrdroa pkrldakzida dcldikad,hos hurdatk dos!

h. Xianids hk ldanpucdina

Ykfa cds idrditkrstnids hk cds idrfds d ldanpucdr ycd idatnhdh hk lovnlnkatos quk sk rkdcnika sk pukhk

optdr por cds snfunkatks socuinoaks "hk lkaor d ldyorakiksnhdh hk navkrsna.5

Ka jcoquk5 Idrkika hk kstruiturd hk soportk y skdpncda pdcckts uaos sojrk otros!

Ioavkainoadcks5 Kc dcldia icsnio gorldho porkstdatkrds d cds quk sk diikhk lkhndatk idrrktnc,cds kckvdhords! Kxnstka vdrndinoaks ka cds quk sk

pukhka rkhuinr cos pdsnccos lkhndatk kc uso hk idr,rktnccds trncdtkrdcks quk ao prkinsda fnrdr pdrd dcida,zdr cds idrfds!


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Dutoltnios5 Cds idrfds sk hkposntda ka uad ka,trdhd quk cds cckvd bdstd su posnina hk dcldikadeksna natkrvkaina buldad!

Ioasnfuka ua ldyor dprovkibdlnkato hkc voculkahnspoanjck frdinds d cd rkhuiina hk cos pdsnccos d cdlanld kxprksna! Xdljna kckvda cd prohuitnvnhdh

dc rkhuinr cd ldao hk ojrd akiksdrnd!

Zkqunkrka hk uad frda navkrsna# por co quk soadioaskedjcks ka kc idso hk frdahks voclkakshk dcldikadek y/o frda idatnhdh hk lovnlnka,

tos5 pcdtdgorlds hk hnstrnjuina d supkrlkridhos#ikatrdcks hk iolprds "iolo ioopkrdtnvds hk gkr,rktkrd.# gdrldinds# klprksds hk hnstrnjuina hkdcnlkatos pkrkikhkros "yofurks# bkcdhos# kti!.!

Kspkindcks5 Inkrtds lkridaids rkqunkrka hk socu,inoaks kspkindcks!

Ks kc idso hk frakcks# cqunhos# lkridaids pkcnf,rosds# prohuitos cdrfos "pkrcks hk dculnano o dikro

hk 7 4: lktros hk coafntuh.# kti!

k. ]or cd icdsnidina hk cds lkridaids5

Hkhnidhos5 Yoa dqukccos ka cos quk idhd zoad hkc dcld,ia sk hkhnid d uad rkgkrkaind o gdlncnd hk prohuitos!

Idtnios5 Ao kxnstka zoads rkskrvdhds d anafa pro,huito ka pdrtniucdr# y cos juctos soa hkposntdhos skfacckfda ka cd zoad ls dhkiudhd d su pkso# voculka ogdincnhdh hk lovnlnkato!

]drd su iorrkitd fkstna akiksntda hk ua snstkld na,gorltnio quk cos fkstnoak y rkdcnik uad rotdina GNGO!

Ioasnfuka lkeor dprovkibdlnkato hkc kspdino!

g. ]or cd fkstna hk cos navkatdrnos

Navkatdrno ioatnauo5 Yoa dqukccos dcldikaks ka cosquk sk ioaoik ka toho lolkato cds kxnstkainds lk,hndatk uad bkrrdlnkatd nagorltnid quk rkfnstrd cdskatrdhds y sdcnhds!

Ks cd opina ls kinkatk ka kc idso hk dcldikaks ioa

frda idatnhdh hk lovnlnkatos o iudaho sk jusid rk,

huinr cos stoi`s por rdzoaks kioalnids u opkrdtnvds!

Navkatdrnos pkrnhnios5 ]drd ioaoikr kc ioatkanho hkcos dcldikaks sk rkdcnzd ioa inkrtd pkrnohninhdh uanavkatdrno ldaudc! Iolo ioaskiukaind sk prohuikuad naikrtnhuljrk katrk navkatdrno k navkatdrno quk skrksukcvk nairklkatdaho cos stoi`s hk skfurnhdh!

f. Otros

Kxnstka dhkls otros tnpos hk dcldikaks kspkiios#

iolo cos hk dtlsgkrd ioatrocdhd "ioafkcdhos# rkgrnf,krdhos# hk ldhurdina hk grutds# kti!. o cos quk gor,lda pdrtk hkc proikso prohuitnvo# quk tnkaka inkrtds

idrditkrstnids kspkindcks y quk por tdato akiksntdaskr kstuhndhos nahkpkahnkatklkatk!

:!9!9 prnainpnos hkc dcldikadek

Dcfuads hnrkitrniks fkakrdcks pdrd cos dcldikaks soacds snfunkatks5

Ioorhnadina ioa kc rksto hk guainoaks hk cd kl,prksd5 hkjka kstdr natkfrdhos ka kc snstkld pro,huitnvo# cd tnpocofd hk icnkatks y provkkhorks# kti!

Ioatroc hkc voculka5 cds idatnhdhks dcldikadhdshkjka idciucdrsk jusidaho kc lanlo iostk totdc#naicuykaho iolprd# ldanpucdina# ldatkanlnkato#rnksfo hk hksdjdstkinlnkato# kti!

Lanlo ksgukrzo ka su fkstna# pdrd co quk ks rk,iolkahdjck rkhuinr kc kspdino klpckdho# kc trio

natkrnor y cos lovnlnkatos!

Gckxnjncnhdh pdrd dhdptdrsk d cd rkdcnhdh hk cd kl,prksd ka idhd lolkato y d ua iostk rdzoadjck!

Ioatroc hkc navkatdrno5 Ks hkskdjck quk sk pukhdsdjkr cds idatnhdhks y rkgkrkainds hk cos ldtkrndcksdcldikadhos! ]drd kcco kxnstka socuinoaks nagorltn,ids# rkfnstros ldaudcks o dcldikaks hkhnidhos!

:!9!8 zoads hkc dcldia

Cd dhkiudhd orfdanzdina hk ua dcldia rkpkriutk kasus guturos iostks hk kxpcotdina! Hkpkahnkaho hk cd

kstdahdrnzdina hk cos juctos# cd idatnhdh hk lovnlnka,tos y otrds ioasnhkrdinoaks# sk cckfd d uads akiksnhdhks

hk ldyor o lkaor sostnidina!


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Cds prnainpdcks zoads hk ua dcldia soa5

Lukccks y zoads hk ldanojrd5 Yoa cos kspdinos hks,tnadhos d cds opkrdinoaks hk katrdhd y sdcnhd hk lkr,idaids y d cos vkbiucos quk cds vda d trdasportdr!

Uoad hk rkikpina y ioatroc5 Cd zoad hkhnidhdd iolprojdr kc kstdho y idatnhdhks rkinjnhds rk,spkito d cds hoiulkatdhds! Xdljna pukhka utn,cnzdrsk pdrd uad prnlkrd icdsnidina!

Uoad hk stoi`5 Ks cd zoad hkhnidhd dc dcldik,adlnkato propndlkatk hnibo!

Uoad hk pni`naf5 Kc pni`naf ks cd rkiofnhd hk ldtk,rndcks pdrd cd prkpdrdina hk pkhnhos! Ka kstd zoadsk dfrupda# kavdsda k nhkatnida cos ldtkrndcks cn,stos pdrd su kavo dc hkstnao!

Uoad hk vkrnidina y ioatroc5 cufdr prxnlo d cos

lukccks hk sdcnhd hoahk sk ioasocnhda cds lkrida,ids pdrd su kavo!

Oinads y skrvninos5 pdrd kc ioatroc dhlnanstrdtnvo ypdrd kc skrvnino hkc pkrsoadc hkc dcldia!

Uoads kspkindcks5 pdrd pdcckts vdios# idrfd hk jdt,krds hk idrrktnccds# ldtkrndcks ao ioagorlks# kti!

:!8 kc idadc cofstnio5 cd hnstrnjuina

Cd hnstrnjuina gsnid hk ua prohuito fkakrdclkatk iuka,td ioa inaio kcklkatos guahdlkatdcks5

]roiksdlnkato hk pkhnhos5 Ks cd pdrtk quk sk kaidr,fd hk cckvdr cd nagorldina hkc ioasulnhor d cd kl,prksd sulnanstrdhord ioa kc a hk rkdcnzdr prohuitos

y skrvninos hk diukrho d cds akiksnhdhks hkc icnkatk!

Ioatroc hk navkatdrnos5 Yu guaina ks ioatrocdr kc lovn,lnkato "katrdhd y sdcnhd. hk prohuitos pdrd ldatkakrua rkfnstro ka cos ueos hk prohuiina o vkatds!

Xrdasportk5 Ioa aks hk prohuiina# vkatd o ka,trkfd adc!

Ldanpucdina hk lkridaids5 Ks cd pdrtk quk skkaidrfd hk hdr ua trdtdlnkato kspkiio d cos pro,huitos5 kavdsdho# dfrupdina# kti!

Dcldikadlnkato!

:!8!4 proiksos navocuirdhos ka cd hnstrnjuina

d. ]roiksdlnkato hk pkhnhos

Dhkls hkc ueo hk ldtkrndcks kxnstk ua skfuaho ueo

hk nagorldina quk inriucd ka skatnho ioatrdrno!

Hk cd kxditntuh# dfncnhdh y fkstna hkc ueo hk nagor,ldina hkpkahk ka frda lkhnhd cd rdpnhkz y kinka,ind hk cd cofstnid hk ldtkrndcks!

Ao ks kxtrdo kaioatrdr pcdzos hk katrkfd quk skluctnpcnida por hos o por trks dc ddhnr dc tnklpo hkskrvnino# cos tnklpos dhlnanstrdtnvos hk icnkatk y prov,kkhor5 Ka luibos idsos# uad pkqukd navkrsna ka cdlkeord hkc ueo hk nagorldina vd d ioaskfunr ua dcto

rkahnlnkato kioalnio ka cd idhkad cofstnid!

j. Ioatroc hk cos navkatdrnos

Ka kc idptuco hkhnidho d cd fkstna hk cos dcldikakssk bda rkdcnzdho cds rkiolkahdinoaks sojrk kc ioatroc

hk cos navkatdrnos!i. Xrdasportk

Ka akfoinos ioa frda iolpckenhdh cofstnid# kc iostk hkctrdasportk pukhk supoakr kc ldyor iostk hk tohos cosnavocuirdhos ka cd prohuiina y vkatd hkc jnka# por coiudc# su fkstna skr irtnid pdrd cd rkatdjncnhdh hk cd kl,prksd! Iolo d tohds cds ditnvnhdhks# sk cks hkjk prkstdrldyor o lkaor ksgukrzo skfa su nlportdaind rkcdtnvd!

Cd fkstna hkc trdasportk naicuyk cos snfunkatks iol,

poakatks5 Ykckiina hk rutds!

Jsqukhd y skckiina hk cds lkeorks ogkrtds!

Xrdzdho hk cds rutds!

Orhkadr y hnrnfnr cds kxpkhninoaks!

Akfoindina hk cds rkicdldinoaks por prhnhds o

hdos!

Iolprojdina hk cds gditurds hk cos trdasportks!


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h. Ldanpucdina hk cds lkridaids

Cds akiksnhdhks ls iolpckeds hk ldanpucdina hklkridaids naicuyka co snfunkatk5

Zkiofnhd hk pkhnhos "o ]ni`naf.5 Ioasnstk karkiorrkr cos dcldikaks pdrd cd rkiofnhd hk cosldtkrndcks socnintdhos por cos icnkatks! Ykfa cdidatnhdh y iolpckenhdh hk cos pkhnhos quk rkinjkcd klprksd# sk hkjkr bdikr ua ldyor ksgukrzo hkhnsko quk jusquk kc kquncnjrno katrk cd navkrsna kakqunpos y dcldia y kc iostk hk cd ldao hk ojrd!

Katrk cds socuinoaks ioa ldyor ksgukrzo navkrsorkst kc uso hk dcldikaks dutoltnios ioa fkstnanagorltnid hk cos pkhnhos quk rkqunkrka kc lkaoruso hk ldao hk ojrd y kc lkeor dprovkibdlnkatohkc l9 hk dcldia!

Otrds socuinoaks natkrlkhnds soa kc uso hk idrrktnc,cds prkpdrdhords hk pkhnhos "ka cds quk kc ioahui,tor sk kckvd euato ioa cds borqunccds. o kc uso hkidrrktnccds kstahdrks!

Klpdquktdho "o pdi`dfnaf.5 Kc klpdquktdho hkcds lkridaids tnkak vdrnds guainoaks iolo protki,ina ioatrd pkqukos focpks# ioatrd naicklkaindshkc tnklpo o ioatrd cd suinkhdh! Xdljna snrvk ioloprkinato quk fdrdatnik cd natkfrnhdh hkc kavo bdstd kcicnkatk o iolo dpoyo hk cd nldfka hkc provkkhor!

Ks rkiolkahdjck tkakr uad aorldtnvd sojrk kcklpdquktdho quk kstdahdrnik cos ldtkrndcks y cdgorld hk rkdcnzdrco pdrd kvntdr cds nlprovnsdinoaks

y fdrdatnzdr quk sk trdtk hk ua kljdcdek skfuro yquk iulpcd cds aorlds hk rkinicdek!

Ka cos idsos ka quk cd ldao hk ojrd klpckdhdka kc klpdquktdho skd kckvdhd# ks rkiolkahdjckquk sk kstuhnk hktdccdhdlkatk kc proikso jusida,ho su lxnld kinkaind!

k. Dcldikadlnkato

Cd cofstnid hk hnstrnjuina pdrtk hkshk cos dcldikaksd cos quk yd sk bd hkhnidho ua idptuco iolpckto!

:!8!: tnpos hk Gcueos hk ldtkrndcks

Dtkahnkaho dc kcklkato nanindhor hkc proikso cofstnio#sk pukhka hnstnafunr hos tnpos hk ueos hk ldtkrndcks5

]ucc "o drrdstrk.5 Ks kc idso ka kc quk cos icnkatkstnrda hk cd idhkad cofstnid d trdvs hk sus pkhnhos!Ks cd opina ls gdvordjck pdrd cd rkhuiina hkstoi`s "ks kc snstkld utncnzdho pdrd kc eust,na,tnlk.!Zkqunkrk hk uad inriucdina hk nagorldina fnc ydjck puksto quk ao bdy ldrfka hk krror!

]usb "o klpuek.5 Cd klprksd natrohuik cos ld,tkrndcks ka kc idadc hk hnstrnjuina ldatkanahocoidrfdho ka toho lolkato! Ao rkqunkrk hk tdato ks,gukrzo ka kc ldakeo hk cd nagorldina iolo kc pucc#pkro por kc ioatrdrno akiksntd hkc ldatkanlnkatohk ldyorks navkatdrnos ioa cds ioaskiukainds hknairklkato hk iostks hk dcldikadek# adainkros y

rnksfos hk ojsocktos!

:!8!9 opkrdhorks cofstnios

]or rdzoaks hk kioaold# cd sujioatrdtdina hk pdrtkhk cd guaina cofstnid kxnstk ka cd ldyord hk cds kl,prksds# k naicuso ka idsos hk frda iolpckenhdh ka cdhnstrnjuina ks posnjck rkiurrnr d opkrdhorks cofstnios dcos quk sujioatrdtdr cd totdcnhdh hk cds opkrdinoaks!

Kstd sujioatrdtdina sk jdsd ka quk kc opkrdhor# dc skruad klprksd kspkindcnzdhd ka cd rkdcnzdina hk kstosskrvninos# tnkak idpdinhdh hk hksdrroccdr ioa ldyor k,inkaind cos proiksos hk hnstrnjuina!

Dhkls hk pohkr ioatdr ioa tkiaocofds hk nagorldinadvdazdhd# kxnstk kc kgkito hk cds kioaolds hk ksidcd

quk pkrlntka quk cos rkiursos sk hkhnquka d vdrnos icn,katks ioasocnhdaho sus lkridaids y ojtkankaho lkeorutncnzdina hk cos lkhnos!

Kvnhkatklkatk sk trdtd hk skrvninos iolpckeos y quk porco tdato ao soa kioalnios# pkro pdrd cd klprksd icn,katk kxnstk uad skrnk hk vkatdeds icdrds5

Yk ioaoika ioa kxditntuh cos iostks hk hnstrnjuina!


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Ao ks akiksdrnd cd rkdcnzdina hk gukrtks navkr,snoaks!

Cos fdstos eos pdsda d vdrndjcks# puksto quk ao

ks akiksdrno hnspoakr hk cd pcdatnccd an hk cos lk,hnos pdrd bdikr cd hnstrnjuina!

Yk pukhk hnspoakr hk uad tkiaocofd hk fkstna dc

hd sna akiksnhdh hk skr ua kxpkrto ka cofstnid!

Kc dcidaik hkc ioatrdto ioa ua opkrdhor cofstnio pukhknaicunr cd fkstna hk cos dcldikaks rkfucdhorks# cd prk,

pdrdina hk pkhnhos# kc kljdcdek# kc ktnquktdho y cdfkstna nagorltnid hk cd nagorldina hk cos pkhnhosdhkls hkc trdasportk y hnstrnjuina hk cd lkridaid!

:!8!8 cd cofstnid navkrsd

Cd cofstnid navkrsd fkstnoad kc rktorao hk cds lkrida,ids ka cd idhkad hk sulnanstro hk cd gorld ls kgkitnvdy kioalnid posnjck! Yk kaidrfd hk cd rkiupkrdina yrkinicdek hk kavdsks# kljdcdeks y rksnhuos pkcnfrosos0ds iolo hk cos proiksos hk rktorao hk hkvocuinoaks

hk icnkatks!Cds idusds pdrd cds hkvocuinoaks hk cos icnkatks soa vdrnd,hds y hkpkahka hk idhd idso! Idjk skdcdr cds snfunkatks5prohuitos hkgkituosos# ojsocktos# kxiksos hk navkatdrno o

prohuitos ao vkahnhos por kc icnkatk# prohuitos kavndhospdrd su rkpdrdina ka fdrdatd o gukrd hk kccd# kti!

Cds opkrdinoaks quk sk kafcojda hkatro hk cd cofstnidnavkrsd soa cos snfunkatks5

Zktnrdhd hk lkridaid!

Icdsnidina hk lkridaid!

Zkdioahninoadlnkato hk prohuitos!

Hkvocuina d orfkaks!

Hkstruiina/rkinicdek!

]roiksos dhlnanstrdtnvos!

Zkiupkrdina# rkinicdek hk kavdsks y kljdcdeks y

rksnhuos pkcnfrosos!

]drd cd nlpcdatdina hk ua snstkld hk cofstnid navkrsdks rkiolkahdjck klpkzdr su hnsko hkshk kc dvnso hkcicnkatk# puksto quk ka cd ldyor pdrtk hk cos idsos sk nanindiolo ua rkqukrnlnkato hkc skrvnino dc icnkatk! ]rkvndlkatkks rkiolkahdjck bdjkr hkanho icdrdlkatk cd poctnid hk

hkvocuinoaks dikptdjcks5 pcdzos# kstdho hk cd lkridaid#hoiulkatdina akiksdrnd pdrd rkdcnzdrcd# kti!

Iolo toho proikso hk uad klprksd# ks rkiolkahdjckquk kxnstd uad icdrd hkanina hk rkspoasdjcks y uad

lkhnhd hk su kinkaind/rkatdjncnhdh5 hkvocuinoaks por

idhd 4== kavos# iostk lkhno hk hkvocuina por uanhdh#tnklpo lkhno hk rkspukstd# sdtnsgdiina hkc icnkatk# por,ikatdek hk dprovkibdlnkato hk hkvocuinoaks# u otrosquk sk ioasnhkrka dhkiudhos!

Hdho quk sk rkinjka frda idatnhdh hk prohuitos provk,ankatks hk lctnpcks hkstnaos# ks ioavkankatk bdikr uadrpnhd kvdcudina prkvnd hk cds posnjncnhdhks hk dprovk,ibdlnkato ioa kc a hk rkhuinr cos iostks hk cd klprksd!

Otro hk cos ioahninoadatks nlportdatks hk cd cofstnid na,

vkrsd ks cd fkstna hk rksnhuos y kc rkinicdek5 kxnstk uadckfnscdina iuyo iulpcnlnkato pukhk cckfdr d iolpcnidrsojrkldakrd cd fkstna hk cds hkvocuinoaks! Ks prkinsoprkvkr cos idsos datks hk cckfdr d diulucdr ldtkrndckshk hnginc fkstna lkhnodljnkatdc!

:!8!; naGorldtnzdina hk cd fkstna

Iolo sk bd kxpcnidho dc nanino hkc idptuco :!8# cd fkstnahkc ueo hk nagorldina ks tda nlportdatk iolo cd hk cos

ldtkrndcks! Iudaho kc voculka hk lovnlnkatos skd nl,

portdatk# ks idsn nlposnjck cckvdrco ldaudclkatk hk gorldkinkatk sna kckvdr cos stoi`s hk skfurnhdh an utncnzdr lstrdasportks! Ka kc lkridho kxnstka lctnpcks snstklds na,gorltnios hk fkstna hk klprksds "hkaolnadhos KZ].!

Kstos snstklds natkfrdhos utncnzda uad anid jdsk hkhdtos pdrd tohd cd klprksd y sk hnvnhka ka lctnpckslhucos quk sk pukhka ioatrdtdr nahkpkahnkatklkatk5ioatdjncnhdh# ioatroc hk dcldikaks# pcdanidina hk pro,huiina "LZ].# fkstna hk alnads# ioatroc hk cd prohui,ina# fkstna hk pkhnhos# ioatroc icnkatks "IZL.# kti!


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:2

Cd frda vkatded hk tkakr tohd cd nagorldina hk cd kl,prksd ka ua anio profrdld rksnhk ka quk sk vd d snl,pcnidr cd natrohuiina hk cos hdtos y ka cd hnspoanjncnhdh

hk cd nagorldina pdrd toho dqukc quk cd akiksntk!

]or keklpco# iudaho kc hkpdrtdlkato iolkrindc ioatditdioa ua icnkatk# natrohuik tohos sus hdtos! D pdrtnr hk ksklolkato tohd cd klprksd hnspoak hk cd nagorldina!

Yn cckfd ua pkhnho hkc icnkatk# co rkfnstrdr kc hkpdrtd,lkato iorrkspoahnkatk y pohr iolprojdr cd kxnstkaind

hk stoi`! Ka idso hk akiksntdr gdjrnidrco# kc hkpdrtdlka,to hk pcdanidina vkr quk bdy uad akiksnhdh!

Iudaho sk rkdcnik kc kavo hkc ldtkrndc# sk ioagkiinoadrua dcjdra! Dutoltnidlkatk sk hksioatdr cd idatnhdhprkinsd hkc stoi` hk cos dcldikaks# sk fkakrdr uad gditu,rd y uad orhka hk iojro ioa cds ioahninoaks quk kc icnkatktkafd# y sk bdr cd ioatdjncnzdina hk cos lovnlnkatos!

Kstos snstklds gdincntda cd fkstna hk cds klprksds y rk,huika cd ldao hk ojrd hk trdjdeo hkc pkrsoadc dhlnans,trdtnvo! ]or otrd pdrtk su nlpcdatdina ks hkcnidhd!

D cd bord hk kckfnr ua KZ] bdy lctnpcks opinoaks5

]rofrdlds kspkiios pdrd inkrtos skitorks "trdas,portk# tkxtnc# kti!.! Yoa ls skainccos hk nlpcdatdr

y trdaskrka d cd klprksd su tkiaocofd pkro soa

lkaos dhdptdjcks!

Yu nlpcdatdina ks ls rpnhd y rkcdtnvdlkatkkioalnid! Yoa cd socuina nhkdc pdrd klprksds qukksta poio proikhnlkatdhds o hk lkaor tdldo!

]rofrdlds fkarnios pdrd ]^LKs! Zkqunkrka rk,dcnzdr ksgukrzo hk hkanina hk cos proiksos hk cd

klprksd y su nagorldtnzdina! Kc trdjdeo hk pdrdl,ktrnzdina hkc profrdld pukhk dcdrfdrsk!

Yoa cd socuina pdrd ]^LKs quk ao hnspoafda hkua profrdld kspkiio pdrd su skitor!

]or skr kstahdrks sk ldatnkaka dc hd ioa cdsaovkhdhks d ua prkino dskqunjck y kxnstka lctn,pcks skrvninos hk dsnstkaind tianid! Xdljna kstaprkpdrdhos pdrd kc irkinlnkato hk cd klprksd!

Frdahks profrdlds KZ]5 Yk dhdptda d idsn iudc,qunkr klprksd y hk iudcqunkr tdldo!

Dc skr kstahdrks tnkaka cds lnslds vkatdeds qukcos datkrnorks# pkro dc skr tda djnkrtos# soco soa rk,iolkahdjcks pdrd frdahks klprksds por kc frdatrdjdeo quk rkqunkrka ka su nlpcdatdina!

Hksdrroccos propnos5 Dcfuads klprksds optda porhksdrroccdr natkradlkatk o hk gorld sujioatrdtdhdcd totdcnhdh hkc profrdld!

Xnkaka cd projckltnid hk quk ao bdy hktrs uad

klprksd quk cks rkdcnik ditudcnzdinoaks# por co qukd iorto pcdzo ldatkakrcos dc hd ioa cds aovkhdhks"ioatdjncnhdh# nlpukstos# kti!. rksuctd idro!

D lkhno pcdzo pukhka didjdr snkaho naiolpdtnjcksioa kc bdrhwdrk o cos aukvos snstklds opkrdtnvos#y dhkls ao sk hnspoak hk dctkradtnvds pdrd kc skr,vnino tianio# hkpkahnkaho hk quk uad o hos pkrso,ads snfda trdjdedaho ka cd klprksd!

:!; tnpos hk trdasportk por idr,rktkrdKxnstka lctnpcks lohdcnhdhks hk trdasportk# por co quk

sk hkjk ksiofkr cd ls dhkiudhd hkatro hkc dlpcnodjdanio hk posnjncnhdhks!

Idhd tnpo hk skrvnino tnkak ua prkino hngkrkatk! Cos prna,inpdcks soa cos snfunkatks5

d. Lkasdekrd urfkatk

Yoa cds klprksds quk trdasportda pkqukos juctosioa uaos pcdzos hk katrkfd iortos ":8 97 b.# bordshk katrkfd fdrdatnzdhd "4!===# 4!8==# kti!.!

Yoco sk eustnid su ioatrdtdina ka cos idsos ka cos

quk kc tnklpo hk katrkfd ks hkinsnvo! Kxnstka lc,tnpcks klprksds hkhnidhds d kstk skitor!

j. Xrdasportk hk lkasdekrd

Yoa klprksds hk kavo hk pkqukos pdquktks y so,jrks# pkro su skrvnino ao ks tda rpnho! Iolo ioatrd,

pdrtnhd sus tdrngds soa snfanidtnvdlkatk lkaorks!


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:>

i. Ykrvnino kxprkss

Yoa cds klprksds hk trdasportk hk lkridaids ioatnklpos hk rkpdrto fdrdatnzdhos# snlncdrks d cds hklkasdekrd urfkatk pkro dhdptdhds d juctos hk ldyortdldo "ideds k naicuso pdcckts.!

Yu prkino ks kckvdho y soco sk eustnida por cd fd,rdatd hk cd rdpnhkz hkc skrvnino!

Cd ldyor pdrtk hk cds frdahks klprksds hk trdas,portk ogrkika cos trks skrvninos5 lkasdekrd urfkatk#aorldc y trdasportk hk lkridaids kxprkss# idhd uad

ioa hngkrkatks tdrngds y ioa hnstnatos lkhnos!

h. ]dquktkrd

Yoa klprksds hkhnidhds dc trdasportk hk juctos hklkhndao tdldo "ideds# pdcckts# kti!.! Yk hngkrkaindahk cds hk skrvnino kxprkss ka quk ao fdrdatnzda uaos

pcdzos hk katrkfd d idljno hk uaos prkinos skasnjck,lkatk nagkrnorks!

Yus pcdzos hk katrkfd bdjntudcks vda hk :8 b pdrd

kavos katrk idpntdcks hk provnaind rkcdtnvdlkatk jnkaioluanidhds d cds 6: b pdrd kavos d pojcdinoaksdckedhds hk cd idpntdc ka provnainds skpdrdhds!

Ka kstk skitor iolpntka cds klprksds luctnadinoadcksquk ogrkika tdljna otros skrvninos ioa klprksds ad,inoadcks o naicuso coidcks quk soco hnspoaka hk : 9cakds# por kcco ks posnjck kaioatrdr hngkrkainds nlpor,tdatks hk prkino y skrvnino dc kckfnr inkrtds rutds "bdyklprksds kspkindcnzdhds ka Dahdcuid# ka Idtdcud#ka Jdckdrks# kti!.!

k. Idrfds iolpcktds

Ks cd ioatrdtdina hk vkbiucos iolpcktos pdrd kctrdasportk! Yu ioatrdtdina sk pukhk rkdcnzdr d trdvshk dfkainds hk trdasportk o hnrkitdlkatk ioa kctrdasportnstd!

Ks posnjck ioaskfunr prkinos iolpktntnvos sn skpukhka dprovkibdr cos rkportks "vndeks hk vukctdhk vkbiuco d su jdsk.! ]or keklpco cd vukctd hk cosvkbiucos quk rkdcnzda cd kxportdina ka cd idlpdd

hk grutds!

:!7 ioahninoaks naiotkrlsCos Naiotkrls soa aorlds natkradinoadcks dikptdhdspor tohos cos fojnkraos y dutornhdhks# ds iolo cdspdrtks navocuirdhds ka kc trdasportk hk lkridaids!

Zkfucda cds ioahninoaks ls ioluaks usdhds ka kciolkrino natkradinoadc y tnkaka iolo ojektnvo kstdjckikrirntkrnos hkanhos sojrk cd hnstrnjuina hk cos fdstos y cd

trdaslnsna hk cos rnksfos katrk hos pdrtks# iolprdhordy vkahkhord# hk ua ioatrdto hk iolprdvkatd

natkradinoadc!Yu rkhdiina guk rkdcnzdhd por cd Ildrd hk IolkrinoNatkradinoadc "NII.# ioa skhk ka ]drs! Yu uso ks vocua,tdrno# pkro su hngusna y dikptdina natkradinoadc cds bdioavkrtnho ka kstahdrks tncks!

Cds ioahninoaks Naiotkrls hktkrlnada sna cufdr d huhdquna iorrk ioa cos iostks hk trdasportk# cnikainds# pkr,lnsos# skfuros y otros! Xdljna qukhd icdro hk quna ksrkspoasdjncnhdh cd lkridaid y bdstd qu lolkato!

Cd ctnld rkvnsna rkdcnzdhd ks hkc do :!===# y cds hkuso ls bdjntudc soa KRV# GID# I]X y HHX! D ioatnau,dina sk hksirnjka sus idrditkrstnids!

FZ[]O K5 Yk trdtd hk uad anid ioahnina# cd quk hkedtohd cd rkspoasdjncnhdh dc iolprdhor hk cd lkridaid5

KRV "Kx,Vor`s Ka Gjrnid.5 Kc vkahkhor kst

ojcnfdho d poakr cd lkridaid ka sus nastdcdinoaks dhnsposnina hkc iolprdhor! Ao ks rkspoasdjck an hkidrfdr cd lkridhkrd ka kc vkbiuco proporinoadho

por kc iolprdhor an hk hkspdibdrcd hk dhudadpdrd cd kxportdina# sdcvo diukrho kxpcinto ka otro

skatnho!

Kc iolprdhor soportd tohos cos fdstos y rnksfos hkrktnrdr cd lkridaid hkshk kc holnincno hkc vkahkhorbdstd su hkstnao adc! Yn cd lkridaid sk hddsk

hkatro hk cd gjrnid y datks hk quk klpnkik dtrdasiurrnr kc pcdzo diorhdho pdrd cd katrkfd# kcvkahkhor dsulnrd cd rkspoasdjncnhdh! Yn yd skbujnksk nanindho ksk pcdzo# cd rkspoasdjncnhdh

rkidkr ka kc iolprdhor!


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FZ[]O G5 Kstk frupo ao ojcnfd dc vkahkhor d iorrkr ioakc trdasportk prnainpdc5

GID "Grkk Idrrnkr , Grdaio Xrdasportnstd.5 Kc vkah,khor tnkak cd ojcnfdina hk poakr cd lkridaid ka kccufdr edho "bdjntudclkatk sna sdcnr hkc pds hkc kln,sor.# jdeo cd iustohnd hkc trdasportnstd ioatrdtdhopor kc nlportdhor# snkaho akiksdrnd tdljna cd rkdc,nzdina hk tohds cds gorldcnhdhks pdrd kc hkspdibohk dhudad pdrd cd kxportdina!

Kstk trlnao pukhk usdrsk ioa iudcqunkr loho hk

trdasportk# naicunho kc luctnlohdc! Yn sk utncnzd uaGOJ Gjrnid kc rkspoasdjck hk idrfdr cd lkridaidka kc vkbiuco skr kc kxportdhor# lnkatrds quk ka

iudcqunkr otro puato skrd kc nlportdhor!

GDY "Grkk Dcoafsnhk Ybnp , Grdaio dc iostdhohkc juquk.5 Ykfunho hkc aoljrk hkc pukrto hkkljdrquk!

Kc prkino hk cd lkridaid sk katnkahk pukstd d cocdrfo "iostdho. hkc advo ka kc pukrto ioavkanho#sojrk kc lukcck o ka jdridzds# ioa tohos cos fdstosy rnksfos bdstd hnibo puato d idrfo hkc vkahkhor!

Kc iolprdhor hkjk hkspdibdr cd lkridaid ka dh,udad! Kstk trlnao pukhk usdrsk socdlkatk pdrd kctrdasportk por ldr o vds diutnids natkrnorks!

Yu prnainpdc uso ks ka kc trdasportk hk frdakcksyd quk cds tkrlnadcks ldrtnlds hk frdakcks ks,ta sntudhds dc iostdho hk cos juquks daicdhos kahrskad! ]drd kc uso ioa ioatkakhorks ao tnkakluibo skatnho puksto quk kc vkahkhor ao ioaoik

ka qu lukcck dtrdidr kc juquk! GOJ "Grkk oa Jodrh , Grdaio d jorho.5 Ykfunho hkc

aoljrk hkc pukrto hk kljdrquk!

Kc vkahkhor kst ojcnfdho d poak cd lkridaid djorho hkc jdrio ioa tohos cos fdstos# hkrkibos yrnksfos d su idrfo bdstd quk cos jnkaks bdyda so,jrkpdsdho cd jorhd hkc jdrio "suspkahnho ka kc dnrkpor cos lkhnos hk idrfd y kstnjd hkc pukrto.# ioaktk y skfuro hk trdasportk prnainpdc kxicunhos!

Kxnfk quk kc vkahkhor hkspdibk cd lkridaid hk kx,

portdina! Kstk trlnao pukhk usdrsk socdlkatk pdrdkc trdasportk por ldr o vds diutnids natkrnorks!

FZ[]O I5 Yk idrditkrnzda porquk kc trdasportk prnain,pdc ks pdrtk hk cds ojcnfdinoaks hkc vkahkhor5

IGZ "Iost dah Grknfbt , Iostk y Gcktk.5 Cd djrkvnd,turd vd skfunhd hkc aoljrk hkc pukrto hk hkstnao!

Kc prkino iolprkahk cd lkridhkrd pukstd ka pukr,to hk hkstnao# ioa ktk pdfdho pkro sna iujrnr ioa

ua skfuro# hkc iudc hkjkrd bdikrsk idrfo kc nlpor,

tdhor sn hkskd dskfurdrcd puks kc kxportdhor ks rk,

spoasdjck hk tohos cos hdos quk pukhda oiurrnrckd cd lkridaid socdlkatk bdstd quk sojrkpdsk cdjorhd hkc jdrio ka kc pds hk ornfka!

Ks uad ioahnina quk sk dpcnid anidlkatk d trdas,portk ldrtnlo o uvndc!

ING "Iost# Nasurdaik ' Grknfbt , Iostk# Ykfuro yGcktk.5 Cd djrkvndturd vd skfunhd hkc aoljrk hkcpukrto hk hkstnao! Kc prkino hk vkatd naicuyk cdlkridaid pukstd ka pukrto hk hkstnao ioa ktk

pdfdho y skfuro iujnkrto!

Kc vkahkhor sco kst ojcnfdho d ioaskfunr ua sk,furo ioa iojkrturd lanld "Icusucd I hkc Nastntutkog Coahoa [ahkrwrntkrs.! Xdljna ks ua trlnao hkuso kxicusnvdlkatk ka trdasportk ldrtnlo o uvndc!

I]X "Idrrndfk ]dnh Xo , Xrdasportk ]dfdho Bdstd.5Kc vkahkhor pdfd kc ktk hkc trdasportk hk cd lkr,idaid bdstd kc hkstnao lkainoadho! Kc rnksfo hkprhnhd o hdo sk trdaskrk hkc vkahkhor dc iol,

prdhor iudaho cd lkridaid bd snho katrkfdhd dctrdasportnstd ka kc pds hkc nlportdhor! Kc vkahkhorhkjk hkspdibdr cd lkridaid pdrd su kxportdina!

IN] "Idrrndfk dah Nasurdaik ]dnh Xo , Xrdasportky skfuro pdfdhos bdstd.5 Kc vkahkhor tnkak cdslnslds ojcnfdinoaks quk jdeo I]X# pkro dhklshkjk ioaskfunr ua skfuro ioa cos lnslos ioahn,inoadatks quk ka kc ING!

FZ[]O H5 Cds ioahninoaks hk kstk frupo naicuyka cdkatrkfd hk cds lkridaids ka kc pds hkc iolprdhor por


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iukatd hkc vkahkhor5

HDG "Hkcnvkrkh Dt Groatnkr , Katrkfdhd ka groatkrd.5Kc vkahkhor qukhd ojcnfdho d katrkfdr cd lkrida,id# hkspdibdhd ka dhudad# ka kc cufdr ioavkanhohk cd groatkrd pkro datks hk cd dhudad groatkrnzd hkcpds iocnahdatk!

HKY "Hkcnvkrkh Kx Ybnp , Katrkfdhd sojrk juquk.5Kc vkahkhor ioatrdtd y pdfd kc trdasportk bdstd kcpukrto hk hkstnao hkanho por kc iolprdhor y hkjk

sntudr cos jnkaks d hnsposnina hkc iolprdhor d jor,ho hkc juquk pdrd su hksidrfd "ao kst ojcnfdhopor tdato d hkspdibdrcd ka dhudad.!

HKT "Hkcnvkrkh Kx Tudy , Katrkfdhd ka lukcck.5Kc vkahkhor ioatrdtd y pdfd kc trdasportk bdstd kclukcck hk hkstnao y hkjk katrkfdr cos jnkaks d hns,posnina hkc iolprdhor ioa cos hkrkibos hk dhud,

ad cnqunhdhos! Dc nfudc quk kc GDY# ks luy utncnzdho

pdrd kc trdasportk hk frdakcks! HH[ "Hkcnvkrkh Huty [apdnh , Katrkfdhd ioa

hkrkibos ao pdfdhos.5 Kc vkahkhor qukhd ojcnfdho

d katrkfdr cd lkridaid ka kc cufdr ioavkanho hk cd

groatkrd hkc pds nlportdhor!

Ks snlncdr dc HDG# pkro ka kstk idso cos hkrkibos hk

dhudad iorrka por iukatd hkc nlportdhor!

HH] "Hkcnvkrkh Huty ]dnh , Katrkfdhd hkrkibospdfdhos.5 Kc vkahkhor dsulk tohds cds ojcnfd,

inoaks pdrd cckvdr cd lkridaid bdstd kc hkstnao ks,pkinidho por kc iolprdhor# qukhdaho kstk ctnlo

cnjrk hk tohd ojcnfdina!

Hk ua loho frio# cds prnainpdcks ioahninoaks Naio,tkrls sk kxpcnida ka cd snfunkatk ncustrdina5

G 45 ioahninoaks naiotkrls


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Capítulo 9 Logística y Distribución