Canada in the Canada in the WorldWorld

Chapter 9Chapter 9

After WWIIAfter WWII

At the end of the war, the horrors from it At the end of the war, the horrors from it made people say “Never again!”made people say “Never again!”

Canadians joined alliances with other Canadians joined alliances with other countries to protect itself from another war.countries to protect itself from another war.

Canada helped form and joined the UN Canada helped form and joined the UN (United Nations) on June 26, 1945.(United Nations) on June 26, 1945.

United Nations WebsiteUnited Nations Website

The Cold WarThe Cold War After the war, a new struggle emerged in the world. After the war, a new struggle emerged in the world. The world became divided essentially into 2 groups The world became divided essentially into 2 groups

of ideology (different values and ideas)of ideology (different values and ideas)

The Allies (Canada, US, Great Britain, and other The Allies (Canada, US, Great Britain, and other Western European countries) believed in a Western European countries) believed in a democratic political system and capitalist economic democratic political system and capitalist economic systemsystem

The USSR and their allies (other communist The USSR and their allies (other communist countries of Eastern Europe) who believed in a countries of Eastern Europe) who believed in a totalitarian political system and a communist totalitarian political system and a communist economic systemeconomic system

What’s the difference?What’s the difference?

Democratic SystemDemocratic System- Free and fair elections Free and fair elections

among two or more among two or more political partiespolitical parties

- Personal freedomsPersonal freedoms

Capitalist SystemCapitalist System

- - Private ownership of Private ownership of business and industry, business and industry, which operate for profitwhich operate for profit

Totalitarian SystemTotalitarian System- Control over only one Control over only one

political partypolitical party- Devoted to empowering Devoted to empowering

working peopleworking people

Communist SystemCommunist System

- - Government ownership or Government ownership or control of business and control of business and industryindustry

The Cold WarThe Cold War

There were no attacks on the enemy’s homelandThere were no attacks on the enemy’s homeland No bombing, no tank battlesNo bombing, no tank battles Instead, it was a war of words and threatsInstead, it was a war of words and threats Each side believed that its own political and Each side believed that its own political and

economic system was superior to the others’ economic system was superior to the others’ and should be spread around the world. and should be spread around the world.

Each side was determined to prevent the spread Each side was determined to prevent the spread of the rival system.of the rival system.

This “War” lasted until 1989This “War” lasted until 1989

Reason #1: OccupationReason #1: Occupation

Soviet troops remained in countries they Soviet troops remained in countries they had helped liberate after the war ended.had helped liberate after the war ended.

Stalin set up “pro-Soviet” governments in Stalin set up “pro-Soviet” governments in countries like Poland, Albania, countries like Poland, Albania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania.Romania.

He did the same in East Germany as wellHe did the same in East Germany as well

Reason #1 ContinuedReason #1 Continued

The US and its allies disagreed with his The US and its allies disagreed with his move.move.

Countries should have democratic and Countries should have democratic and capitalist systems.capitalist systems.

Stalin’s takeover was viewed as a threat to Stalin’s takeover was viewed as a threat to peace and securitypeace and security

They saw it as proof that the Soviet Union They saw it as proof that the Soviet Union was trying to expand its power.was trying to expand its power.

Reason #2: The Iron CurtainReason #2: The Iron Curtain

This is a phrase that became widely used to This is a phrase that became widely used to describe the division of the world into two hostile describe the division of the world into two hostile camps during the Cold Warcamps during the Cold War

This happened as a result of the Soviet Union This happened as a result of the Soviet Union feeling they needed protection against the US feeling they needed protection against the US and its alliesand its allies

Suffered 2 previous invasions (France 1812 and Suffered 2 previous invasions (France 1812 and Germany 1941)Germany 1941)

They created a “buffer zone” or satellite states They created a “buffer zone” or satellite states on the western border of Europe.on the western border of Europe.

Reason #3: Arms RaceReason #3: Arms Race

The race to develop more sophisticated The race to develop more sophisticated weapons (nuclear weapons)weapons (nuclear weapons)

It caused a lot of fear and paranoia It caused a lot of fear and paranoia between the two superpowers between the two superpowers

The Snowball EffectThe Snowball Effect

Hot Spots in the Cold WarHot Spots in the Cold War

Berlin 1948-1949Berlin 1948-1949 After WWII, Germany was split between the After WWII, Germany was split between the

Allies (France, Britain, US) and USSRAllies (France, Britain, US) and USSR Berlin, the capital, was located in the Soviet Berlin, the capital, was located in the Soviet

zone. The Soviets wanted the westerners to zone. The Soviets wanted the westerners to leave the cityleave the city

They placed a blockade on goods coming into They placed a blockade on goods coming into the city for westernersthe city for westerners

The Soviets eventually lifted the ban in May, The Soviets eventually lifted the ban in May, 1949.1949.

More Hot SpotsMore Hot Spots

Hungary 1956Hungary 1956 The country had been under Communist rule The country had been under Communist rule

and decided for a more liberal governmentand decided for a more liberal government The Soviets sent in troops to crush the The Soviets sent in troops to crush the

resistanceresistance

More Hot SpotsMore Hot Spots Cuba 1962Cuba 1962

A communist country, the US supported an invasion A communist country, the US supported an invasion of Cuba by Cuban exile. It failed. It became known of Cuba by Cuban exile. It failed. It became known as the “Bay of Pigs”as the “Bay of Pigs”

Soon after, Cuba began building nuclear missiles Soon after, Cuba began building nuclear missiles sitessites

The US ordered a quarantine of Cuba to prevent The US ordered a quarantine of Cuba to prevent Soviet Ships from delivering the missilesSoviet Ships from delivering the missiles

The US threatened warThe US threatened war The Soviets finally retreated and the US promised not The Soviets finally retreated and the US promised not

to invade Cuba.to invade Cuba. It is referred to as the Cuban Missile CrisisIt is referred to as the Cuban Missile Crisis

More Hot SpotsMore Hot Spots Vietnam 1963-1975Vietnam 1963-1975

After the war, France attempted to re-establish its After the war, France attempted to re-establish its colonial control over Vietnam.colonial control over Vietnam.

The Vietnamese fought and beat FranceThe Vietnamese fought and beat France It was divided into North Vietnam and South VietnamIt was divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam In an attempt to reunite the entire country, North Vietnam In an attempt to reunite the entire country, North Vietnam

invaded South Vietnam in 1963invaded South Vietnam in 1963 The US stepped in, sending advisors and troops to help The US stepped in, sending advisors and troops to help

South VietnamSouth Vietnam 543 000 troops were sent543 000 troops were sent The US was unable to win the warThe US was unable to win the war It became very unpopular, with many anti-war protests It became very unpopular, with many anti-war protests

being held in the USbeing held in the US The US finally withdrew from Vietnam in 1975The US finally withdrew from Vietnam in 1975

More Hot SpotsMore Hot Spots

Czechoslovakia 1968Czechoslovakia 1968 This country, originally a Soviet satellite This country, originally a Soviet satellite

country, began rejecting the communist country, began rejecting the communist government, wanting a more liberal systemgovernment, wanting a more liberal system

The Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia and The Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia and reinstated the communist governmentreinstated the communist government

Although many western countries condemned Although many western countries condemned the Soviets actions, nothing was done to stop the Soviets actions, nothing was done to stop it.it.

More Hot SpotsMore Hot Spots

Afghanistan 1979-1989Afghanistan 1979-1989 Civil war broke out between a communist Civil war broke out between a communist

government and the Muslim guerrillasgovernment and the Muslim guerrillas The Soviets sent troops to support the The Soviets sent troops to support the

communist governmentcommunist government The US sent troops to support the Muslim The US sent troops to support the Muslim

guerrillasguerrillas The Soviets lost and finally withdrew in 1989The Soviets lost and finally withdrew in 1989 Civil war continued in Afghanistan until 1996 Civil war continued in Afghanistan until 1996

when the Taliban gained control. when the Taliban gained control.

Canada and the Cold WarCanada and the Cold War

NATO NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was was formed in 1949 as a way for countries to address formed in 1949 as a way for countries to address the concerns about the spread of communismthe concerns about the spread of communism

The members were: Canada, US, Belgium, The members were: Canada, US, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands.Luxembourg, and Netherlands.

They hoped that this “collective security” would They hoped that this “collective security” would discourage aggression from the Soviet Union discourage aggression from the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe.and the countries of Eastern Europe.

Soviet ResponseSoviet Response

In response, the Soviet Union formed a In response, the Soviet Union formed a rival organization called rival organization called The Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact in 1955in 1955

Its members were: USSR, Albania, Its members were: USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.Hungary, Poland, and Romania.

NATO’s Role TodayNATO’s Role Today

After the end of the Cold War in 1989, the After the end of the Cold War in 1989, the role of NATO changed.role of NATO changed.

Canada is still a member, along with some Canada is still a member, along with some of the former Warsaw Pact countriesof the former Warsaw Pact countries

The focus now is on: protecting ethnic The focus now is on: protecting ethnic minorities and preventing international minorities and preventing international terrorism.terrorism.

Canada and the Cold WarCanada and the Cold War NORADNORAD (North American Air Defense Command)(North American Air Defense Command) was was

formed in the late 1950’sformed in the late 1950’s Created by the US and Canada, this agreement created Created by the US and Canada, this agreement created

a unified system of air defensea unified system of air defense The 2 countries set up a series of radar stations across The 2 countries set up a series of radar stations across

central and northern Canada to provide them with central and northern Canada to provide them with warnings of any air strikes.warnings of any air strikes.

The headquarters was set up in Colorado Springs, US, The headquarters was set up in Colorado Springs, US, and Canadians were worried that major decisions about and Canadians were worried that major decisions about our security would be made in the US, not our own our security would be made in the US, not our own country.country.

NORAD officially ceased in 1993, although the alliance NORAD officially ceased in 1993, although the alliance between the 2 countries still existsbetween the 2 countries still exists

North American Aerospace Defense CommandNorth American Aerospace Defense Command

Canada and the United NationsCanada and the United Nations In April, 1945, 50 countries gathered in San In April, 1945, 50 countries gathered in San

Francisco to create the UNFrancisco to create the UN The UN Charter:The UN Charter:

To work collectively to bring an end to warTo work collectively to bring an end to war To encourage cooperation among nationsTo encourage cooperation among nations To improve standards of living in all nationsTo improve standards of living in all nations To promote basic human rightsTo promote basic human rights

The UN has its own “military” – they are called The UN has its own “military” – they are called peacekeeperspeacekeepers

Lester B. Pearson, Canada’s Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, Canada’s Prime Minister, won a Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to won a Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to peacekeeping efforts around the globepeacekeeping efforts around the globe

The Korean WarThe Korean War June 25, 1950, North Korea (had become a June 25, 1950, North Korea (had become a

communist country after WWII) attacked South communist country after WWII) attacked South Korea (a non-communist country)Korea (a non-communist country)

China sent in troops to support NKChina sent in troops to support NK SK received support from the UN, sending SK received support from the UN, sending

troops from 16 countriestroops from 16 countries Canada sent 26,000 troopsCanada sent 26,000 troops By 1953, a ceasefire was signedBy 1953, a ceasefire was signed A demilitarized zone was created between the 2 A demilitarized zone was created between the 2

countriescountries It remains todayIt remains today

The Suez CrisisThe Suez Crisis