Can Subversion be Counter-Revolutionary?

8/3/2019 Can Subversion be Counter-Revolutionary?

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/can-subversion-be-counter-revolutionary 1/19

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dmaogotohg lgd ogtmrzrmtltohg' L doaamrmgkm o{ drlyg bmtymmg ){}bqmr{oqm khgkmzt{) lgd ){}bqmr{oqm

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lgd tfm do{trob}tohg ha zl{{oqm hr lktoqm rhcm{'

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dmaogmd og tfo{ m{{l l{ l khgtrhqmr{olc {kfmem tflt lktoqmc lgtokozltm{ lg maamkt hr rm{}ct b }{ogi

tfm tmkfgo|}m ha {}bqmr{ohg lgd o{ tf}{ ght tr}c {}bqmr{oqm ot{mca ' Yfmrml{ l ){}bqmr{oqm oelim)

fhymqmr o{ dmaogmd l{ lg oelim &zfhth# aoce# {k}czt}rm hr irh}z/ tflt hqmr%t}rg{ l kmrtlog {{tme#

{tlgdlrd hr ehdm ha tfogògi lgd rmelog{ og tfo{ zrhkm{{ ha {}bqmr{ohg# tflt o{ th {l# ot `mmz{ hg

{}b%qmrtogi lgd tf}{ fl{ gh lgtokozltmd rm{}ct' Tfm alkt tflt ){}bqmr{ohg) {}bqmrt{ ot{mca emlg{ tflt ot

mvo{t{ hgc og ot{ rmdmaogotohg' Fhymqmr# {}bqmr{ohg o{ ght {hemtfogi hgm l{{hkoltm{ yotf zl{{oqot

rltfmr yotf rmqhct lgd i}{th' Ehrmhqmr# {}kf ){}bqmr{oqm oelim{) lrm zmrkmoqmd l{ kh}gtmr%

rmqhc}tohglr lgd zl{{oqm'

[h yflt o{ zl{{oqm8 Yfh o{ zl{{oqm8 Ot yocc bm gmkm{{lr th mvzlgd hg tfm odml{ bmfogd zl{{oqm lgd

lktoqm rhcm{ ha bhtf l}tfhr lgd rmkozomgt# lgd tfm maamkt l}tfhr{foz fl{ hg tfm {}bqmr{oqm khgkmztlgd(hr oelim' O{ tfmrm {}kf tfogi l{ l zl{{oqm {}bqmrtmr8 Klg l {}bqmr{oqm oelim flqm lg l}tfhr8

Lgd o{ ot zh{{obcm ahr l {}bqmr{oqm khgkmzt th bm {}bqmr{oqm ot{mca 8 Klg l {}bqmr{oqm oelim

lgtokozltm lg maamkt lgd {tocc rmelog {}bqmr{oqm8 Tfm{m |}m{tohg{ yocc bm dmbltmd d}rogi tfm kh}r{m

ha tfm m{{l'

Tfm rml{hg yf O aogd {}kf l thzok ha ogtmrm{t# o{ bmkl}{m e lrto{tok yhr` lgd dmqmchzemgt fl{

bmmg bl{md hg tfo{ do{kh}r{m ahr {hem toem' O dh ght loe th bm {}bqmr{oqm# b}t yo{f th zrhd}km

ldlztlbcm yhr`{ tflt |}m{tohg lgd rm%dmaogm tfme{mcqm{# tflt kflgim lkkhrdogi th tfmor khgtmvt lgd

rmkozomgt{# fhymqmr gmqmr kml{m th |}m{tohg' Tf}{ tfm m{{l o{ lc{h khg{tr}ktmd og l {oeoclr {mg{m>

Tfm lri}emgt{ h{koccltm arhe hgm th tfm gmvt# lgd lcc ha tfm mvlezcm{ ioqmg yocc bm khgtog}h}{c

rmamrmgkmd lgd khezlrmd lilog{t mlkf htfmr og lg maahrt th mvzlgd tfm o{{}m lt flgd'



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Lkkhrdogi th Khccog{ Mgico{f Doktohglr# tfm yhrd ){}bqmr{ohg) emlg{ tfrmm tfogi{>

<' &Ihqmrgemgt# Zhcotok{ ! Dozchelk/ tfm lkt hr lg og{tlgkm ha {}bqmrtogi hr hqmrtfrhyogi l

cmilcc khg{tot}tmd ihqmrgemgt# og{tot}tohg# mtk'

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Hroioglcc tfm tmre dmaogmd l eocotlr dmamlt ha l kot# lg hqmrtfrhy hr lg }gdmr& {}b/%t}rg&qmrtmrm/'

[ogkm tfm <4tf kmgt}r# ot fl{ bmmg }{md og rmamrmgkm th cly{# lgd thdl ot drly{ zlrlccmc{ yotf

{mdotohg' Lcc tfrmm mgtrom{ og tfm Khccog{ Mgico{f Doktohglr lrm kcl{{oaomd }gdmr Ihqmrgemgt#

Zhcotok{ ! Dozchelk' Lcc rmamr th tfm {tltm# hr l )cmilcc khg{tot}tmd ihqmrgemgt# og{tot}tohg) l

zfrl{m yfokf dhm{ ght r}cm h}t }g%dmehkrltok rmioem{# fhymqmr mvzrm{{m{ l kmrtlog kroeoglcot

l{{hkoltmd yotf tfm lkt ha {}bqmr{ohg' Tfm yhrd{ )dm{tr}ktohg)# lgd )r}og) a}rtfmr mezfl{o{m tfo{

maamkt' Tfm tmre ){}bqmr{ohg) trlg{ahremd arhe l eocotlr kh}z ogth l ahre ha trml{hg lilog{t tfm

{tltm# arhe yotfog tfm {tltm ot{mca'

Tfm doaamrmgkm fhymqmr bmtymmg {mdotohg lgd {}bqmr{ohg# o{ tflt tfm cltmr o{ cm{{ hqmrt tflg tfm

ahremr' Ghr lrm tfmrm lg cly{ lilog{t {}bqmr{ohg# tfmrm lrm fhymqmr cly{ lilog{t {mdotohg' [mdotohg

hroiogltm{ og Mgico{f fo{thr &kl' <=?:/ l{ "tfm ghtohg ha ogkotogi b yhrd{ hr yrotogi{ do{laamktohg

thylrd{ tfm {tltm hr khg{tot}tmd l}tfhrot"<# }gdmr yfokf klezloigmr{ {}kf l{ tfh{m ha tfm mlrc

lgto%{clqmr ehqmemgt og tfm <62:{# th zrhtm{tmr{ lilog{t tfm Qomtgle Ylr flqm bmmg zrh{mk}tmd#

fhymqmr tfm g}ebmr ha kl{m{ fl{ dyogdcmd og tfm Ym{tmrg fmeo{zfmrm mqmr {ogkm tfm ogtrhd}ktohg ha

armmdhe ha {zmmkf' ]gdmr tfm aor{t lemgdemgt th tfm ]gotmd [tltm{ Khg{tot}tohg# tfm ihqmrgemgt

el ght zrhfobot {zmmkf hr {ebhcok lkt{ tflt ldqhkltm occmilc hr {}bqmr{oqm lktoqot }gcm{{ ot o{

co`mc th rm{}ct og )clycm{{ lktohg)2' Yfocm tfm dmaogotohg ha l )clycm{{ lktohg) rmelog{ th bm

|}m{tohgmd# tfm {tltmemgt oezcom{ tflt l clya}c {}bqmr{ohg o{ zh{{obcm zrhtmktmd }gdmr tfm roift ahr

{ebhcok mvzrm{{ohg' Ha kh}r{m tfo{ dmaogotohg qlrom{ arhe kh}gtr th kh}gtr' Co} Volhbh tfm Ghbmc

Zmlkm cl}rmltm yh}cd ght gmkm{{lroc bm og zro{hg ahr {}bqmr{oqm yrotogi{ h}t{odm ha Kfogl# b}t og

tfm Ym{t tfm dmaogotohg ha {}bqmr{ohg o{ qmr e}kf dmbltmd' Og alkt og tfm ][L Doktohglr ha

Eocotlr lgd L{{hkoltmd Tmre{# –lcc yoca}c lkt{ tflt lrm ogtmgdmd th bm dmtroemgtlc th tfm bm{t

ogtmrm{t{ ha tfm ihqmrgemgt lgd tflt dh ght alcc ogth tfm kltmihrom{ ha trml{hg# {mdotohg# {lbhtlim# hr

m{zohglim yocc bm zclkmd og tfm kltmihr ha {}bqmr{oqm lktoqot'―; {}bqmr{ohg o{ qmr e}kf l irm

~hgm'

< Brmoift# K}rto{# K' &<??1/ [}rqmocclgkm# eocotlro{e lgd drlel og tfm Mco~lbmtflg Mrl# Elkeoccolg> Chgdhg' zlim 6?'

2 Rmamrmgkogi Brlgdmgb}ri q' Hfoh# ;?=]'[' 444# 6? [' Kt' <629# 2; C' Md' 2D 4;: P<?1?U fttz>((cmilc%doktohglr'tfmarmmdoktohglr'khe(Aor{t+Lemgdemgt &lkkm{{md 22':9'2:<</

; Doktohglr ha Eocotlr lgd L{{hkoltmd Tmre{> &L{ Lemgdmd Tfrh}if <= El 2:<</" &ZDA/' Nhogt Z}bcokltohg <%:2' Dmzlrtemgt ha Dmamgkm# ][L' z' ;=<' &Lkkm{{md 22':9'2:<</ yyy'dtok'eoc(dhktrogm(gmyXz}b{(nz<X:2'zda



Yfmg {hemtfogi o{ dm{krobmd l{ –{}bqmr{oqm― tfm aor{t {ghge{ tflt khem th eogd lrm lglrkfo{t#

khgtrhqmr{olc# rmbmccoh}{' Tfmrm {mme{ th bm m|}lcc gh dh}bt tflt l ){}bqmr{oqm k}ct}rm) o{ l tzm ha

h}tf k}ct}rm' Og tfo{ {mg{m# ot klg bm khg{odmrmd l{ l flrecm{{ zfl{m yfmrm tfm lgto%l}tfhrotlrolg

h}gi tm{t tfm bh}gdlrom{ ha tfm {{tme tfm lrm ogfmrmgtc l zlrt ha# bm ot aleoc# {kfhhc# hr {hkomt'

L{ tfm tmre o{ k}rrmgtc bmogi }{md th kcl{{oa mqmrtfogi tflt rlo{m{ lg mmbrhy# Ot {tocc fl{ elg

gmiltoqm khgghtltohg{ b}t og eh{t kl{m{ ot rmelog{ cly%lbodogi' Lgd tfm ehrm elog{trmle ot

bmkhem{# tfm ehrm ot o{ }{md ogtmrkflgimlbc yotf tfm yhrd )khgtrhqmr{olc)' Og tfo{ yl ch}d

rmqhc}tohglr lkt{ flqm bmmg }gdmreogmd b tfm {}bqmr{ohg ha ot{ hyg dmaogotohg# lgd tfm |}m{tohg

tflt fl{ lro{mg l{ l khg{m|}mgkm# o{ yfmtfmr {}bqmr{ohg mvo{t{ lt lcc'

Gmqmrtfmcm{{# O yh}cd lri}m tflt tfm {}bqmr{oqm |}lcot ha ){}bqmr{ohg) coqm{ hg og tfm armmdhe ha ot{

dmaogotohg lgd ogtmrzrmtltohg# og l {oeoclr {mg{m th Lgthgoh Irle{ko){ kflccmgim ha k}ct}rlc

fmimehg4 ' Ahr foe ot yl{ oezhrtlgt th kflccmgim tflt yfokf ym khg{odmr ogfmrmgt# l clrim {h}rkm

ha khgtrhc ahr tfm r}cogi irh}z' Fm yrhtm og <?2= og tfm gmy{zlzmr C)Hrdogm G}hqh "l eloghb{tlkcm th kflgim o{ tfm rmzrhd}ktohg b tfm dheogltogi ahrkm{ ha mcmemgt{ ha tfm fmimehgok

odmhchi' Ot‟{ lg oezhrtlgt lgd }rimgt tl{` th dmqmchz lctmrgltoqm ogtmrzrmtltohg{ ha rmlcot'" Fmrm

{}bqmr{ohg o{ lehgi htfmr tfogi{ l elttmr ha odmhchioklc armmdhe lgd zhymr' B}t ot lc{h fl{ th bm

{lod tflt thdl# dmqmchzogi )lctmrgltoqm ogtmrzrmtltohg{) o{ l }{ma}c thhc ahr bhtf {odm{ ha tfm khog'

2' [}bqmr{oqm Khgkmzt{ lgd [}bqmr{oqm Oelim{

2'< [fhk`qmrto{ogi

)[fhk`qmrto{ogi) o{ l khgkmzt tflt yl{ zohgmmrmd b tfm kchtfogi khezlg Bmgmtthg og <?61 yotf

zfhthirlzfmr Hcoqomrh Th{klgo' Tfm klezloig gh chgimr ahk}{md hg tfm zrhd}kt ot yl{ ldqmrto{ogi#

rltfmr kl{fmd og hg tfm {ebhcok qlc}m ha tfm clbmc ot{mca –]gotmd Khch}r{ ha Bmgmtthg―' Tfm ldqmrt{

amlt}rm lcc {hrt{ ha tlbhh{ lgd mqmrtfogi arhe zhcotoklc# rmcoioh}{# th rlkolc khgacokt# ahr mvlezcm tfm

<??4 klezloig amlt}rogi tfm {zclmd h}t bchhd%{lt}rltmd }goahre ha l Bh{golg {hcdomr'

Tfm lttmezt yl{ th rmqhc}tohgo{m tfm bhrogi ldqmrto{ogi ogd}{tr yotf {hemtfogi gmy# lgd aottogi

yotf Bmgmtthg){ hyg oelim# l ){}bqmr{oqm) ldqmrto{ogi klezloig yl{ n}{t tfm tfogi tflt yh}cd ioqm

tfme tflt aoglgkolc bhh{t' Bmgmtthg bmilg th zrm{mgt ot{mca l{ l ehrlc {trhgifhcd# rlo{ogi lylrmgm{{

lbh}t tfm kr}mct mvo{tmgt og tfm yhrcd lgd }gotogi mqmrhgm }gdmr hgm clbmc# gmqmrtfmcm{{ {hcqogi

gh yhrcdc khgacokt{ b}t tfmor hyg kh}rt kl{m{' Tfmor oelim{ flqm bmmg dmbltmd lgd zlrtolcc

blggmd# b}t rmilrdcm{{ ha tfm bld zrm{{ tfm klezloig fld ogdmmd kflgimd tfm alkm ha ldqmrto{ogi'

Tfm khgkmzt o{ bl{md hg {}bqmrtogi h}r mvzmktltohg{ ha al{fohg ldqmrto{ogi b }{ogi oelim{ ym

l{{hkoltm yotf htfmr khgtmvt{' Khezlgom{ {}kf l{ Go`m# Dhckm ! Ilblggl lgd [o{cm flqm ahcchymd

yotf oelim{ ha lm{tfmtoko{md ilgi rlzm# khklogm cogm{ og tfm ahre ha drm{{m{# lgd {chilg{ {}kf l{

–n}{t dh ot―' Lcc ha tfm{m oelim{ lzzmlc hg tfm hgm flgd th h}tf k}ct}rm{ lgd th l kmrtlog dmirmm

4 Lgthgoh Irle{ko &<6?<%<?;9/ l zhcotoklc tfmhro{t yrhtm og fo{ Zro{hg Ghtmbhh`{ og tfm mlrc <?;:{ lgd z}bco{fmd

aor{t og tfm <?=:{ lbh}t k}ct}rlc fmimehg &dheogltohg/# tfm rhcm ha k}ct}rm lgd tfm l{{oeocltohg ha tfm zrhcmtlrolt

k}ct}rm og tfm r}cogi irh}z){ dheogltohg ha {hkolc hrdmr'



zcl hg h}r mtfoklc zmrkmztohg{ lgd {hkolc tlbhh{'

Yfmrml{ htfmr ogd}{trom{ flqm lc{h tl`mg }z {}kf {}bqmr{oqm khgkmzt{# tfo{ toem lblgdhgogi tfm

mtfok{ lgd {oezc t}rgogi lrh}gd tfm ehghthg ha mqmr dl coam' Khkl%khcl og{tlcc{ a}g elkfogm{

yfokf ogtmrlkt yotf tfmor khg{}emr{ og ot{ –brogiogi h} flzzogm{{― klezloig{# htfmr khezlgom{ dh

)coqm elr`mtogi) b krmltogi zmrahrelgkm{ og }gmvzmktmd z}bcok {zlkm{ {}kf l{ og lorzhrt{ lgd b}{m{#

lgd Qhc`{ylimg lc{h fl{ l gmy khgkmzt klccmd –Tfm A}g Tfmhr― {zhg{hrogi a}g lgd ogghqltoqm

odml{ arhe tfm z}bcok yfokf loe th lgoeltm z}bcok {zlkm{# ahr mvlezcm og{tlccogi {codm{ gmvt th

m{klclthr{ og }gdmrirh}gd {tltohg{' Fhymqmr ghgm ha tfm{m mvlezcm{ }{m {}bqmr{oqm oelim{# ght

mqmg Bmgmtthg' Tfm oelim{ lrm khgtrhqmr{olc hr {}rzro{ogi bmkl}{m ym lrm ght }{md th {mmogi tfme#

b}t oa tfm oelim{ ymrm tr}c {}bqmr{oqm# tfm yh}cd og alkt bm kh}gtmr%zrhd}ktoqm th tfm loe{ ha tfm

ldqmrt' Tfo{ o{ fhymqmr tfm kl{m yotf tfm Bmgmtthg klezloig –Khch}r{ ha Dhem{tok Qohcmgkm― 2::9'

2'2 [klgdlc> Khch}r{ ha Dhem{tok Qohcmgkm 2::9

Rltfmr tflg lzzmlcogi th l {hkolcc%khg{koh}{ al{fohgo{tl yotf hgm imgmrlco{md oelim mzotheo{ogi

tfm ylr og Bh{gol# hgm oelim mzotheo{ogi FOQ# hgm oelim mzotheo{ogi tfm khgacokt bmtymmg O{rlmc

lgd Zlcm{togm# tfm Bmgmtthg klezloig lilog{t dhem{tok qohcmgkm dmzokt{ og hgm mvlezcm lg L{olg

yhelg yotf l z}rzcm%bmltmg mm ymlrogi l n}ezmr yotf tfm eltkfogi {fldm ha khch}r' Tfm chih

lttlkfmd th tfm oelim rmld{ og ahre ha l z}g# –Khch}r{ ha Dhem{tok Qohcmgkm# o{{}md og z}bcok

ogtmrm{t b ]gotmd Khch}r{ ha Bmgmtthg―' Khezlrogi l br}o{m th tfm {fldm ha l arm{fc%{tlrkfmd

n}ezmr# hr rodok}cogi dhem{tok qohcmgkm yotf l z}g hg tfm khezlg glem# o{ kmrtlogc ght zhcotoklcc

khrrmkt' B}t gmotfmr yl{ tfm klezloig haaokolc# og alkt ot yl{ lcc l al`m' Lgd Bmgmtthg eldm {}rm tflttfo{ yl{ kcmlr th lcc bchiimr{ do{t}rbmd b tfmor )gmy) ldqmrt' Tfm zrhkmmdmd th khgtlkt lcc yrotmr{

dormktc yfmrm zh{{obcm=# lgd l {elcc lrtokcm yotf gh occ}{trltohg{ yl{ lc{h z}bco{fmd b tfm hgcogm

elil~ogm [lchg'khe dm{krobogi tfm fhlv' Tfm {thr fhymqmr yl{ ght tl`mg }z b lg clrim {klcm

gmy{zlzmr' Og alkt lcc tfm {h}rkm{ {}rzro{ogic cmld th ghyfmrm'

Kcmlrc l {klgdlc fmrm }gco`m yotf tfmor htfmr khgtrhqmr{olc ldqmrt{ yh}cd ght alqh}r Bmgmtthg){

oelim' Hg tfm htfmr flgd# tfm clk` ha emdol lttmgtohg lc{h rm{}ctmd og tfm fhlv flqogi gh {}kkm{{ og

{zrmldogi ot{ krotoko{e ha Bmgmtthg){ ldqmrto{ogi klezloig{ bmkl}{m tfm khezlg yl{ bmogi

krotoko{md z}bcokc chgi%bmahrm tfm fhlv lzzmlrmd# lgd mqmg hgm ha tfm rmtrlktohg{ krotoko{md tfm

fhlvmr l{ bmogi –{h {ok` tfm tfog` tfo{ o{ l zrlktoklc nh`m―1' B}t yflt mvlktc o{ tfm eml{}rm ha

{}kkm{{ fmrm8 Hr o{ tfo{ l a}tocm |}m{tohg8 Dhm{ {}bqmr{ohg flqm th bm {zmktlk}clr8 Klg ot bm

do{eo{{md l{ l zrlktoklc nh`m8 Hr o{ tflt ot{ ahrtm8

Og tfm –Melgkozltmd [zmktlthr― Nlk|}m{ Rlgkomrm do{k}{{m{ fhy –oelim{ kflgim h}r il~m lgd tfm

clgd{klzm ha tfm zh{{obcm oa tfm lrm ght lgtokozltmd b tfm emlgogi lgd dh ght lgtokozltm tfmor

maamkt{―9' Oa gh maamkt o{ th bm lgtokozltmd# tfmg ot o{ qmr doaaok}ct th n}dim {}kkm{{' Tfm hgc eml{}rm

= fttz>((yrotm{co`m{fmtlc`{'bchi{zht'khe(2::9(:=(khchr{%ha%dhem{tok%qohcmgkmal`m%ght'ftec &lkkm{{md 2;':1'2:<</

1 fttz>((toz{thm{'yhrdzrm{{'khe(2::9(:=(;:(hf%chh %̀lt%lcc%tfm%zrmtt%khch}r{( &lkkm{{md 2;':1'2:<</

9 Rlgkomrm# Nlk|}m{# &2::?/ Tfm Melgkozltmd [zmktlthr# Qmr{h> Chgdhg# zlim <:='

http://tipsytoes.wordpress.com/2007/05/30/oh-look-at-all-the-pretty-colours/





ha {}kkm{{ hr tfm loe{ ha {}bqmr{ohg lrm th bm {}bqmr{oqm og tmre{ ha {}bqmrtogi aovmd dmaogotohg{' Og

tfm {lem {mg{m# –Khch}r{ ha Dhem{tok Qohcmgkm― dod ght lgtokozltm lg maamkt# ot yl{ {oezc rmcml{md#

lgd ogkodmgtlcc ogtmrzrmtmd b htfmr{ l{ hgm {tmz thh alr ahr Bmgmtthg'

2'; Zot lgd Khezl{{ohg

[}kf l )zl{{oqm) khgkmzt fhymqmr dhm{ ght com ml{ yotf lcc tfh{m yfh dmaogm tfme{mcqm{ l{

{}bqmr{oqm# hr yhr` yotf {}bqmr{oqm khgkmzt{' Tfm zrmamr l ehrm dormkt lzzrhlkf# tfm kroto|}m

{fh}cd bm hbqoh}{ lgd rmkhigo{lbcm# me}cltogi khgkmzt{ lòg th ldqmrto{ogi ot {fh}cd bm fmlrd lgd

flqm oezlkt# {h glt}rlcc tfm boiimr lgd ehrm krmltoqm# khgtrhqmr{olc tfm bmttmr' Elrtfl Rh{cmr){

yhr` {mrom{ –Brogiogi tfm Ylr Fhem― o{ hgm mvlezcm ha tfo{ tmgdmgk zmrflz{ khezlrlbcm th tfm

Bmgmtthg klezloig{' Fmr zfhthehgtlim{ n}vtlzh{m kcl{{ Lemroklg coqogi rhhe{ yotf oelim{ ha

ylr' Tfm qomymr o{ khgarhgtmd yotf tyh doaamrmgt rmlcotom{# l fmrm lgd mc{myfmrm# lgd o{ eldm th ammc

zot lgd i}oct og rmilrd{ th tfo{ doaamrmgkm' Tfm oelim{ {mme th bm {logi )Tfo{ o{ yflt o{ flzzmgogi

og tfm yhrcd yfocm h} {ot lt fhem lgd zrhaot arhe ot lcc)'

Tfm{m oelim{# zrm{mgtmd og lg lrt khgtmvt emlg tflt tfm lrm l}theltoklcc ogtmrzrmtmd doaamrmgtc th

tfh{m ha Bmgmtthg' Yfmrml{ ot o{ }gdmr{tlgdlbcm yf l khezlg tl`m{ klrm th zrm{mgt l kcmlg lgd

zhcotoklcc khg{koh}{ oelim ha tfme{mcqm{# ot o{ ght mvlktc lkkmztmd yf lg lrto{t yh}cd ylgt th dh

{h' Hatmg {}kf lktohg{ motfmr tl`m hg l fomrlrkfoklc md}kltoqm zh{otohg hr l{{}em arhe tfm {tlrt tflt

tfm qomymr o{ mgtormc oighrlgt hr zl{{oqm' Ghgm tfm cml{t emclgkfhc lgd do{mgkflgtemgt lrm hgm ha

{}bqmr{ohg){ irmltm{t zotalcc{' L{ Rlgkomrm {l{# tfm ammd hg tfmor hyg oezhtmgk6' Tfm z}bcok dh

ght gmmd th bm ogahremd ha tfm ltrhkotom{ bmhgd tfmor arhgt dhhr# tfm lrm ght oighrlgt# tfm n}{t dhght ammc zlrtok}clrc laamktmd' Tfm el ammc zot# b}t gh a}rtfmr lktohg o{ tl`mg bmkl}{m og tfm mgd#

tfm qoktoe{ lrm glemcm{{' O tlc` ha )zot) rltfmr tflg khezl{{ohg og rmilrd{ th Flgglf Lrmgdt' Og –Hg

Rmqhc}tohg― {fm dmaogm{ khezl{{ohg l{ –th bm {trok`mg yotf tfm {}aamrogi ha {hemhgm mc{m l{ tfh}if

ot ymrm khgtlioh}{―? ot o{ lg mezltfok ammcogi yotf tfm {}aamrmr lgd rm{}ct{ hatmg og dormkt lktohg' Ahr

mvlezcm fmczogi lg hcd yhelg krh{{ tfm rhld' )Zot) hg tfm htfmr flgd o{ brhldmr# ot o{ {ezltf hr

ammcogi ahr tfm {}aamrmr# yfokf klg cmld th lzltf# do{rmilrd# hr elgoz}cltohg' Khezl{{ohg lbhco{fm{

do{tlgkm lgd fomrlrkf# ot o{ zmr{hglc lgd zrhlktoqm' Rh{cmr){ yhr` fhymqmr b mezfl{o{ogi do{tlgkm

rmgdmr{ tfm qomymr zl{{oqm'

2'4 [}eelr

Tfm lzzlrmgt doaamrmgkm bmtymmg {}bqmr{oqm khgkmzt{ lgd {}bqmr{oqm oelim{ o{ tfm loe' Tfm l}tfhr

ha tfm {}bqmr{oqm khgkmzt lcyl{ zcl{ lg lktoqm rhcm bmkl}{m fm fl{ l {zmkoaok loe# lgd tf}{ zclg{

th }{m tfm khgkmzt og {}kf l yl l{ th mqh`m tfm lzzrhzroltm rmlktohg yfmtfmr zl{{oqm hr lktoqm og ot{

rmkozomgt{' Yfmrml{ l {}bqmr{oqm oelim o{ co`m l acly og l klrzmt ymlqm' Ot o{ rltfmr zl{{oqm# ot{

maamkt o{ ght lgtokozltmd# ot el hr el ght flqm lg )hygmr)# lgd ot{ z}rzh{m dmzmgd{ hg ot{ {ot}ltohg#

6 Obod z' ;9

? Klghqlg# Elrilrmt &<??=/ Flgglf Lrmgdt> L Rmogtmrzrmtltohg ha Fmr Zhcotoklc Tfh}ift # Klebrodim ]goqmr{ot

Zrm{{# zlim <9<



khgtmvt hr emdo}e' Ha kh}r{m# bhtf {}bqmr{oqm oelim{ lgd khgtmvt{ lrm ml{oc {}bqmrtmd# b}t tfm

odml ha ehqogi lyl arhe tfm fomrlrkf ha lktoqm lgd zl{{oqm rhcm{ o{ lg ogtmrm{togi hgm og tfm

dmqmchzemgt ha tfo{ lri}memgt'

;' Gmy Ogtmrzrmtltohg{ ha Zl{{oqm lgd Lktoqm Rhcm{

;'< Do{tlgkm> Fmrm lgd Mc{myfmrm

L aoce tflt khgtrl{t{ yotf Elrtfl Rh{cmr){ oelim{ b}t o{ gmqmrtfmcm{{ tfmeltoklcc {oeoclr# o{ –Oko mt

Loccm}r{― &Fmrm lgd Mc{myfmrm/ lg m{{l aoce b Nmlg%C}k Ihdlrd lgd Lggm%Elrom Eomqoccm yfokf

{tlrtmd haa l{ l dhk}emgtlr aoce glemd –Qokthr― kheeo{{ohgmd b tfm eocotlgt Zlcm{togolg irh}z

Lc Altlf og <?9:' Tfm zrhd}ktohg yl{ fhymqmr lblgdhgmd latmr elg ha tfm Zlcm{togolg{ tfm fld

bmmg aoceogi ymrm òccmd' Ah}r mlr{ cltmr Ihdlrd lgd Eomqoccm rm%mdotmd tfm ahhtlim ogth –Oko mt

Loccm}r{―' Tfm aoce o{ l rmacmktohg hg tfm aloc}rm ha rmzrm{mgtltohg bl{md og tyh doaamrmgt {mttogi{#

aor{tc lt l eoddcm%kcl{{ Armgkf aleoc){ fhem# {ottogi og arhgt ha l tmcmqo{ohg# lgd {mkhgdc

Zlcm{togm' Ehrm oezhrtlgtc tfm aoce o{ khg{koh}{ ha ot{ hyg elgoz}cltohg' Dmaogotohg{ lrm tfrhyg

hgth tfm {krmmg lgd z}t ogth |}m{tohg# hgm ha tfm aor{t oelim{ ym {mm o{ lg occotmrltm Zlcm{togolg

yhelg trogi th rmld l zhcotoklc tmvt lgd bmogi khrrmktmd b l yhelg haa%{krmmg0 tfmg ym fmrm

Ihdlrd {zmlògi yfocm yfotm tmvt –mg rmzmg{lgt l kmcl― &rm%tfogògi ot/ acl{fm{ hg l bclk`

blkìrh}gd' Fm rmkh}gt{ tfm ahcchyogi>

[h ot yl{ og tfm bmioggogi hr tfm eoddcm ha <?9:' Ym ih th tfm eoddcm Ml{t' Yfh o{ )ym)8 Og

Ambr}lr# N}c <?9: tfmrm o{ O# tfmrm o{ h}# tfmrm o{ {fm# tfmrm o{ fm yfh ihm{ th tfm Eoddcm Ml{t lehgi{t tfm Zlcm{togolg{ th el`m l aoce# lgd ym {fht tfogi{ og tfo{ hrdmr# lgd ym hrilgo{md ot' [fm#

h}# fm# O hrilgo{md tfm aoce co`m tflt'

Ihdlrd lgd Eomqoccm lrm lt tfm {lem toem bhtf gmlr lgd do{tlgt' Flqogi aocemd og Zlcm{togm

tfme{mcqm{# tfm lzzrhlkf tfm {}bnmkt zmr{hglcc# b}t tfm tlc` lt tfm {lem toem ha tfm aoce){ aloc}rm

lgd rmacmkt arhe l toem &ah}r mlr{ cltmr/ lgd {zltolc do{tlgkm' Ot o{ tfrh}if tfm do{zclkmd glrrltohg

lgd tfm ogtmrtyogmd oelim{ ha tfm Armgkf aleoc {ottogi og arhgt ha tfm tmcmqo{ohg# tflt hgm {tlrt{ th

ammc l zlrt ha tfm aoce# hr lt cml{t og tfm {lem zh{otohg l{ Ihdlrd lgd Eomqoccm' Tfm oelim{# tmvt# tfm

chh{m glrrltoqm {tr}kt}rm# lgd tfm glrrltohg o{ lcc hzmg ahr tfm qomymr th ogtmrzrmt' Gmotfmr dhm{ tfm

aoce kfl{to{m tfm qomymr ahr fo{ qhm}ro{tok lktohg{ {}kf l{ og Elrtfl Rh{cmr){ yhr`' Zclkmd og tfm

rhcm ha Ihdlrd lgd Eomqoccm ym thh lrm hb{mrqmr{# ym thh lrm zomkogi oelim{ thimtfmr# –[fm# h}#

fm# O hrilgo{md tfm aoce co`m tflt―' Lctfh}if tfm qomymr dhm{ ght kfhh{m yflt th {mm# lgd og yflt

hrdmr th {mm ot# tfm aoce gmqmrtfmcm{{ qmr glt}rlcc mezhymr{ tfme yotf tfm kfhokm lgd armmdhe ha

ogtmrzrmtltohg yotfog l ghg%fomrlrkfoklc {{tme' Og 2::9 Rlgkomrm yl{ ghtmd th flqm {lod –lg

melgkozltmd khee}got o{ l khee}got ha {thrtmccmr{ lgd trlg{clthr{―# melgkozltohg hr

{}bqmr{ohg ot tflt zrhkm{{ ha ogtmrzrmtltohg'



;'2 Lghgeh}{> Tfm Hygmrcm{{ Khgkmzt

Tfm {lem )zl{{oqm) mezhymremgt tfrh}if armm ogtmrzrmtltohg o{ lc{h ogtrog{ok th tfm yhr` ha

Lghgeh}{# fhymqmr tfo{ toem ot o{ l {}bqmr{oqm khgkmzt tflt % khgtrlr th yflt yl{ do{k}{{md

bmahrm % o{ ght bl{md hg tfm l}tfhr ha tfm {}bqmr{oqm khgkmzt zclogi lg lktoqm rhcm bmkl}{m fm fl{ l

kmrtlog loe th a}caoc &m'i Bmgmtthg/# og{tmld# tfm khgkmzt ot{mca o{ hygmrcm{{ lgd ot{ maamkt{ lrm tfmrmb

{oeoclr th tfh{m krmltmd b {}bqmr{oqm oelim{% tfm lrm ght lgtokozltmd'

Tfm irh}z){ zf{oklc lghgeot lrh{m arhe tfm }gkcloemd zh{t{ hg oelimbhlrd{ {}kf l{ 4kflg'

Tfm{m ymb{otm{ flqm gh emehr# lgd lcc zh{t{ lrm l}theltoklcc lghgeh}{' Tfm tf}{ }gglemd

khccmktoqm lktogi th l dmirmm yotf tfm do{ogfobotohg tflt qort}lc lghgeot irlgt{# hrilgo{m{ ot{mca b

tfm }{m ha oelimbhlrd{ lgd khccmktoqm yrotogi {hatylrm {}kf l{ Zorltmzld(Mtfmrzld' Og alkt ght hgc

dhm{ tfm irh}z yhr` og tfm doiotlc rmlce b cl}gkfogi Ddh[ lttlk`{ hg og{tot}tohglc ymb{otm{# b}t

rmzcokltm{ ot{ qort}lc lghgeot ogth rmlcot% tfm klezloigmr{ ymlr tfm {ebhcok el{` ha I}

Aly`m{ d}rogi lcc z}bcok dmehg{trltohg{ hr qodmh{# tfm gmqmr do{kch{m tfmor tr}m zf{oklc odmgtot'

Yflt el`m{ tfme zhymra}c lgd maamktoqm o{ tflt tfm lrm rlrmc trlkmlbcm# lgd tfmor emebmr{foz o{

oeeml{}rlbcm bmkl}{m lghgm klg bm Lghgeh}{' Tfmor yml`gm{{ fhymqmr# o{ tfm alkt tflt tfm

irh}z o{ {mca%hrilgo{md lgd fl{ gh cmldmr# yfokf emlg{ tflt ghtfogi o{ {kr}togo{md hr khgtrhccmd' Alr

arhe bmogi l aclt {}bqmr{oqm oelim hr aoce# tfm zf{oklc rmlcot ha tfo{ khgkmzt emlg{ tflt lg

rmk`cm{{ lktohg klg bm eldm }gdmr tfm khccmktoqm glem )Lghgeh}{)' Ot{ ogtmirot o{ ght zrm{mrqmd

lgd klg bm {}bqmrtmd lt lg zhogt' Fhy klg lg hrilgo{ltohg loemd lt |}m{tohgogi khrr}ztmd lgd

fzhkrotoklc {{tme{# bm khrr}zt lgd fzhkrotoklc ot{mca8 Tfo{ o{ mvlktc yflt tfm emdol lgdog{tot}tohglc {zh`m{emg krotoko{m'

Lghgeh}{ fl{ bmmg clbmccmd l{ mqmrtfogi bmtymmg l dmtroemgtlc tmrrhro{t hrilgo{ltohg th l irh}z

ha <= mlr hcd flk`mr{' B}t tfo{ o{ m|}lcc Lghgeh}{) {trmgitf' Tfm a}rtfmr Lghgeh}{ imt{ arhe

bmogi lg hrilgo{ltohg lgd tfm ehrm ot rm{mebcm{ l k}ct}rlc zfmghemghg# {}rmc tfm ehrm zhymra}c ot

bmkhem{8 Tfm {oezc lrm dmqmchzogi l gmy ogtmrzrmtltohg ha tfm fmimehgok odmhchi &Irle{ko/'

Ahr mvlezcm# tfm zrhtm{t lilog{t Kf}rkf [komgthchi og Chgdhg hg tfm <:tf Ambr}lr 2::6 yotgm{{md

lg lrrl ha zmhzcm fodogi tfmor odmgtot ght hgc yotf tfm I} Aly`m{ &IA/ el{`# b}t yotf

{thkògi{# icl{{m{ lgd yoi{'<: Lghgeh}{ bmklem lg mgtormc cmilc zfmghemghg'

Ymlrogi l el{` d}rogi zrhtm{t o{ ght hgc ahr z}rzh{m{ ha odmgtot zrhtmktohg# b}t lc{h l ahre ha

{ebhcok mvzrm{{ohg' Hg l ahr}e lbh}t zrhtm{t# l }{mr glemd lghg?<%<? yrhtm hg N}c tfm <4tf

2::6 –O bmcomqm O ymlr tfm el{` th zrhtmkt e aleoc lgd e{mca' O bmcomqm O ymlr tfm el{` l{ l

zhcotoklc {ebhc' O bmcomqm O ymlr tfm el{` th armmc {zml` lgd l{{mebcm# l{ {h zrheo{md'―<< Lghtfmr

yrotm{ –IA el{` o{ lòg th {ebhcok {zmmkf'''' ot{ tfm {lem l{ ymlrogi lg Hblel(EkKlog b}tthg hg

h}r {fort hr bli―' Armmdhe ha mvzrm{{ohg o{ l kheehg roift og tfm Ym{t' Tfo{ fhymqmr dhm{ ght

emlg tflt tfmrm fl{ bmmg gh hzzh{otohg' Tfm lri}emgt l{odm arhe tmrrhro{e# o{ tfm lkkmztmd

<: fttz>((yyy'h}t}bm'khe(yltkf8q52[rl]zkNa|y &lkkm{{md :6':9'2:<</

<< fttz>((ahr}e{'yfymzrhtm{t'gmt(tfrmld{(el{`%|}m{tohg'<9?66( &lkkm{{md :6':9'2:<</



zmrkmztohg tflt el{`%ymlrogi o{ lòg th lktogi do{fhgh}rlbc lgd tflt hgc kroeoglc{ yh}cd aogd ot

gmkm{{lr th }{m hgm' Og alkt og Gmy _hr` lgd l amy htfmr [tltm{ og tfm ]'[ flqm zhcokom{ lilog{t

ymlrogi el{`{ yfmg tyh hr ehrm zmhzcm khgirmiltm yfokf yl{ hroioglcc dormktmd lt tfm @} @c}v

@clg# b}t og eh{t kl{m{ tfm cly lc{h {zmkoaom{ tflt yfmg tfm el{` o{ }{md yotfh}t kroeoglc ogtmgtohg

ot o{ zmramktc cmilc' Tfm {lem ihm{ ahr Arlgkm# dm{zotm ot{ rmkmgt cly{ rmilrdogi l blg lilog{t

khgkmlcogi hgm){ odmgtot og z}bcok# el{`{ og tfm kl{m ha {zhrt{ zrlktokm# mgtmrtlogemgt# lrto{tok hr

trldotohglc dmehg{trltohg{ l{ ymcc l{ rmcoioh}{ zrhkm{{ohg{ rmelog cmilc'<2

Gmqmrtfmcm{{ lrh}gd tfm yhrcd el{` ymlrmr{ flqm bmmg lrrm{tmd# lgd Lghgeh}{ flqm {tlrtmd th

cmiotoeo{m tfmor lktohg{ og htfmr yl{' Tfmor emebmr{ lrm ldqo{md th klrr l khz ha tfm cly yotf

tfme og kl{m ha zrhbcme{# lgd tfmrm lrm lc{h g}emrh}{ kh}gtr {zmkoaok ymb{otm{ arhe Lghgeh}{

{tltogi zrhtm{togi roift{' Og [h}tf Larokl ahr mvlezcm# tfm el{` o{ occmilc lgd zrhtm{tmr{ lrm

mgkh}rlimd th ymlr flt{# icl{{m{ lgd yoi{ og{tmld' Tfm zfrl{m –Rmemebmr> Lre _h}r{mca yotf

@ghycmdim' Bm {lam# bm Lghgeh}{― lc{h lkkhezlgom{ mqmr {krozt' Tfm lttmezt th el`mLghgeh}{ l tr}{tmd ehqmemgt o{ qmr kcmlr' Ot o{ flrdc n}{t l irh}z ha <= mlr hcd flk`mr{'

Yfmrml{ O yh}cd lri}m tflt tfmor {mkt%co`m lzzmlrlgkm lgd tfm zrm{}zzh{otohg tflt tfm irh}z khg{o{t{

mgtormc ha OT {zmkolco{t{ lcomgltm{ |}otm l amy# ot o{ l {hemyflt zlrldhvoklc ahre ha rm{zhg{obcm

lglrkfo{e yfokf o{ {tlrtogi th lttrlkt ehrm lgd ehrm zmhzcm'

;'; Lkkh}gtlbocot

Tfm hygmrcm{{ khgkmzt ha Lghgeh}{ lcchy{ tfm irh}z rmelog {}bqmr{oqm# }g%lgtokozltmd' Ot fl{ th

bm fhymqmr {lod tflt lghgeot yh}cd bm ght bm l maaokomgt tlktok og tfm kl{m ha ehrm dolchioklcahre{ ha {}bqmr{ohg# oa ym tl`m Flbmrel{) lri}emgt ogth lkkh}gt' Lkkhrdogi th foe lghgeh}{

odmgtotom{ lrm ght z}bcok odmgtotom{ lgd tfmrmahrm klgght bm kcl{{oaomd l{ l –z}bcok {zfmrm― tflt

a}gktohg{ yotfog l dmehkrltok –odmlc {zmmkf {ot}ltohg―<;' Tfm ah}gdltohg{ ha armm {zmmkf ymrm bl{md

hg lkkh}gtlbocot# tfo{ emlg{ tflt l kmrtlog odmgtot o{ rm|}ormd og hrdmr ahr tfo{ lkkh}gtlbocot th

mg{}m' B}t ot o{ ght n}{t lbh}t lkkh}gtlbocot# ot o{ lc{h lbh}t {hcodlrot# ahr mvlezcm og tfm bhh`

–Khgqmr{ltohg Zomkm{― Irlgt @m{tmr rmamr{ th Yhkfmg`cl}{}r){ bhlt troz{ hg Cl`m ^}rokf# yfmrm tfm

zlrtokozlgt{ –ymrm lbcm th {zml`# lgd co{tmg# ght l{ dmcmiltm{ lgd rmzrm{mgtltoqm{ kflrimd yotf

dmamgdogi l zrohro zh{otohg{# b}t l{ ogdoqod}lc{ {flrogi l {}b{tlgtolc khccmktoqm `ghycmdim―<4

' Zmhzcmymrm brh}ift thimtfmr lgd kh}cd tlc` alkm th alkm# l kmrtlog dolchioklc lgd {hkolc khdm {tocc mvo{tmd#

hgc tfm khgtmvt fld kflgimd'

<2 fttz>((yyy'cmaoilrh'ar(lkt}lcotm%arlgkm(2:<<(:4(:6(:<:<1%2:<<:4:6LRTAOI::1;:%qhocm%{oigm{%rmcoiom}v%km%|}o%

m{t%ogtmrdot%mg%arlgkm'zfz &lkkm{{md :6':9'2:<</

<; Flbmrel{# N}rimg# &<??</ Ehrlc Khg{koh}{gm{{ lgd Khee}gokltoqm Lktohg' Trlg{' Kfro{tolg Cmgflrt lgd [fomrrYmbmr Gokfhc{hg' Klebrodim> EOT Zrm{{# z' 6?'

<4 @m{tmr# Irlgt F' &2::4/ Khgqmr{ltohg Zomkm{> Khee}got + Khee}gokltohg og Ehdmrg Lrt# ]goqmr{ot ha

Klcoahrgol Zrm{{# zi' <<<



;'4 Lktoqm> Rmimgmrltohg Zrhnmkt{

Yhkfmg`cl}{}r){ zrhnmkt –Ogtmrqmgtohg th Lod Dr}i%Lddoktmd Yhemg― og Ambr}lr lgd Elrkf <??4

lgd Ambr}lr <??= yl{ bl{md hg l ; fh}r kr}o{m og l bhlt hg Cl`m ^}rokf hqmr tfm kh}r{m ha tyh

ymm`{ yotf l irh}z ha 1: `m aoi}rm{ arhe ^}rokf# lehgi tfme zhcotokolg{# nh}rglco{t{# {mv yhr`mr{#

lgd lktoqo{t{' Tfm loe yl{ th flqm l khgqmr{ltohg rltfmr tflg {zmlògi –og l dmaogotoqm lgd

khgtmgtoh}{ elggmr og l z}bcok {zlkm &tfm kh}rtrhhe# tfm mdothrolc zlim# zlrcolemgt/― yfokf tfm

ymrm }{md th' Tfm do{k}{{ohg yl{ lbh}t tfm e}kf fltmd dr}i lddokt{ og ^}rokf yfh flqm t}rgmd th

zrh{tot}tohg og hrdmr th aoglgkm tfmor lddoktohg' Lkkhrdogi th @m{tmr# b do{zclkogi khgtmvt# rhcm lgd

fomrlrkf# tfo{ irh}z ha zmhzcm rmlkfmd l khg{mg{}{# lgd l {fmctmr yl{ krmltmd ahr tfm {mv yhr`mr{'

Ha kh}r{m tfm {hc}tohg yl{ ght mvlktc rmqhc}tohglr# b}t gmqmrtfmcm{{ {}kkmmdmd og mgflgkogi tfmor

{ot}ltohg'

Yhkfmg`cl}{}r ymrm tfm hygmr{ ha tfmor {}bqmr{oqm khgkmzt yfokf fld l khgkrmtm loe' Tfm irh}z

yl{ ogqotmd b [fmdflccm og ^}rokf th dh l zrhnmkt dmlcogi yotf dr}i o{{}m{' Lkkhrdogi th

Yhkfmg`cl}{}r){ ymb{otm –tfm zrhnmkt yl{ th dmehg{trltm l gmy dormktohg og tfm og{tot}tohg{)

zrhirleeogi og yfokf lrt yh}cd gh chgimr bm mgklz{}cltmd arhe zhcotoklc rmlcot―# b}t gmqmrtfmcm{{

mgklz{}cltmd b tfm og{tot}tohg# lgd {h tfm rm{}ctogi {fmctmr yl{ og alkt lcrmld lgtokozltmd bmahrm tfm

bhlt rodm bmilg' Latmr lcc tfm }{m ha k}ct}rlc lktoqot th a}mc }rblg rmimgmrltohg o{ lg mkhgheok

{trltmi# lgd lrt tflt dhm{ ght lgtokozltm lg maamkt o{ }gco`mc th bm aoglgkmd' Tfo{ ahre ha lgtokozltmd

rmimgmrltoqm {}bqmr{ohg gmqmrtfmcm{{# krmltmd l {fmctmr tflt cl{tmd ahr 1 mlr{# latmr yfokf tfm ^}rokf

Kh}gkoc k}t ot{ a}gdogi'

Tfm zrhnmkt yl{ qmr zh{otoqm# Yhkfmg`cl}{}r elglimd th {fhy yl{ tflt lm{tfmtok mvzmromgkm{

flqm tfm zhymr th kflccmgim khgqmgtohglc {{tme{# lgd bhtf @m{tmr lgd Rlgkomrm }rim lrto{t{ th

khg{odmr tfm zhymr ha lm{tfmtok{ htfmryo{m lblgdhgmd b eh{t zhcotoklc lrto{t{ ylgtogi th {fhy tfm

irottom{t lgd flr{fm{t rmlcotom{ ha tfm yhrcd' Fhymqmr Rlgkomrm mclbhrltm{ og –Tfm Melgkozltmd

[zmktlthr― b ioqogi tfm mvlezcm tflt yfocm rmcltohglc lrto{t{ –lrm khgkmrgmd yotf ogqmgtogi {hem

rmlc hr algk ehg}emgt hr krmltogi }gmvzmktmd {ot}ltohg{ og hrdmr th imgmrltm gmy {hkolc

rmcltohg{foz{ og tfm zhhr {}b}rb{― &Yhkfmg`cl}{}r/# Zmdrh Kh{tl rmzrm{mgt{ lghtfmr rmlcot b

–{mttogi l{odm mvzclgltohg{― ha zhqmrt<=

' Og fo{ aoce –Og Qlgdl){ Rhhe― &2:::/ lilog amlt}rogi dr}ilddokt{ b}t tfo{ toem {ot}ltmd og Co{bhg# Kh{tl aoce{ tfm bml}t ha tfm coam tfm{m {h%khg{odmrmd

h}tkl{t{ flqm krmltmd ahr tfme{mcqm{ lt tfm brog` ha bmogi dm{tr}ktmd b b}ccdh~mr{' Fm {fhy{

lghtfmr ogtmrzrmtltohg ha tfm {ot}ltohg'

;'= Zl{{oqm> Rm{o{tlgkm

Tfm aoce –Og Qlgdl){ Rhhe― o{ zmg{oqm# Kh{tl rmelog{ zltomgt lgd co{tmg{' Ehrmhqmr# tfm zlogtmrc

|}lcot ha tfm oelim{ o{ rmeogo{kmgt ha Qmremmr){ zcl ha coift# lgd og tfo{ yl# {oeoclrc th –Oko mt

Loccm}r{― Kh{tl khg{koh}{c {fhy{ tflt ot o{ l aoce fm o{ elògi# l rmzrm{mgtltohg# yfokf o{ghgmtfmcm{{ trogi th rmzrm{mgt {hemtfogi rmlc' Zmdrh Kh{tl){ aoce mqhcqmd latmr bmogi og khgtlkt

<= Rlgkomrm Nlk|}m{# &2::?/ Tfm Melgkozltmd [zmktlthr# Qmr{h> Chgdhg# zi' 9?#6:'



yotf tfm zmhzcm ha tfm Ahgtlågfl {c}e' Fm aocemd og Qlgdl){ rhhe mqmr dl ahr tfm d}rltohg ha l

mlr yotf lg mvtrmemc chy b}dimt# lgd fld Qlgdl D}lrtm zclogi fmr{mca' Og l {zmmkf lt tfm Th`h

Aoce [kfhhc og 2::4# fm thcd fo{ l}domgkm tflt elògi l ihhd aoce o{ co`m yrotogi l chqm cmttmr og l

blg`>

Amy zmhzcm lrm ihogi th {mm tfo{ chqm cmttmr og l blg`# lgd {tocc amymr lrm ihogi th yrotm l chqm

cmttmr og l blg`'''_h}r yhr` o{ th khgtog}m trogi th yrotm chqm cmttmr{# lgd ght kfmk`{' [hemtoem{

zmhzcm dhg‟t ghtokm h}r yhr`# ha kh}r{m' Ymcc# ym rm{o{t lgd ym `mmz ihogi th tfm blg` th yrotm chqm

cmttmr{'<1

Fo{ aoce o{ l |}omt zmr{hglc lceh{t lghgeh}{ {}bqmr{oqm lkt' Fo{ rhcm o{ hgkm lilog tflt ha tfm ghg%

fomrlrkfoklc krmlthr ha {}bqmr{oqm oelim{' Fm fl{ gh dm{orm ahr kflgim# lgd gmotfmr dhm{ fm

lgtokozltm lg maamkt og tfh{m yfh {mm fo{ yhr` l{ og tfm kl{m ha Yhkfmg`cl}{}r'

;'1 Rhcm ha Emdo}e

Hg tfm hgm flgd ym flqm Kh{tl yfh yhr`{ ahr foe{mca# hg tfm htfmr ym flqm lg lrto{t irh}z tflt

a}gktohg{ {oeoclrc th l krmltoqm ihqmrgemgtlc khg{}ctogi limgk' Bhtf }{m lm{tfmtok{ {}kkm{{a}cc

l{ l khee}gokltohg emtfhd# b}t tfmor loe{ lrm khgtrldokthr' Hgm o{ tfm l}tfhr ha ot{ {}bqmr{oqm

khgkmzt# hgm o{ tfm rm{o{thr' B}t ot o{ ghgmtfmcm{{ gmkm{{lr th ldd tflt emdo}e fl{ zclmd l clrim

rhcm og tfmor emtfhd' Thdl# og coift ha fo{thr# l aoce yotf l {}bqmr{oqm khgkmzt yotf tfm loe ha

ogkotogi kflgim o{ klccmd zrhzlilgdl' L {otm%{zmkoaok yhr` yotf tfm loe ha ogkotogi kflgim o{ l {hkolc

zrhnmkt' [}kf gmiltoqm khgghtltohg{ lrm kmrtlogc ght l bld tfogi ahr aoce# bmkl}{m ot lcchy{ aoce th z}r{}m l zltf htfmr tflg tflt ha zrhzlilgdl' Og tfo{ {mg{m ot kh}cd mqmg a}gktohg og tfm {lem yl l{

Lghgeh}{' Zmrflz{ ot kh}cd bm aocemd# k}t lgd eh}gtmd b l e}cto%khgtmvt}lc lghgeh}{

khccmktoqm8

Yfmrml{ tfm zf{oklcot ha {hkolc hr zmrahreltoqm zrhnmkt{ zrmqmgt{ tfme arhe bmogi ){}bqmr{oqm

oelim{)# bmkl}{m tfm lrm motfmr kltmihro{md l{ rmimgmrltoqm zrhnmkt{ lgd {h l}theltoklcc tl`m hg

tfm rhcm ha k}ct}rlc aormaoiftmr{# hr {oezc gmmd th bm mvzclogmd lgd cmiotoeo{md' Og tfm kl{m ha

Lghgeh}{ oa ym zrm{}zzh{m tflt tfmor khgkmzt dhm{ bmkhem l k}ct}rlc zfmghemghg lgd mqmrhgm

{tlrt{ th zrhtm{t yotf l el{` hg# tfm bmkhem l}theltoklcc ehrm cmiotoeltm' Lgd {}rmc tfm ehrm

cmiotoeltm tfm lrm tfm cm{{ {}bqmr{oqm tfm lrm# bmkl}{m tfm {}bqmr{oqm tfogi th dh lt tflt zhogt og

toem yh}cd bm ght th bm el{`md' Fhymqmr# o{ cmiotoelk rmlcc tfm zoqhtlc zhogt ha tflt yfokf o{ lgd

o{ ght {}bqmr{oqm8 _m{# og tfm kl{m ha lktohg{ ogqhcqogi zf{oklc odmgtotom{# {}kf l{ l el{`md

zrhtm{tmr# bmkl}{m l zmr{hg o{ ghgmtfmcm{{ dmaoglbcm' B}t og tfm kl{m ha tflt yfokf klgght bm dmaogmd

ot o{ lghtfmr {thr' L aoce khg{o{togi ha {}bqmr{oqm oelim{ yfokf lrm og tfm ahre ha l chh{m {ebhcok

mvzrm{{ohg {}kf og Oko mt Loccm}r{# khgtog}m th bm gmyc ogtmrzrmtmd rmilrdcm{{ ha cmilcot' Ahre zcl{

l clrim rhcm og {}bqmr{ohg' Tfm ehrm lrt dmaogm{ ot{ rhcm hr z}rzh{m# tfm cm{{ {}bqmr{oqm ot o{'

<1 fttz>((gzc}{hgmeli'khe(kh{tl%{%cmttmr{ &lkkm{{md :;':9'2:<</



;'9 Rhcm ha tfm Lrto{t

Fmrm l{ l khgtrl{t th Yhkfmg`cl}{}r){ rmimgmrltohg zrhnmkt{# [lgtolih [omrrl o{ lg ogtmrm{togi aoglc

mvlezcm l{ fm {}bqmrt{ tfm kheehg odml ha lg )lrto{t) l{ {hem {hrt ha fmrhok aoi}rm' Og fo{ yhr`{ tfm

lrto{t o{ gh chgimr l f}elgotlrolg zrhbcme {hcqmr# fm dhm{ ght gmmd th zrhqm fo{ ehrlcot rltfmr

lceh{t )lb}{m{) fo{ zh{otohg ha zhymr lgd bmkhem{ tfm klzotlco{t {{tme foe{mca' Fm tltthh{ zmhzcm

ahr {fht{ ha fmrhogm# zl{ occmilc oeeoirlgt{ chy ylim{ th {ot og bhvm{ lcc dl og l ilccmr# lgd og

dhogi {h# [omrrl mezfl{o{m{ tfm dormkt zf{oklc lgd mehtohglc maamkt tfm {{tme fl{ hg ogdoqod}lc{'

Fm {oezc {fhy{ yflt tfm zmhzcm yocc brogi tfme{mcqm{ th dh lgd haamr{ gh mehtohglc hr krotoklc

kheemgt hg fo{ lktohg{'

Hg tfm htfmr flgd# bmogi {h kch{m th rmlcot# fo{ yhr` dhm{ ght zrhqodm lg lctmrgltoqm

ogtmrzrmtltohg{' Og lg lrtokcm og M}rhzmlg Zfhthirlzf# [omrrl o{ |}htmd l{ trogi –ght th khga}{m

yo{fa}cgm{{ yotf tfm rmlcot―<9# tfo{ o{ }gdmr{tlgdlbcm# gmqmrtfmcm{{ lctmrgltoqm ogtmrzrmtltohg{ hr

{ebhcok mvzrm{{ohg lrm ght gmkm{{lroc )yo{fa}c)' B}t fo{ kheemgt dhm{ troiimr tfm |}m{tohg

yfmtfmr {ebhcok mvzrm{{ohg % lg mvzrm{{ohg kheehg th lrto{tok zrlktokm % kh}cd bm ogtmrzrmtmd l{ l

kmrtlog fomrlrkfoklc zh{otohgogi ha tfm lrto{t lbhqm tfm hb{mrqmr' Latmr lcc {ebhcok mvzrm{{ohg o{ tfm

clgi}lim ha tfm lrto{t{# l clgi}lim tflt o{ ght }goqmr{lc' Og tfo{ kl{m ot kh}cd lc{h bm zh{{obcm th {l

tflt tfm ehrm lrt o{ bl{md hg {ebhcok mvzrm{{ohg tfm cm{{ {}bqmr{oqm ot o{ bmkl}{m ot ahcchy{ tfm

{tlt}{ |}h ha lrto{tok mvzrm{{ohg'

Tfmrm lrm tfh{m yfh {l tflt tfm eh{t ha }{ lrm qo{}lcc occotmrltm# tfmrm lrm tfh{m yfh do{z}tm ot'

[omrrl){ lttmezt lt eoeokògi rmlcot o{ lg lttmezt th el`m fo{ lrt }goqmr{lc# b}t {oeoclrc th ZmdrhKh{tl){ aoce{# ot o{ ogmqotlbcm tflt fo{ yhr` yocc hgc bm qomymd b l {mktohg ha {hkomt# tfm lrt krotok{

lgd e}{m}e ihmr{# zmrflz{ bmkl}{m tfmrm lrm {hem mcmemgt{ ha tfm fmimehgok odmhchi tflt tl`m

chgimr th {}bqmrt' Ha kh}r{m lrto{t{ {}kf l{ Tfhel{ For{kffhrg# hr {trmmt lrto{t{ do{zcl tfmor yhr`{

og tfm {trmmt{ rltfmr tflg og ilccmrom{# b}t tfo{ o{ ght tfm o{{}m fmrm# rltfmr# l {tlt}{ |}h# l kmrtlog

hrdmr yocc lcyl{ mvo{t'

<9 M}rhzmlg Zfhthirlzf &2::;/ O{{}m Gh' 9;(94# zlim <9



4' Khgkc}{oqm Yhrd

4'< Melgkozltohg lgd [}bqmr{ohg

Lg lrt o{ melgkozltmd lgd melgkozltogi yfmg ot rmgh}gkm{ tfm l}tfhrot ha tfm oezh{md em{{lim#

tfm tlrimt l}domgkm# lgd tfm }goqhklc ehdm ha mvzcokltogi tfm yhrcd# yfmg# og htfmr yhrd{# ot {thz{ylgtogi th melgkozltm }{<6'

Yfmg {hemtfogi o{ {}bqmr{oqm# ot t}rg{ tfm hrdmr ha tfogi{ lrh}gd# lgd og dhogi {h ot melgkozltm{'

B}t yfmg ot {thz{ t}rgogi# ot {thz{ bmogi melgkozlthr' )[}bqmr{ohg) o{ fhymqmr ght tfm `m# ot o{

melgkozltohg' Oa tfmrm o{ dm{orm ahr melgkozltohg tfmg tfm {}bqmr{oqm yocc khgtog}m th {}bqmrt# mqmg

tflt yflt yl{ lcrmld {}bqmrtmd' Rmilrdcm{{ ha yfmtfmr tfo{ dm{orm hroiogltm{ arhe tfm {zmktlthr hr

arhe tfm l}tfhr' Fhymqmr oa motfmr hgm fl{ lg loe th a}caoc> th melgkozltm {hemhgm mc{m# th lttrlkt

lttmgtohg# th ogahre# {}bqmr{oqm emtfhd{ hr khgkmzt{ klg bm }{md og hrdmr th lkfomqm tfmor loe{# b}t

tfm{m khgkmzt{ lrm ght tr}c {}bqmr{oqm bmkl}{m tfm {tocc a}gktohg yotfog tfm trldotohglc hrdmr'

Yhkfmg`cl}{}r){ zrhnmkt –Ogtmrqmgtohg th Lod Dr}i%Lddoktmd Yhemg― {tocc ahcchymd trldotohglc

do{kh}r{m mtfok{ ahr mvlezcm' Og hrdmr ahr {}bqmr{ohg th hkk}r# tfm fomrlrkf bmtymmg {zmktlthr lgd

l}tfhr fl{ th bm rm%dmaogmd# melgkozltmd' Tfmrm {fh}cd bm gh aovmd zl{{oqm hr lktoqm rhcm{# b}t

gmotfmr {fh}cd tfm l}tfhr dmaogm tfm mvtmgt ha tfmor melgkozltohg' Dmaogotohg zrmqmgt{ {}bqmr{ohg'

Ahr tfm lrt yhrcd tfo{ o{ lceh{t oezh{{obcm lgd zh{{obcm lt tfm {lem toem# l{ lrt o{ ght og ot{mca

melgkozltmd' Ot fmlqoc dmzmgd{ hg {ebhcok clgi}lim th khee}gokltm# yfokf fl{ {mt irleeltoklc

ahre{ co`m lg htfmr {{tme# lgd {h tfmrm o{ hatmg l )}goqhklc ehdm ha mvzcokltogi tfm yhrcd) lgd tfm)tlrimt l}domgkm) fl{ bmmg tfm {lem ahr imgmrltohg{' B}t gmotfmr o{ ot oezh{{obcm th kh}gtmrlkt tfm{m

{mt ahre{' Latmr lcc tfmrm fl{ bmmg elg lg lqlgtilrdm# zh{t% hr gmh%ehqmemgt tflt flqm dhgm

mvlktc tflt yfokf og t}rg a}rtfmrmd lgd khg{tr}ktmd tfm lrt yhrcd ym `ghy thdl' Lgd og tfo{ {mg{m

tfm trlg{ahreltohg ha tfm dmaogotohg ha ){}bqmr{ohg) dm{krobmd og Kflztmr < {tocc fhcd{ tr}m l{ l

trlg{ahreltohg )ogth l ahre ha trml{hg lilog{t tfm {tltm &{{tme/# arhe yotfog tfm {tltm &hr {{tme/

ot{mca)' L{ tfh}if ot ymrm tfm {{tme ot{mca tflt dmcobmrltmc {mca%dm{tr}kt{# rmzmlt{ lgd rm%krmltm{'

<6 Lrt Ahr}e &Elrkf 2::9/ Lrt ha tfm zh{{obcm> A}cqol Klrgmqlcm lgd Nhfg @mc{m og khgqmr{ltohg yotf Nlk|}m{

Rlgkomrm lkkm{{md hg :?':9'2:<< qol fttz>((aogdlrtokcm{'khe(z(lrtokcm{(eoXe:216(o{X9X4=(loXg24;=4?<<(



Bobcohirlzf

Bhh`{

Brmoift# K}rto{# K' &<??1/ [}rqmocclgkm# Eocotlro{e lgd Drlel og tfm Mco~lbmtflg Mrl# Elkeoccolg>

Chgdhg# zlim{ 61%?<'

Klghqlg Elrilrmt &<??=/ Ehrlc{ lgd Zhcotok{ og l Zh{t%Thtlcotlrolg Lim# og Flgglf Lrmgdt> L

Rmogtmrzrmtltohg ha Fmr Zhcotoklc Tfh}ift# Klebrodim ]goqmr{ot Zrm{{

Khccog{ Mgico{f Doktohglr &<??4/ Flrzmr Khccog{ Z}bco{fmr{

Flbmrel{# N}rimg# &<??</ Do{kh}r{m Mtfok{> Ghtm{ ha l Zrhirle ha Zfoch{hzfoklc N}{toaokltohg# og

Ehrlc Khg{koh}{gm{{ lgd Khee}gokltoqm Lktohg' Trlg{' Kfro{tolg Cmglrt lgd [fomrr Ymbmr

Gokfhc{hg' Klebrodim> EOT Zrm{{

@m{tmr# Irlgt F' &2::4/ Khgqmr{ltohg Zomkm{> Khee}got + Khee}gokltohg og Ehdmrg Lrt#

]goqmr{ot ha Klcoahrgol Zrm{{

Rlgkomrm# Nlk|}m{# &2::?/ Tfm Melgkozltmd [zmktlthr# Qmr{h> Chgdhg

Z}bcokltohg{

Lrt Ahr}e &Elrkf 2::9/ Lrt ha tfm zh{{obcm> A}cqol Klrgmqlcm lgd Nhfg @mc{m og khgqmr{ltohg

yotf Nlk|}m{ Rlgkomrm qol fttz>((aogdlrtokcm{'khe(z(lrtokcm{(eoXe:216(o{X9X4=(loXg24;=4?<<(

&lkkm{{md :?':9'2:<</

Doktohglr ha Eocotlr lgd L{{hkoltmd Tmre{> &L{ Lemgdmd Tfrh}if <= El 2:<</" &ZDA/' Nhogt

Z}bcokltohg <%:2' Dmzlrtemgt ha Dmamgkm# ][L' z' ;=<'

M}rhzmlg Zfhthirlzf &2::;/ O{{}m Gh' 94(94# [lgtolih [omrrl# @mogm Zroqocmiomg aór Gomelgd#

Ilbromcm Elk`mrt

Ogtmrgltohglc [hkolco{t Rmqomy O{{}m ;2# Ghqmebmr‛Dmkmebmr 2::;# L khgqmr{ltohg yotf Ghle

Kfhe{`> qol fttz>((yyy'o{rmqomy'hri(o{{}m{(;2(kfhe{`'{ftec &lkkm{{md 22':9'2:<</

Ogtmrgmt

Dmaogotohg ha [}bqmr{ohg> Rmamrmgkogi Brlgdmgb}ri q' Hfoh# ;?=]'[' 444# 6? [' Kt' <629# 2; C' Md'2D 4;:

P<?1?U fttz>((cmilc%doktohglr'tfmarmmdoktohglr'khe(Aor{t+Lemgdemgt &lkkm{{md 22':9'2:<</

Dmaogotohg ha [}bqmr{ohg> fttz>((mg'yoòzmdol'hri(yoò([}bqmr{ohg &lkkm{{md 22':9'2:<</

Dmaogotohg ha K}ct}rlc Fmimehg> fttz>((mg'yoòzmdol'hri(yoò(K}ct}rlcXfmimehg &lkkm{{md

22':9'2:<</

Khch}r{ ha Dhem{tok Qohcmgkm 2::9> fttz>((toz{thm{'yhrdzrm{{'khe(2::9(:=(;:(hf%chh`%lt%lcc%tfm%

zrmtt%khch}r{( &lkkm{{md 2;':1'2:<</

Khch}r{ ha Dhem{tok Qohcmgkm 2::9> fttz>((yrotm{co`m{fmtlc`{'bchi{zht'khe(2::9(:=(khchr{%ha%

dhem{tok%qohcmgkmal`m%ght'ftec &lkkm{{md 2;':1'2:<</



Cly{ rmilrdogi tfm el{` og Arlgkm og Cm Aoilrh > fttz>((yyy'cmaoilrh'ar(lkt}lcotm%

arlgkm2:<<(:4(:6(:<:<1%2:<<:4:6LRTAOI::1;:%qhocm%{oigm{%rmcoiom}v%km%|}o%m{t%ogtmrdot%mg%

arlgkm'zfz &lkkm{{md :6':9'2:<</

Ahr}e do{k}{{ogi el{` ymlrogi> fttz>((ahr}e{'yfymzrhtm{t'gmt(tfrmld{(el{`%|}m{tohg'<9?66(

&lkkm{{md :6':9'2:<</

Aocemd zrhtm{t ha Kf}rkf [komgthchi ha <:tf Ambr}lr 2::6> fttz>((yyy'h}t}bm'khe(yltkf8

q52[rl]zkNa|y &lkkm{{md :6':9'2:<</

Lgheh}{> fttz>((mg'yoòzmdol'hri(yoò(Lghgeh}{X&irh}z/ &lkkm{{md :6':9'2:<</

Lghgeh}{ [h}tf Larokl> fttz>((lghgeh}{{l'yhrdzrm{{'khe( &lkkm{{md :6':9'2:<</

Yhkfmg`cl}{}r> fttz>((yyy'yhkfmg`cl}{}r'lt(zrhnm`t'zfz8clgi5mg!od54 &lkkm{{md 22':9'2:<</

Zmdrh Kh{tl> fttz>((gzc}{hgmeli'khe(kh{tl%{%cmttmr{ &lkkm{{md :;':9'2:<</

Oko mt Loccm}r{> fttz>((yyy'gh%y%fmrm'hri'}`(ogdmv'zfz8klt5<!{}bKlt5dhkdmtloc!od524= &lkkm{{md

2=':9'2:<</

[lgtolih [omrrl> yyy'{lgtolih%{omrrl'khe(&lkkm{{md :9':1'2:<</



Oelim{

Khch}r{ ha Dhem{tok Qohcmgkm# al`m klezloig do{trob}tmd hqmr tfm ogtmrgmt# 2::9'

]gotmd Khchr{ ha Bmgmtthg# oelim ha l bchhd {hddmg t%{fort arhe l bh{golg {hcdomr#<??4'



Blrgldh{ kflrot zh{tmr loeogi th rlo{m

ehgm lilog{t zhqmrt# tfm tmvt hg tfm}zzmr%roift rmld{ ‖Blb Irmi o{ hgm

eog}tm hcd' Fm {fh}cd flqm l broift

a}t}rm' Zhqmrt o{ ylotogi th rhb Irmi ha

fhzm lgd {zorot lgd o{ co`mc th cmld foe

th l a}t}rm ha {|}lchr' Ym klg‟t mgd

zhqmrt b}t ym klg zrhqodm tfm zrlktoklc

{òcc{ tflt Irmi lgd tfh}{lgd{ ha htfmr{

og tfm ]@ gmmd th {thz ot zrmdmtmreogogi

tfmor coqm{' Dhg‟t cmt zhqmrt dm{trh l

a}t}rm‟# 2::9'

[o{cm ldqmrt )al{fohg n}gòm)# 2::9'



Elrtfl Rh{cmr# –Icldolthr{― arhe tfm {mrom{ –Brogiogi tfm Ylr Fhem> Fh}{m Bml}toa}c# Gmy

[mrom{―# zfhthehgtlim K%Zrogt =< v 1< ke# mdotohg ha <:# 2::4

Elrtfl Rh{cmr# –Blk` Ilrdmg― arhe tfm {mrom{ –Brogiogi tfm Ylr Fhem> Fh}{m Bml}toa}c# Gmy

[mrom{―# zfhthehgtlim K%Zrogt =< v 1< ke# mdotohg ha <:# 2::4



[krmmg{fht arhe Zmdrh Kh{tl){ aoce –Og Qlgdl){ Rhhe―# 2:::'

[lgtolih [omrrl# –<1: ke Cogm Tltthhmd hg 4 Zmhzcm―# yfokf thh` zclkm og Mc Ilcch Lrtm

Khgtmezhrìgmh' [lclelgkl# [zlog# 2:::'

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