Upload
randell-griffin
View
226
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
CAN “GREEN” BUSES BE PRODUCED
LOCALLY?
YES!
DraftALTERNATIVE FUEL BUSES(As of Today)
• Diesel / Gas CNG• Gas Engines
- Bio Gas & Natural Gas• Bio Fuel
- Ethanol• Electric Buses
- Battery Power
Czech Rp South Africa
Brazil
Europe Poland Belgium UK Czech Rp France
Scandinavia Sweden Norway Finland
SLA
Brazil
Africa RSA
Asia/Oceania Australia Thailand
UKNorway
Projects in other Countries
• 90 % of World’s biofuel• Local and global fuel• Many feedstocks & forms• Sustainable volume production • 3rd party verification• Average CO2 reduction 71 % (EU)
Renewable Fuel Sources
• Local waste to fuel• Good for local fleets• Can be combined with CNG• Expensive infrastructure• Average CO2 reduction 73 % (EU)
• Many feedstocks• Similar to diesel• Fuel quality important• Not for infrequent use• High and low blends• Average CO2 reduction 38 % (EU)
7
Biogas versus natural gasSame methane molecule – but one is fossil, the other renewable
Biogas (CBG) Natural gas (CNG)
Ethanol and Gas vehiclesCapital Cost Maintenance and operation
Ethanol vehicles use the diesel principle. Higher efficiency than gas. Ethanol engine - only small technical
changes as compared to a diesel engine: Very similar to today’s operation and service program Better availability of spare parts, etc.
Ethanol vehicles are slightly modified with
a moderate extra cost.Gas vehicles have a higher extra
purchase cost, mostly due to the special
high pressure tank solution necessary.Loss of passengers, due to vehicle weight.
99
Engine Technology Ethanol
3rd Generation Ethanol Engine Based on the 9-litre Euro 4 diesel
engine Certified for EEV emission regulation Scania modular product system
Same chassis interface as 9-litre diesel
Diesel engine process – compression ignited with high thermal efficiency Ethanol: up to 43% Diesel: up to 44%
Proven technology More than 700 buses sold since
1989
1010
Scania Gas Engine
In-line, five-cylinder engine Diesel engine platform Four valves per cylinder Swept volume 9.3 litres Cylinder diameter 130 mm Stroke 140 mm Compression ratio 12.6:1 Firing sequence 1-2-4-5-3. EEV certified
Otto combustion engine technology with spark plugs and separate ignition coils for each cylinder, charge cooler,
Running Costs
Ethanol buses in Stockholm since 1989
Up to 90% less fossil COUp to 90% less fossil CO22 with existing technology with existing technology
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION CALCULATOR
SPECIFICATION
Engine: DC9 17, 270 hpFuel: DIESELEmission Class: Euro 4Lifetime mileage: 210,000kmFuel consumption: 0.46 l/km
CALCULATED EMISSION
Local Emissions NOx (kg) 1,260 HC (kg) 0 PM (kg) 10Global Emission CO₂ (ton) 260
SPECIFICATION
Engine: OC9 G04Fuel: NATURAL GASEmission Class: EEVLifetime mileage: 210,000kmFuel consumption: 0.62 Nm /km
CALCULATED EMISSION
Local Emissions NOx (kg) 630 HC (kg) 0 PM (kg) 0Global Emission CO₂ (ton) 270
4 X 2 CITY BUSES
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION CALCULATOR
SPECIFICATION
Engine: DC9 E02, 270 hpFuel: ETHANOLEmission Class: EEVLifetime mileage: 210,000kmFuel consumption: 0.74 l/km
CALCULATED EMISSION
Local Emissions NOx (kg) 620 HC (kg) 20 PM (kg) 0Global Emission CO₂ (ton) 70
SPECIFICATION
Engine: OC9 G04Fuel: BIOGASEmission Class: EEVLifetime mileage: 210,000kmFuel consumption: 0.62 Nm /km
CALCULATED EMISSION
Local Emissions NOx (kg) 630 HC (kg) 0 PM (kg) 0Global Emission CO₂ (ton) 70
4 X 2 CITY BUSES
Liquid fuels are more cost efficient than gaseous fuels, both regarding infrastructure, vehicle cost, operation and service
Ethanol operation is similar to diesel operation, is well proven since 20 years, and has been tested successfully in Johannesburg
Ethanol gives the most emission cuts per rand spent of the three major biofuels considered.
Biogas is an interesting option for parts of a city fleet, but it is a big undertaking that requires careful long term planning, qualified project management and long term investment policies.
Bioethanol is the quickest and most cost efficient solution for introduction of green city buses, local fuel security and local jobs in South Africa.
Summary
COMMUNITY INITIATIVE
Community members harvesting the Sweet Beet.
Sweet Beet growing on a community members land.
Why Sustainable Transport?
Climate Change
Air Quality
Oil and Energy Security
Congestion
Source: Lloyd Wright – Sourcebook sustainable transport
Are you part of the problem or part of the solution?
Thank you!