Can be found on GBE Website Principles of Element Design

PoED PrinciplesOfElementDesign 26/02/17

© GBE NGS 2006-17 Brian Murphy 1

Investing in Opportunities

http://GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk

Principles of Element Design

Performance Specification

Performance Drawings



This file

•  Can be found on GBE Website •  http://greenbuildingencyclopaedia.uk/?p=2084

26/02/17 © GBE NGS 2006-17 PoED PrinciplesOfElementDesign 2

Air Movement in Buildings: 1 of 24

•  Principles of Element Design

•  Climate Change

•  Wind

•  Wind Tunnel Testing

•  Wind Turbines

•  Natural Ventilation

•  Moisture Vapour & Condensation

•  Thermal Insulation

•  Breathing Construction

•  Airtightness

•  Wind & Airtightness Testing

•  Building Elements

•  Passive Ventilation

•  Active Ventilation

•  Stack Effect

•  Atrium

•  Solar Orientation & Solar Gain

•  Conservatories

•  Thermal mass

•  Conduction, Convection, Radiation

•  Solar Shading

•  Thermal mass, Passive and active cooling

•  Fluid dynamics

•  Mechanical Ventilation

•  Air-Conditioning

•  Questions and Answers 26/02/17 © GBE NGS 2006-17 PoED PrinciplesOfElementDesign 3

Classification:

•  CI/SfB 2 1998: Table 4: (A3u), (J) to (T)

•  CAWS 1987: – GBE A90 Performance Specification – B01 Building Performance

– B03 Elemental System Performance

•  CAWS 2012: 05-20-60 Buildings and landscapes – performance

26/02/17 4

Classification: Uniclass 1 1997:

– N Properties and Characteristics

– N1 Descriptive

– N2 Context, Environment

– N3 Performance

– N9 Others


Classification: Uniclass 2 2012:

–  Ee_20 Whole-Entity Structural Elements –  Ee_20_05 Substructure

–  Ee_20_10 Structure –  Ee_25 Wall And Barrier Elements –  Ee_25_20 External Walls –  Ee_25_25 Internal Walls –  Ee_30_10 Roofs

–  Ee_30_20 On-Ground Lowest Floors –  Ee_30_25 Suspended Lowest Floors –  Ee_30_40 Upper Floors 26/02/17

Classification Uniclass 3 2015:

EF_20 EF_20_05 EF_20_10 EF_20_20 EF_20_30 EF_20_50 EF_25 EF_25_10 EF_25_30 EF_25_55 EF_30 EF_30_10 EF_30_20 EF_30_60 EF_30_70 EF_35 EF_35_10 EF_35_20

Structuralelements SubstructureFrames Beams Columns BridgeabutmentsandpiersWallandbarrierelements WallsDoorsandwindows Barriers Roofs,floorandpavingelements Roofs Floors Pavements Bridgedecks Stairsandramps Stairs Ramps

26/02/17 7

GBE CPD/Lecture Series •  Educational Objective:

–  Comprehensive introduction to subject: Principles of Element Design, Performance Specification and Drawings

–  emphasis on environmentally sustainable solutions

–  design primer: addressing principles and solutions

–  technically rich: materials, construction, services & testing

–  Related GBE CPD Seminars indicated

–  Questions and answers for each subtopic in file 10

•  Audience: –  Architecture Students Part 1 Year 2 and Part 2 Year 1

–  CPD update for all levels of experience & knowledge

•  Delivery: –  15 minutes depending upon audience participation

–  Reading 5 minutes hour 26/02/17 8




Being different

•  If you want to avoid conventional construction

•  you need to understand what the elements of the building will be subject to during their life

•  And then design the new elements or their methods of construction to meet these needs:

•  E.g. Wind, dead and live loads, weather, occupation moisture, heat flow, vapour, etc.



Rubber Facade

•  If a student designs a Museum of Pornography or Sadism & Masochism (yes, one student did, sadly)

•  And wants a rubber external skin, pvc ceilings and walls

•  There are no points of reference, so they have to start from scratch

•  They need to understand the principle of element design 26/02/17 10

Rubber/PVC Facade


The criteria for success

•  The aims may also be very different to conventional buildings

•  The Student may want the museum to be hot and sweaty

•  This is the opposite to conventional building

•  a whole new set of rules apply

•  these need to be explored, understood and worked with 26/02/17 12

Weather Envelope

Absorbent – Repellent – Open Joint Panelled Masonry – Curtain Wall – Rainscreen Thatch-Glass façade-timber weatherboarding 26/02/17 13

Facade

Balls – Bling – Bright lights Selfridges – CIS Tower – Far East Towers

Birmingham – Manchester – Far East 26/02/17 14 26/02/17 15

Addressing Sustainability •  If we address environmental sustainability

responsibly –  then we may find ourselves using unconventional

construction, –  not as we knew it, but increasingly popular today

•  we need to understand what the elements of the building will be subject to during their life –  Apparently a rapidly changing set of rules –  Long life: 120 (100) years Normal 60 (50) years, Short

life: 30 (25) years, Temporary: 15 Years

•  And then design new elements or their methods of construction to meet these rules:

•  E.g. Climate change: increasing variations in wind loads, weather, temperature, rainfall, etc. 26/02/17 16

New Methods

•  If we design with new methods there may be no points of reference, so we have to start from scratch

•  We need to understand the principle of element design

•  And apply increasing requirements to new materials and methods

•  To find new solutions or enhanced requirements for traditional methods and materials 26/02/17 17

The criteria for success

•  The aims may also be very different to conventional buildings

•  a whole new set of rules apply

•  these need to be explored, understood and worked with




26/02/17 19



26/02/17 20 26/02/17 21

26/02/17 22



26/02/17 23

Principles of Foundation Design

Performance Design •  Establish the Performance

requirements of the building

•  Then design the elements to meet them

•  E.g. What is the design life?

•  This forces us to address durability

•  And gives an opportunity to consider whole life costs and life cycle analysis

•  We also need to consider the energy demands of the building during that life 26/02/17 24

Design Responsibility

Another GBE CPD seminar to consider

20/07/2007 © NGS 2006 Title 1

www.greenspec.co.uk

Design Responsibility

26/02/17 25

Performance Specification

•  If the Project is Design & Build or the contract or package has Contractor’s Design Portion

•  The conventional designer passes the responsibility for the whole design or for completing the design

•  to the 2nd party, the contractor’s designer

•  Its vitally important that all of the performance requirements are understood and communicated to the 2nd party

•  And that the design solution is judged against them 26/02/17 26

Procurement Methods


02/06/2007 © NGS 2006 Title 1

www.greenspec.co.uk

Contract for ServicesBuilding Contract

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ontr

act

Co-ordination

sub-contracts and suppliers

NominatedDomestic

Collateral Warranties

Consultants

Employer

GeneralContractor

supplier

sub-contractor

supplier

sub-contractorProcurement

MethodsGC, D&B, MC, CM, DMC, BOOT

26/02/17 27



Specification Responsibility


02/06/2007 © NGS 2006 Title 1

www.greenspec.co.uk

Specification Responsibility

Changes withProcurement methods

26/02/17 28

Performance Drawings

•  Just as the performance specification describes principles

•  drawings should not be prescriptive either

•  Internal and external profiles and primary structural elements

•  Movements: to be accommodated, and any limitations: –  Thermal, Moisture, Drying shrinkage, settlement,

deflection, creep, seismic:

•  Abutments and surrounds

•  But not materials and no construction 26/02/17 29

Pitched Roofs Performance v Prescriptive

26/02/17 30

Flat Roofs Performance v Prescriptive

26/02/17 31



Sustainability Checklist

On GBE website

14/09/2007 © NGS 2006 Title 1

www.greenspec.co.uk

Sustainability ChecklistOn GreenSpec website

Prompts to help design sustainable buildings

Another GBE CPD seminar to consider 26/02/17 33

New Design Issues

•  For most of the design professions and the construction industry as a whole

•  Sustainability is completely new

•  NGS GBE has provided an easy starting point

•  For each trade there is a list of prompts

•  Avoid those, consider this, recycle these, etc. 26/02/17 34

Integrated design Insulating & Compatible

Building Fabric Thermal Mass & Airtightness

Passive Ventilation

& MVHR

Passive Heating

Renewable Energy

Energy Efficiency

26/02/17 35

Fully Integrated Design

•  Not only is it necessary to match up the building fabric with the method of heating and ventilation so they work well together

•  Its is vitally important that the design disciplines work well individually on sustainability issues

•  And that they work co-operatively towards a fully joined up design which works

•  Moreover when the design works well it is vital to ensure that the designed building is constructed and not substituted or compromised by the constructor. 26/02/17 36



Integrated Design Integrated Design - half day seminar

• Building Regulations Part L of the, The Sustainable and Secure Buildings Act and the Code for Sustainable Homes,

• Professionals are encouraged to work closely across disciplines to address sustainable construction issues.

• Areas such as heating, ventilation and renewable energy technologies require a cross disciplinary approach to improve the chances of success.

• Lucy Pedler of The Green Register key drivers for sustainable construction and the ‘circle of blame’.

• Celia Beeson (Sustainable City Team, Bristol City Council)• James Howard (Urban Splash)• Architect Craig White (White Design)• Engineers - Andy Jarvis (Ernest Griffiths Consulting) and Tim Mander (Integral

Structural Design).• Reclaimed materials resourcer Nicole Lazerus (BioRegional) encouraging contractors

to break out of their usual procurement routes.• Contractor Andrew Pears (Kotuku) site waste management and reusing/recycling C&D

materials.• Jim Allen, Ellis and Moore engineers, moderator• Opportunity to contribute to the discussion in breakout sessions• Delegate feedback: "More of these seminars please!“ "Brilliant mix of speakers"• "Avoiding the pitfalls by listening to first-hand experience was very useful“ "Do it

again!"

A TGR Green Register CPD seminar to consider 26/02/17 37

Green Solutions Energy Efficiency 02/06/2007 © NGS 2006 Title 1

www.greenspec.co.uk

Green Solutions Energy Efficient

DesignCommercial Green

Appropriate systems


Energy Efficient Building Solutions

11/10/2007 23:25 © NGS 2000-7 Energy Efficient Green Buildings 1

www.greenspec.co.uk10/02/2007 © NGS 2006 Title 1

Energy Efficient Buildings

Violet & GreenSolutions


Specification Substitution

Specification SubstitutionCase Law, practices & pitfalls

www.greenspec.co.uk

Another GBE CPD seminar to consider And a paper on the website to read 26/02/17 40

Commercial Green

•  Currently there are many technologies that are well understood but many are no longer suitable to tackle global warming

•  We need to adopt new methods that are sufficiently well developed that their prices have reached commercial levels

•  Some technologies are still immature and their prices reflect this

•  Commercial Green is about finding the solutions that are for free: –  e.g. natural ventilation and solar gains

•  economic now: –  e.g. Ground Source Heat Pumps & Solar Thermal hot water

•  But not Photovoltaic: for some time yet unless an off-grid application.

26/02/17 41

Commercial Green 03/10/2007 © NGS 2006 Title 1

www.greenspec.co.uk

Commercial Green

© Andrew PettiferGifford and Partners

Another GBE CPD seminar to consider And a paper on the website to read 26/02/17 42

26/02/17 43 26/02/17 44 26/02/17 45



Site – Orientation Building shape and form Metal windows Low E Argon Domestic Passive Solar Open Plan Layout Exposed Mass Timber Construction 0.00 Insulation Air/Heat Membranes

Draught Ventilation Functional Checks Low E Lighting High Efficiency Boiler Local Controls Variable Speed Pumps Reducing Heat gains Widening Comfort Targets Plant Insulation

Window Design

Daylighting Views Landscape Use Simple Material Choices Gas/Oil/Electricity Reducing Waste/Recycling/Life Cycle Simple Water Use Reduction Land Use

Winter Atria Winter Garden Best Windows: Low E Argon Wood Triple Glazing Light Shelves Double skin facades Smart Glass

Overhangs – Shading Fixing external Shades Colour _____ Shading Moveable external shades Mixed space Layout Cellular Layout

Mass Improved Roof Sedum Roof Turf Roof Earth Sheltering Transparent Insulation

Best Practice Insulation Green Insulation Ultimate Insulation Commercial Air tightness Domestic Air tightness Domestic near-zero heating

Height (Stratification)

Active Natural Ventilation Heat Recovery Sol Air

Night Ventilation Mixed Mode Ventilation Comfort cooling Air Conditioning Displacement Ventilation Desicant cooling

Low E Appliances Simple Light Controls Complex lighting controls Low Temp Heating Condensing Boilers Low Temp Diff Cooling Chilled ceiling / beams

Zoned Controls Optimised Controls BMS Variable Speed Drives

Zoning TFT Monitors (arrived sooner) Improved ____ Heating/Cooling

Vegetation Shading Permeable Landscape ______ Cooling Wind Driven Ventilation Poke Hole Cooling Determined Materials Choices Mixed available materials BioMass Heat Pump Air-Ground Hydro Wind _______________ Solar Thermal Photovoltaics Better Applicance CHP Micro – CHP Fuel Cells

Rainwater Harvesting ________ Recycling On site waste ________

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Prerequisites, easy, low costs Straightforward, work well, standalone, better communal Nice to have, more effort required, expensive difficult

Now +5years +10 +50 Part L & CfSH Kyoto Targets CfSH Energy White Paper -20% CO2 -60% CO2

Ho

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In a complex world……. A perspective on building technologies for the mainstream UK

26/02/17 46

Energy Refurbishment www.greenspec.co.uk

17/07/2007 © NGS 2006 Title 1

Energy Refurbishment

Public and Private HousingIndustrial & Business Premises

Reduction in demandAppropriate Improvements Appropriate

Commercial Installations


Extreme Energy Refurbishment www.greenspec.co.uk

10/02/2007 © NGS 2006 Title 1

ExtremeEnergy

RefurbishmentEmphasis on Energy

26/02/17 48 Another GBE CPD seminar to consider

Test Yourself

•  When would Performance Drawings be appropriate?

26/02/17 49

How did you do?

•  When the programme does not permit the designer to complete the design before tender

•  When the designer does not have the competency to start or complete the design

•  In Design and Build or when the specialist subcontractor has to complete the design

26/02/17 50



Feedback

•  These files are created by generalists with a big dollop of green flavour

•  These files are updated from time to time

•  We are not experts so from time to time these file may get out of date or may be wrong.

•  If you feel that we have got it wrong please let us know so we can put it right 53



© GBE 2017 •  Brian Murphy BSc Dip Arch (Hons+Dist)

–  Architect by Training –  Specification Writer by Choice –  Environmentalist by Actions

•  Greening up my act since 1999 •  Founded National Green Specification 2001 •  Launched www.greenspec.co.uk 2003 •  Created: GBE at http://greenbuildingencyclopaedia.uk 2015 •  E [email protected] •  Twitter: http://twitter.com/brianspecman •  Twitter: http://twittter.com/GBEGreenBuild @GBEGreenBuild •  Scribd: BrianSpecMan http://www.scribd.com/brianspecman (being closed down) •  LinkedIn: BrianSpecMan •  Facebook: BrianSpecMan Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/brianspecman •  Google+: BrianSpecMan • BrianSpecMan CAPEM • NGS National Green Specification •  Slide Share: (only one CPD file) •  Pinterest: Brian Murphy • GBE Green Building Encyclopaedia •  CAP’EM: GreenSpec & NGS http://www.capem.eu •  CAP’EM Compass http://www.capemcompass.eu •  LSBU London South Bank University Faculty and Course website page Brian Murphy

Documents

Can be found on GBE Website Principles of Element Design