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INDEX

abacus schools 14

Abano, Pietro d’ 153

Abbasid caliphs 113

Abelard, Peter 33absolutism 3, 260, 319, 333–5, 338

abstraction 214, 220, 224, 289

academic disciplines

classification of 9, 288–93, 299unifying by a single method 292

Academic skepticism 2, 36, 97, 99, 107, 109,

110, 242Academie de poesie et de musique 21

academies 8, 22, 299

philosophy in 20–5

Academus 20Acciaiuoli, Donato 19, 25, 309, 310

biography 346

Accolti, Benedetto 82

Achillini, Alessandro 38, 60, 64, 65and unicity of the intellect thesis 117, 120

Actium, Battle of (31 BC) 97, 325

Addison, Joseph 1administration, twelfth-century 33

Africa, Portuguese in 261

afterlife 227

Aglaophemus 85Agricola, Rudolph 63, 193, 205–7, 292

biography 346

De inventione dialectica 17, 205

Agrippa, Henricus Corneliusbiography 346

On the Vanity and Uncertainty . . . 109

Ailly, Pierre d’ 245

al-Bitruji (Alpetragius) 273Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus) 5, 36, 38,

61, 63, 114, 119, 122, 181, 224

on Aristotle’s Ethics 304Commentary on Aristotle’s De anima 215

Commentary on the Divine Names 174

and immortality of the soul 215, 217,

218, 224Albertism 4

Albinos 78, 301

Albumasar 150

Alcala de Henares 311

Aldine Press, founded (1494) xiiiAldrovandi, Ulisse, Ornithologiae 296

Aldus Manutius xiii, 21, 27

publication of 1st coll. edn of Aristotle in

Greek xiii, 55, 59Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ 287, 292

Alexander of Aphrodisias xiv, 18, 61

commentaries on Aristotle 59, 60, 217followers of (Alexandrine sect) 216

on the intellect 116, 120, 217

Moral Questions 308

on mortality of the soul 213Problemata, translated by Gaza 59

Alexander the Great 97

Alexander of Villedieu 16

Alfarabi (al-Farabı) 113, 115Catalogue of the Sciences 114, 289

Alfonso II, duke of Calabria 323

Algazel (al-Ghazalı) 36, 113, 115Incoherence of the Philosophers 130

Alkindi (al-Kindı) 113

On Rays 122, 157

allegorical interpretation 240, 247, 292Alpago, Andrea 115

Alpetragius (al-Bitruji) 273

alphabetical order 294, 299, 300

arrangement in encyclopedias 293for listing plants and animals in

compendia 296

topic headings 294, 295

Alsted, Johann Heinrich, Encyclopedia 292Ambrose, Erasmus’ edition 243

America, discovery by Columbus (1492) xiii

American Humanist Association 31Amerindians 251, 253, 259

Ammonius 61, 308

amulets 146, 151

anamnesis theory 75ancient philosophy, revival of 7, 45, 343

401

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‘‘ancient theology’’ ( prisca theologia) 72–93,

147, 150, 223, 242, 275, 279,

341, 343

angelology 6animals

compendia of 296

identifying 293medieval bestiaries 40

modern classification systems 295

Anselm 183, 187

Proslogion 180anthropology 279

Apollonius of Tyana 151

aporia 203

Apostolici regiminis bull 219Apuleius 36

Aquila miracle 124

Aquinas, Saint Thomas 73, 150, 236, 239,257, 304, 339

Aristotelian mediation theory 122, 236

commentaries on Aristotle 27, 61, 64,

66, 310critique of Aristotle 35, 38, 310

Dominican interpretations of 261

on the intellect 220, 221, 224

on magic and images 158, 160philosophy as the handmaid of theology

37, 344

spontaneous generation 127

Summa contra gentiles 86Summa theologiae 159, 250, 310

Toletus’ commentary 255

Vasquez’ commentary 262on transubstantiation 237

Treatise on the Unicity of the Intellectagainst the Averroists 116, 117, 212

see also ThomismArabic

classification of the sciences 289

–Latin translation movement 113

translations in 113, 289Arabic philosophy 6, 7, 36

and Averroism 113–130

classical period 113history of 113

and humanism 129–30

Latin translations of 113, 129, 134 (App.)

and scholasticism 114, 121Araujo, Dona Lorenza de 265

Araujo, Francisco 261

Commentaria in universam Aristotelismetaphysicam 261

Arcesilaus 107, 109

Archimedes 14

architecture 288

argumentation 194

Aristotelian tradition 202dilemmatic 204

holistic approach by Valla 204

humanist dialectic 194invention rather than judging 205, 206

modern modes of 340

scholastic 180

topics or loci 206, 207Argyropoulos, John 19, 38, 51, 52, 225, 306

biography 347

on De anima 216

translation of the Ethics 304, 307Aristides, Aelius 326

Aristippus of Cyrene 99, 104

Aristippus, Henricus 73, 111Aristotelianism xv, 5, 7, 18, 21, 97

and Arabic philosophy 113

challenges to 8, 276, 283, 285, 341, 343

and Christianity 35, 36–9, 62, 65, 128classification 288

competition with other philosophical

traditions 61–4

concord with Platonism 64, 79continuity and change in 49–68

cosmology 270, 272

fourteenth-century expansion 49

on grief 100humanist attack on scholastic 40, 58, 73

many ‘‘Renaissance Aristotelianisms’’

54, 65medieval 236

papal support for 49

Pletho’s attack on Latin 213

and Protestantism 241, 244reform and modernization 2

secular see Averroism

sixteenth-century education 121, 313

twelfth- and thirteenth-centuryrediscovery 79

in the universities 49, 50, 73, 79, 97, 109,

270, 299see also Peripatetics

Aristotle 1, 26, 150, 179, 201, 205, 340, 343

advances in study of texts 307–8

Arabic translations of 113authority of 2, 7, 35, 36, 63, 150, 227,

285, 313

Categories 78

commentaries on 27, 37, 39, 50, 51, 59–61,114, 225

I N D E X

402






comparatio between Plato and 62, 79

controversy on order of his works 59

Cusanus on 180

De anima 18, 59, 60, 213, 223Albert the Great’s commentary 215

Averroes’ commentary 38, 114, 115, 212

Fonseca’s commentary 255Nifo’s commentary on 225

Pomponazzi’s commentary 224

Rubio’s study 265

De animalibus 67, 115De caelo et mundi 18, 60, 67

Averroes’ commentary 114

Fonseca’s commentary 255

Rubio’s study 265De generatione et corruptione 18, 53


Rubio’s study 265Dialectics 255

Economics see Oeconomicseditions and textual criticism 50, 54–6

Eudemian Ethics 51, 307Giuntine edition (1550–2) 60, 114

Greek edition of complete works published

(1495) xiii, 55, 59

and immortality of the soul debate 212on the intellect 221

logic xiv, 35

Magna moralia 51, 307

on mediation in causation 122, 124, 236Metaphysics 47, 125, 126

Averroes’ Long Commentary on 114,

125, 126, 127Fonseca’s commentary 255

Leonardo Penafiel’s commentary 265

Meteorologica 64, 67

natural philosophy 35, 40Nicomachean Ethics 18–19, 42, 62, 213,

313, 342

Aquinas’ commentary 310

Bruni’s translation xii, 52Grosseteste’s translation of Byzantine

commentary 60

Protestant interpretations 237, 309studies of 304–16

Tignosi’s commentary 305

translations of 54

Vettori’s edition 55Oeconomics (attr. falsely) 50, 305,

312, 315

On Dreams 122

Organon 33, 58, 193, 207, 264Physics 18, 59, 60, 61, 67, 272

Averroes’ Long Commentary 114, 126


Rubio’s study 265

Telesio’s commentary on 274Poetics 66

Castelvetro’s edition 55

Politics 8, 305, 312, 315, 330Posterior Analytics 59, 66

Prime Mover 86

Prior Analytics 86

Quaestiones Mechanicae 51rediscovery of Greek commentators on

xiii, 4

translations into humanist Latin 17, 45,

51–4Arovas, Moses 133

Arriaga, Rodrigo de 262, 263

Cursus philosophicus 263ars historica 293

art 7, 290

Asclepius (attr. to Hermes) 148, 150, 163, 182

astrology 6, 8and amulets 142–7

Arabic 153

in Ficino’s medicine 140, 163, 164

and medicine 142, 143, 147–65planetary patterns 146

theory of great conjunctions 128

astronomy xiv, xvi, 246, 270, 271, 290

of homocentric spheres 273atheism, Epicureanism and 106

Athens, Academy 20

atomism 51, 62, 64, 106, 217, 229, 238, 242Augustine, Saint, of Hippo 14, 26, 36, 42, 46,

48, 87, 107, 236, 247, 288, 340

Amerbach edition of works 243

City of God 84Confessions 43

Contra Academicos 36, 107

De immortalitate animae 215

Erasmus’ edition 243on healing stones 146

influence on Cusa 176, 177, 180, 188

‘‘learned ignorance’’ 183, 192On Christian Learning 44

On True Religion 344

Platonism closest to Christianity 72,

174, 236on sacraments 84

Augustinian Order 91, 225, 253

‘‘scola Augustiniana moderna’’ 245, 247

Augustodunensis, Honorius, ClavisPhysicae 190

I N D E X

403






Augustus, Emperor 325

Aurelius, Marcus 97, 343

Meditations, 1st edition xv

Aurispa, Giovanni 80authority

belief and individual conscience 235,

239–43civil 259, 334

crisis of religious 234–48, 342, 344

humanist respect for ancient 4

papal 34, 235, 241rejection of ancient 3

religious 36, 46

of scripture 234, 239, 240

Avempace 115Averroes 113, 114, 115

on Aristotle’s De anima 38, 115, 212

commentaries on Aristotle 38, 60, 64, 114,115, 125, 126, 212

commentary on the Ethics 304

Giunta edition (1550–2) 114

history of editions in Renaissance 114intellect theory xiii, 38, 114, 115–21,

216, 220

Latin versions of 18

logic 114long commentary on Aristotle’s

Metaphysics 114, 125, 126, 127

zoology 114

Averroism 4, 39, 44, 45, 51, 60, 64, 216and Arabic philosophy 113–30

and Christianity 213

defining 37–8and humanism 129–30

and immortality of the soul debate 212,

217–19

the problem of 36–9reactions in Padua to 217–19

Renaissance 117, 121

and spontaneous generation 115, 125–9

averroista, use of term 117Avicenna 2, 36, 113, 115, 222, 257

explanation of miracles 115

First Philosophy 114The Healing 121, 126

Metaphysics 125

On the Soul 114, 121–5

and spontaneous generation 128theory of prophecy 114

Babbitt, Irving 31

Bacon, Francis xv, 3, 6, 63, 246, 247, 344Advancement of Learning xvi, 292

classification of disciplines 292

Novum Organum xvi

Bacon, Roger 122

Baconthorpe, John 117Baghdad 113

Bagnolo, Guido da 40

Bagolinus, Hieronymus 308Bagolinus, Johannes Baptista 308

Baıf, Jean-Antoine de 21

Bairo, Pietro, Small Treatise on the Plague124, 125

Balbus, Petrus, translation of Proclus’ PlatonicTheology 174

ballistics 291

Banes, Domingo, OP 251, 260, 262and Molina 261

Barbaro, Ermolao xiii, 18, 48, 51, 53, 57

on Averroes 119biography 347

new version of Themistius xiii, 59

Barcelona 114

Baron, Hans 328Barozzi, Pietro, bishop of Padua xiii, 119, 218

Basel 55, 309

Council of (1431–49) xii, 178

Bauhin, Caspar 294, 296Bayle, Pierre 263

Becchi, Gentile 25

Becchi, Guglielmo 19, 306

Beierwaltes, Werner 173Bellay, Joachim du 92

Bembo, Pietro 30, 92, 223

Asolani 91Benedictines 228

Berlingueri, Francesco 24

Bernardi, Antonio 117, 121

Bessarion, Cardinal xii, 20, 51, 80, 82, 107,178, 225, 343

Against the Calumniator of Plato xiii,

62, 81

on philosopher’s duty 78bestiaries, medieval 40

Beyerlinck, Laurentius, Magnum Theatrum295, 302

Biagio Pelacani da Parma xii, 38, 213, 228

Bianchelli da Faenza, Mengo 153

Bianchi, Luca ix, 7, 49–68

Bibleaccommodation with Aristotle 309

concordances (thirteenth-century) 294

different interpretations 240

editions of the 243Latin Vulgate 243

I N D E X

404






testimony for Protestants 234, 235, 239,

241, 243, 244

translations 240

see also New Testamentbibliographies 298, 300

‘‘Aristotelian’’ 62

Biel, Gabriel 245biographies 346

Black, Robert ix, 13–27

Black Death xii, 142

Blair, Ann ix, 9, 287–300Blum, Paul Richard ix, 8, 211–29

Blumenberg, Hans 173, 176

Boccaccio, Giovanni 14

Boccadiferro, Lodovico 65Bodin, Jean 333–5

biography 347

Colloquium of the Seven about Secretsof the Sublime 106

Method for the Easy Comprehendingof History 293, 334

Six Books of the Republic 334Bodleian Library (Oxford), first printed

catalog (1605) 298

Boethius 36, 52, 176, 180, 205, 207

classification of philosophy 288Consolation of Philosophy 13, 14, 15

Latin commentaries 288

list of topics for argument 206

on rhetoric and dialectic 206Bologna

medical school 137

University 4, 14, 19, 40, 60, 68, 117,219, 223, 225

12th C 33

moral philosophy 306

booksauctions 298

burning of heretical xiv, 223

compilations 299

listed in bibliographies 298organization of collections 296, 297

organizational schemes within 294

sales catalogs 298Borgia, Cesare 333

botany 293, 295, 296

Braccesi, Alessandro 15, 22, 23, 25

Bracciolini, Poggio xii, 181De avaritia 26

Brahe, Tycho, Exercises for the Restorationof Astronomy 283

Brandolini, Aurelio Lippi, De comparationereipublicae et regis 26

Brucker, Jakob, Cri tic al Hi st ory o f P hilo so phy 93

Bruni, Leonardo xii, 51, 57, 304

biography 347

History of the Florentine People 329Isagogue of Moral Philosophy 103

Laudatio florentinae urbis 326–8, 329

On Correct Translation (De interpretationerecta) 52

on Plato 74

study of Greek 75

translation of Aristotle’s Ethics xii, 52, 304,305, 314

translation of Oeconomica 50

translation of Plato’s Phaedo 75–7

Bruno, Giordano xv, xvi, 5, 8, 27, 67, 106,173, 271, 344

The Ash Wednesday Supper 278

biography 347burnt at the stake (1600) 278, 344

cosmology 276, 278–81

The Discourse in the College of Cambrai 278

On the Cause, the Principle and the One278, 281

On the Immense and the Innumerables 278

On the Infinite 274, 278

On the Triple Minimum and Measure 278Bude, Guillaume, Livre de l’institution du

Prince 323

Buratelli, Gabriele 64

Burgersdijk, Franco 264Buridan, John 61, 304, 310

Burley, Walter 61, 111, 304

Bussi, Giovanni Andrea de’ 190Byzantine Empire xiii, 51, 54, 78, 79

Byzantine traditions, and Western

thinkers 80, 309

Cabala 5, 6

Cabalistic texts

Mithridates’ translation for Pico della

Mirandola xiiistudy of 292

Cabeo, Niccolo, Philosophia magnetica 63–4

Caesar Augustus 322Cajetan, Thomas de Vio, Cardinal 66, 224

biography 348

Calabrian anti-Spanish conspiracy (1599)

282, 285Calcidius, translation of Plato’s Timaeus 73

Caligula 324

Calvin, John xiii, xiv, 235, 236, 244

on Augustine 237commentary on Seneca’s De Clementia 101

I N D E X

405






Calvin, John (cont.)

humanist background 236

Institutes of the Christian Religion xiv, 240

on justification 237on original sin 238

on Plato 236

voluntarism 245Calvinism 110, 235, 264, 292

doctrine of election 245

ethics 309

Camaldulensians 98Cambridge History of Renaissance

Philosophy 7Camozzi, Giovanni Battista 60

aldina minor 55Campanella, Tommaso xv, 5, 6, 8, 27, 271, 344

Apology for Galileo 282, 283, 343

biography 282, 348City of the Sun xvi

cosmology 281–5

Eclogue for birth of dauphin of France 285

Great Epilogue 282Metaphysica 282

On the Sense in Things and on Magic 282

Philosophia realis 282

Philosophy Demonstrated by the Senses 281Physiologia 282

Physiological Questions 282

Prophetic Articles 282, 285

Cardano, Girolamo 63, 106, 227Carleton, Thomas Compton 263

Carneades 107, 109

Carrara, Francesco da 319–23Cartagena, Alfonso da 305

Cartesianism 88, 246

see also Descartes, Rene

Casaubon, Isaac 52, 92Greek–Latin edition of Aristotle 55

Case, John 61, 312

Cassiodorus 289

Cassiopeia, nova of (1572) 270, 273, 284Cassirer, Ernst 46, 173, 340

Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophieder Renaissance 3

Castellani, Pier Nicola 133

Castellio, Sebastian 342

Whether Heretics Should Be Persecuted xv

Castelvetro, Ludovico, edition of Aristotle’sPoetics 55

Castiglione, Baldassare 31, 91, 92

Courtier (Il cortegiano) xiv, 25, 91

catalogslibrary 298, 299

of objects 296

of plants 294

sales of books 298, 299

Cateau-Cambresis, Treaty of (1559) xvcategories

Aristotle’s 198, 256, 285, 295

classifications of plants and animals 295naturalia and artificialia 297

Ockham’s 200

scientifica 297

Valla’s 198, 199Catholic Church xii, 33

and Averroism 120

corruption in the 235

crisis of authority 234–48, 338, 342and demons 163

Great Schism xii, 235–45, 276

and immortality of the soul xivand justification 237

and pagan ethics 310

reforms 235

skepticism and the 108, 110, 243Cato 101

Cattani, Andrea, On the Causes of MiraculousEffects 123, 124, 128

causesfrom effects to 257

true 75

Cavalcanti, Giovanni 23, 24

Cavalli, Francesco 55On the Number and Order of . . . Aristotle’s

. . . Physics 59

Celenza, Christopher S. ix, 7, 72–93celestial spheres 270, 273, 277, 279

Cesarini, Cardinal Giuliano 176, 178, 184

Cesi, Federico 296

Chaldean Oracles 85, 275Champier, Symphorien 64, 92

Chanut, Pere 175

Charles IV of Bohemia, Emperor 320

Charles V, Emperor 234, 251Charles IX, Emperor 21

Charpentier, Jacques 133

Charron, Pierre 6biography 348–9

De la sagesse xvi

Chartres school 13

Chile 250, 265, 266China 256, 341

Chinese 267

translations of Fonseca’s commentaries 256

ChristianityandAristotelianism35,36–9,62, 65, 128,309

I N D E X

406






and Averroism 36–9, 213

and Catholicism 235

challenge to immortality of the soul 219–23

and Epicureanism 105, 213, 217, 310, 315and Hellenistic philosophy 7, 98, 338

humanism and 40–5

interpretation of skepticism 108, 110as a lived tradition and as a textual

tradition 342

and magic 148, 149, 156

and pagan ethics 308–11, 314and pagan literature 44

and pax romana 326

and Platonism 41, 44, 72, 74, 78, 91, 175,

216, 222, 308, 310and Protestantism 243, 342

and scholasticism 40–5

and Stoicism 99, 310, 315and unicity of the intellect thesis 118

Christina, Queen of Sweden 175

chronology xii–xvi

Chrysoloras, Manuel xii, 75, 80Church

lay participation 244

and state 260

unification of Eastern and Westernattempted 80

use of Latin 31

Cicero 1, 26, 36, 45, 51, 52, 98, 107, 197,

205, 218, 330, 339, 344Academica 107

De amicitia 20

De legibus 322De officiis 320, 321, 325, 333, 342

De senectute 20

On the Orator, first published (1465) xiii,

26, 196, 204, 206on rhetoric 203

on Socrates 99

on Stoic philosophy 99, 107

Topica 206, 207translation of Plato’s Timaeus 73

citizens 26, 331

citygovernment for the common good 332

philosophy should serve the 45

princely government of the 322

civic humanism 45, 315, 328civil society, governance of 292

classification 287

alphabetical order 294, 295, 300

Aristotelian 288of the disciplines 288–93, 299

medieval 288, 289

miscellaneous arrangements 294, 300

modern 295

Renaissance 290–3systematic arrangement 294, 295, 296, 300

Clavius, Christopher 291

Clement of Alexandria 288clergy, status of the 241

Clichtove, Josse 309

Coimbra, Jesuits of 311

University of 49, 61, 255, 262, 311coincidence of contradictories, Cusanus’ 188–9

coins, collections of 297

Cola di Rienzo 320

Colet, John 92, 328collections

of coins 297

of epigraphs 297of manuscript notes 293

of objects 296–9

of specimens 293

systems of organization 294Collegio Romano, Jesuit 19, 66, 182, 256, 291

Collegium Conimbricense 349

Cursus Conimbricensis 255, 311

Cologne, University of 178, 181Colucci, Benedetto 21, 25

Declamationes 22–5

Columbus, Christopher xiii

comets(sixteenth/seventeenth century) 270,

284, 285

Brahe’s theory of 283Bruno on the 279, 280

Campanella on 283

Telesio’s theory of 273

commentariesas aids to learning after direct use of

the text 57, 74

ancient Greek on Aristotle 39, 59–61, 225,

307, 308ancient Muslim, Jewish and medieval 341

on ancient philosophers 18, 26

Arabic on Aristotle 37, 60, 114on Aristotle in other languages 341

Byzantine 54, 60

English on Aristotle 312

ideal 57in Italian 55

Italian tradition 114, 309

Jesuit on Aristotle 311

Latin on Aristotle 51, 60medieval 36, 59–61, 314

I N D E X

407






commentaries (cont.)

on Plato 81

printing of Latin after 1535 61

redefined 57scholastic and humanist 57

Commodus 324

conceptsnominalist view of 221

theory of primary 125

Trombetta on 219

Conde, prince de 334‘‘Congregation on the Assistance of Divine

Grace’’ (Rome) 261

conquests, morality of 5, 250, 251–4

conscience, individual 239–43Constance, Council of ( 1414–18) xii

Constantinople 178

fall of (1453) xiiiconstitutionalism 26, 334

Contarini, Gasparo 223, 226

biography 349

Contarini, Marcantonio 219contract 259

conversion 341

Copenhaver, Brian ix, 7, 137– 65

Renaissance Philosophy 7Copernicanism 238, 272, 279, 280, 283, 285

Copernicus, Nicolaus 173, 246, 278, 284

On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheresxiv, 270

Copleston, Frederick 173

corpuscularism 9, 64, 238, 246

Cosenza, archbishop of 274Cosmas de Lerma 261, 262

cosmology 8, 13, 270–85, 338

Aristotelian 67, 270, 285

Copernican 3, 278, 283Ficino’s 153, 155, 157, 214, 216

hierarchy 270, 277

Neoplatonic 225

new 5, 8Platonist 189

Telesian 271, 281, 283

Counter-Reformation 250, 251courtiers 25, 46

courtly love tradition 90

courts 8, 25

literature and Platonism 7Cracow, University of 49, 310

Cranston, David 311

Cranz, F. Edward 61

creation 37, 188Cremonini, Cesare 225

crinoid stem 152 (Fig. 8.5)

Crusades 342, 343

Curione, Celio Secondo 59

curiosities, cabinets of 297curriculum

Aristotle to be studied first 81

Jesuit 256, 310, 311Lutheran 309

medieval 288

Plato considered unsuitable for

elementary 78Renaissance 293

unitary 13

university 289, 291

Cusa, Nicholas of see Nicholas of CusaCusanus see Nicholas of Cusa

Cuvier, Baron Georges 295

Dante Alighieri 103

Divine Comedy, Landino’s commentary

on 103

Inferno 327debates

about classification of the sciences 289

about ‘‘impossible objects’’ 263

about religious authority 234–48Erasmus–Lutheran 108, 243

ethical philosophy vs. rhetoric 305–6

on immortality of the soul 211–29

on mutability of the heavens 271on predetermination and freedom of the

will 260, 262

on scholastic method 33sixteenth- and seventeenth-century

European 8, 250

deduction, and induction 66, 276

Dee, John 291Del Rio, Martin 101

Della Porta, Giambattista 5, 6, 21

Delminio, Giulio Camillo 302

Democritus 151demonology 6, 163

lion demon 163 (Fig. 8. 6)

Demosthenes 75De Savigny, Christofle 292

Descartes, Rene xv, 3, 63, 95, 173, 193, 285,

339, 344

dependence on traditional sources 247, 340Discourse on Method xvi

and immortality of the soul debate 228–9

letter (1647) to Chanut 175

Meditations 88, 226, 228–9theory of the pineal gland 340

I N D E X

408






on transubstantiation 238

see also Cartesianism

Desgabets, Robert 228

d’Estrebay, Jacques Louis 52, 53Diacceto, Francesco da, On Love 90

diagrams, Ramist 292, 295

dialectic 174, 290, 291Agricola on 205– 7

compared with rhetoric 206, 207

complicatio and explicatio 185

the rise of humanist 193–207textbooks on 207

Valla’s reform of 195, 198, 202, 205

dialogues

and ethics 313philosophical 26, 64

Socratic 26, 73, 76, 78, 83

dictionaries 300didactic method 19

Dietrich of Freiburg 181

Digges, Thomas 270

Diogenes Laertiusbiography of Epicurus 104

‘‘Life of Socrates’’ 99

testimonia 54

The Lives and Opinions of EminentPhilosophers 98

translation by Traversari xii, 98, 107

Dionysius the Areopagite (pseudo) 5, 35, 74,

174, 182Celestial Hierarchy 174, 236

Divine Names 87, 184, 188

influence on Cusa 174, 179, 183, 184,185, 188

Mystical Theology 174, 182

Dioscorides 129, 294, 295

disputation 26, 77, 83, 207divine providence, Epicurean denial of 102,

104, 106

dogmatism 2, 342, 344

Dominicans 37, 224, 226, 250, 278, 281Iberian 261–2, 264

vs. Jesuits 261, 310

Donation of Constantine, Valla attacksauthenticity xii, 204

Donatism 84

Donato, Girolamo 59, 217

Donatus 195Doyle, John P. x, 8, 250–67

dream paradox 203

Dullaert, Johannes 67

Duns Scotus, John 128, 221, 223, 258, 339Duval, Guillaume 55

Eastern Orthodox Church xii, 79, 80, 178, 343

Eastern Roman Empire see Byzantine Empire

Ecclesiasticus 41

Eckhart, Meister 87influence on Cusa 174, 181, 185, 188

economics 261, 266, 288

ethical 263, 264, 343ethics and politics 305, 314

education

Aristotelian vs. Platonic traditions 78

civic 306elite in Ficino’s ‘‘academy’’ 21–5, 45, 82, 83

Greek 22

growth in higher 287, 299

historical settings 8humanist 4, 30, 31

humanist vs. scholastic 8

Jesuit xvi, 256, 291northern Europe 19

Protestant reform of 246

reforms 338, 343

Roman 288scholastic 39–45

specialist teachers 14

specialized institutions of higher 13, 17, 72

see also moral educationEgypt 85, 137, 148, 150, 275, 341

election, Calvinist doctrine of 245

elements

of bodies 279celestial 157

eloquence 44, 291, 306, 342

Emblica officinalis 139emotions, Stoics on the 100–2

empire, morality of 5, 324

empirical observation 67, 246, 272

empiricism, medical 109encyclopedias 292

alphabetical arrangement in 293

medieval 294

systematic ordering 295Encyclopedie (1751) 287, 292

England 263

academies 21Baconians 247

ethical teaching 312

political philosophy 328–31

Spanish Armada attacks (1588) xvEnglish, first translation of Euclid into

(1570) 291

Enlightenment rationalism 31, 63, 228

enthymeme 202Ephesus, Michael of 79

I N D E X

409






epicheireme 202

Epictetus 97, 305

Epicureanism 4, 97, 99, 242, 341

and Christianity 105, 213, 217, 310, 315goal 97

humanist revival 7, 102–6

matter theory 216, 246and mortality of the soul 214

see also atheism

Epicurus xvi, 98, 103, 104, 216

Diogenes Laertius’ biography of 104epigraphs, collections of 297

epistemology 76

and immortality of the soul debate 211,

212, 226modern epistemological turn 177, 246, 266

Erasmus, Desiderius xiii, 193, 205, 225, 304

Academic skepticism 242Adages 329

Annotations on the New Testament 243

biography 349–50

challenge to crusading ideal 342editions of the Church Fathers 243

‘‘The Epicurean’’ 105

on free will 244

Greek edition of Aristotle 55Greek edition of New Testament ( 1516)

xiv, 243, 328

Institutio principis christiani 323, 324

Novum instrumentum 328The Praise of Folly 108

suspension of belief 243

Erastus, Thomas, Disputations 125Erfurt, University of 245

Eriugena, John Scotus 174, 183, 184,

185, 188

Periphyseon 174, 184, 190eschatology, Christian 284

esoteric philosophies 5, 74, 92, 344

essence, and existence 125

Estienne, Henri, translation of SextusEmpiricus 109

ethics 7, 8, 288, 289

Aristotelian 304– 8economics and politics 305, 314

Epicurean 103

goal of 314

humanistic and scholastic 8, 304–16and immortality of the soul 226

invention attributed to Socrates 99

moral casuistry and probabilism 267

pagan and Christian 308–11, 314philosophy vs. rhetoric controversy 305–6

Protestant 309

Renaissance issues 314–16

and rhetoric 305, 306

Stoic 100–2the teaching of 18–19, 20, 304–6, 311–14

and theology 311

see also moral philosophyEuathlus 203

Eucharist 237, 238

Euclid

commentaries on 291first English translation (1570) 291

Europe, northern 55

education 19

Eusebius of Caesarea 227Eustratius of Nicaea 307, 309

evil eye 122, 123, 125, 157

evolutionary biology 31Evora, University of 260, 311

Evrard of Bethune 16

Graecismus 16

exegetical tradition 18, 72, 74, 240, 243existentialist humanism 31

experimentalism 9, 246, 247

extramission theory, Alkindi’s 122, 123, 124

Faba, Agostino 53

faith

concord with philosophy 213

doctrine of ‘‘implicit’’ 240and reason 36, 38, 68, 223, 245, 339, 345

Faseolo, Giovanni 119

fate, Stoic conception of 100Favaroni, Agostino 19

Feliciano, Giovanni Bernardo 307

Ferrara 20, 219, 275

Ferrara-Florence, Council of (1437–9) xii, 80Ferrari, Ottaviano 59, 310, 314

Feuerbach, Ludwig 31

Fiandino, Ambrogio, book of dialogues 225

Ficino, Marsilio xii, 3, 5, 6, 25, 27, 31, 37, 41,64, 66, 182, 223, 341

on Academic skeptics 107

‘‘academy’’ 21–5, 45, 83, 343on Averroes 119, 216

biography 350

Commentary on Plato’s Symposium onLove 89, 90, 92

Consilium against Pestilence 142

correspondence network 81, 82

De triplici vita 83, 137–65

De vita xiiion immortality of the soul 213–17

I N D E X

410






Latin translation of Plotinus xiii, 85

Latin translations of Plato xiii, 81

legacy 90–3, 339, 342

magic xiii, 7, 89, 137–65medicine 137, 141

microcosm/macrocosm analogy 144, 153

On Pleasure 104on philosophy 86

on Plato 81, 86, 308, 310

Platonic Theology xiii, 86, 87, 104, 122,

213– 17, 226, 275, 343Platonism of 74, 81–90, 92, 270

theory of love 88–90, 92

translation of Hermetic Corpus 85

figures, Ficino’s 156, 157, 158, 160, 164Filelfo, Francesco 51, 80, 103, 107

‘‘fine arts’’ 290

Florence xii, xv, 18, 343academies 20, 21, 58

Camaldolese Church of Santa Maria degli

Angeli 82

Council of ( 1439) 213–17ethical controversies 305–6

Medici exile from ( 1494–1513) xiii, xiv

papal court 81

plague ( 1478) 142Republic of 325, 326–8, 332

University of 75, 82, 90, 137, 290, 306

florilegia, medieval 294, 295, 300, 302

Florimonte, Galeazzo 309Fonseca, Pedro da 127, 255–6, 260, 266

biography 350

Commentaria in libros MetaphysicorumAristotelis 255

Cursus Conimbricensis 255

Institutionum dialecticarum libri VIII 255

Ratio studiorum 256forms

Ficino’s seminal reasons 155

ontology of and spontaneous generation

125– 9Platonic 76, 86, 126, 180

Vernia on 217

Foucault, Michel 340Fracastoro, Girolamo, Syphilis 106

France

academies 21

civil rights and religious liberty forProtestants xvi

education 15, 16

medieval 14

Platonism in sixteenth century 92Franciscans 35, 36, 43

Frankfurt 55

Frederick II Hohenstaufen 113

Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony 235

freedom 65, 259of conscience 239

of expression 338

and necessity 3of thought xv, 33, 343

see also liberty

freedom of the will 260, 261, 262

astrology and 164Erasmus–Luther debate 108, 244

Renaissance debate 315

Furtado, Francisco 256

Gadamer, Hans-Georg 173

Galen 109, 129, 227, 292, 339

Galileo Galilei xv, 3, 27, 60, 63, 66, 175, 189,225, 256, 282, 285, 343

Dialogue of Two World Systems xvi, 67

The Starry Messenger xvi

telescope 283, 285Gallus, Thomas 174

Garin, Eugenio 49

Gassendi, Pierre xv, 3, 5, 63, 278

Syntagma Philosophiae Epicuri xviGaunilo of Marmoutiers 181

Gaza, Theodore 51

translation of Alexander of Aphrodisias’

Problemata 59Gelli, Giambattista 227

Gellius, Aulus, Attic Nights 203, 294

Geminus of Rhodes 301Gemistus, Georgius see Pletho

Geneva xivxv, xiv, 55

Genova, Marcantonio 59

Gentili, Alberico 106, 251genus 88

geocentrism 272, 276

concentric spheres 155 (Fig. 8.7)

and heliocentrism 283geode 151–2 (Fig. 8. 4)

geographical discoveries xiii, xiv, 3, 129, 250,

293, 299geriatrics 142–7

German states

academies 21

educational reform 207, 312Protestant 18, 224, 234

Gesner, Conrad

Bibliotheca universalis 298

Historiae animalium 296Pandectae 298

I N D E X

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Gherardo da Prato, Giovanni, Il Paradisodegli Alberti 213

Giacon, Carlo 256

Gilbert, William 64Giles of Rome 61, 304

De regimine principum 320

Giorgi, Francesco 5glosses 51, 53

philological 56

Goclenius, Rudolph 264

God‘‘aseity’’ of 262

or being qua being 125

for Cusanus 174, 176, 180, 181,

182–9, 281Ficino’s conception 87, 213

nature and attributes of 65

no knowledge of individual men 38, 117omnipotence of 37

scientia media 260

Spinoza’s conception 176

Stoic conception 102will of 245, 246, 257, 261

gods

cult of the 80

as demons 163Gonzaga, Ercole 129

Gonzaga, Federico 323

good life 32, 42, 314

active or contemplative life 314, 322Goulart, Simon 334

government

princely 319–35republican 324–31

signorial 320, 325

utopian 329–31

Gracchan reforms ( 133 and 123 BC) 322grace, debate on divine 261

grammar 13, 16, 32, 290

Agricola on 205

Latin 198modistic or speculative 16

philosophy and the teaching of 15–17

grammarians, Alexandrian 57, 195, 201grammaticus 290

Gramsci, Antonio 31

Granada, Miguel A. x, 270–85

Greek xii, xiii, 4, 18, 21Byzantine influence 80, 81, 341

edition of New Testament xiv, 328

handwriting 56

and Latin 53, 288and philology 307

revival 27, 51, 54, 98, 307

use in universities 75, 328, 330, 341

Gregory of Rimini 245

Grimani, Domenico 129Grocyn, William 328

Grosseteste, Robert 52

translation of Byzantine commentary onNicomachean Ethics 60, 304, 307

translations of Dionysius’ MysticalTheology and Celestial Hierarchy 174

Grotius, Hugo xv, 251Gruter, Jan, epigraph collection 297

Guarino Veronese 20

Gutenberg, Johannes Gensfleisch 173

gymnasia, Greek 22

Hankins, James x, 338–45

happiness 104, 310, 313, 344and the active life 322

eudaimonia 314, 330

felicitas 314, 331

and the will 315Harries, Karsten 173

Harrison, Peter x, 9, 234–48

Harvard College 264

Hasse, Dag Nikolaus x, 7, 113–30Haubst, Rudolf 173

healing

planetary levels of 161 (Fig. 8. 9)

stones 146, 151, 152heat and cold, Telesio on 272, 281

heavens

debate on mutability of the 271, 280as quintessence 270, 273

Hebrew, Arabic translations via 114, 115, 129

hedonism 99

Heereboord, Adrian, Meletemataphilosophica 264

Hegel, G. W. F. 30

Heidelberg University 178, 180, 181

heliocentrism 270, 283, 284Heliogabalus 324

Hellenistic philosophy 45, 74, 97

and Christianity 7, 98revival of 97–110

see also Epicureanism; skepticism; Stoicism

Henri II Estienne, Presocratic fragments xv

Henri III 21, 260heresy xii, xv, xvi, 27

as offspring of Greek philosophy 236

Protestant 234, 328

twelfth-century crackdown 33in university arts faculties 34, 37

I N D E X

412






hermeneutics

biblical 6

‘‘new’’ 8, 56–9, 207

Hermes Trismegistus 85, 147, 148, 150, 179Asclepius (attr.) 148, 150, 163, 182

Pimander (attr.) 150

Hermetic Corpus 81, 84, 85, 92, 150Ficino’s translation 85

Hermeticism 4, 182, 208, 222

Herrera, Agustın de, Treatise on the Will ofGod 261

Hervet, Gentian, translation of Sextus

Empiricus 110

Hinduism 4

Hispanic philosophyin the New World 264–7

scholastic 250–67, 342

history 6, 290, 292, 299, 341–5exempla 293, 295

organization of facts in 293–6

history of philosophy 343

Hobbes, Thomas xv, 63, 193, 335, 339Holy Roman Empire 234, 297, 324, 326

Homer 75

Hopkins, Jasper 188

Horace 41Hotman, Francois 334

household management 6

Hugh of St Victor, Didascalikon 174, 289

Huguenot revolt ( 1572–4) 334human beings

changes in view of 338

dignity of xiii, 88, 182, 213, 221, 226fallibility of 6, 242, 244, 246, 247

fitted by nature to rule or by nature

slaves 259

humanist conception of 30, 220improvement by study of humanities 32, 304

and original sin 238

humanism xii, 4, 299, 341

antiquity as model of excellence 32, 297and Arabic philosophy 129–30

Aristotelianism 51

attack on logic 17Ciceronian/Petrarchan 19

as classical education 30, 31, 304

classification of disciplines 290

conception of philosophy 20, 45–6ethics 31, 304–16

as a form of culture 30–2, 43

and historical exempla 293

new hermeneutics in 207Petrarch as father of 39, 45

as a philosophical outlook 30

Platonism 45

princely 319–24, 333

and Protestantism 243–5Renaissance 31, 193

use of term 30–1

vs. scholasticism 7, 8, 39– 45, 193–5,338, 344

see also civic humanism; existentialist

humanism; Marxist humanism

humanist movement 45, 72, 181, 213, 342humanist schools 8, 20, 50, 294, 299

humanities 31, 32

Hume, David, Enquiry Concerning HumanUnderstanding 1–2, 30

humoral physiology 139, 140, 141

Hungary 82

Hurtado de Mendoza, Pedro, S.J. 261,263, 265

Hutcheson, Francis 264

hylomorphism 64

hypostases, Ficino’s theory of 214

Iamblichus 78, 81, 84, 85, 92, 147, 150, 163

Ibn Bajja see Avempace

Ibn O ufayl 115Ibn Rushd see Averroes

Ibn Sına see Avicenna

iconoclasm, Protestant 247

Idealism, German 173Ideas, Ficino’s 155

ideologies, reifying 30

idolatry 148, 156, 164Ignatius of Loyola xiv

images, astrological 148, 151, 159, 164

imagination 292

(phantasmata) 116, 118, 120, 122and phantasy 214, 216

prophecy by will-power and 121–5

immortality of the soul xiv, 8, 35, 37, 38, 41,

62, 65, 66, 74, 76, 211–29anamnesis idea 75

Averroism and 118, 120, 217–19

debate and Hispanic scholasticism 227–9debate in the Renaissance 120, 211–13, 229

defined by Fifth Lateran Council (1513) xiv

Descartes and 228–9

Epicurean denial of 102, 104, 106Ficino and 213–17

and medieval scholasticism 212

as neutrum problema 222

Pomponazzi and 219–23Telesio on 274, 282

I N D E X

413






immortality of the soul (cont.)

Vernia and 217–19

‘‘impossible objects’’ 257, 263, 265, 266

Index of Prohibited Books xv, xvi, 5, 238,274, 278

indexes, alphabetical 294, 295, 296, 297,

299, 300author 298

subject 298

induction, and deduction 66, 276

infinity of the divine, Cusanus’ 182–8infinity of the universe 106, 175, 276, 280, 283

information management 294

information revolution

fifteenth-century 294, 338modern 344

Inquisition xiii, xv, 5, 27, 34, 226, 278, 282

debate on predetermination 261see also Index of Prohibited Books

intellect

Aristotle on the 221

Biagio’s idea 213Ficino on the 214, 217, 224

intellectus agens, vs. intellectuspossibilis 221

limitations of the human 247Platonic degrees of the 224

plurality of in Vernia 217, 218

unicity of the xiii, 114, 115–21, 212,

216, 343use of term 223

or will 42

intellectual history, and Renaissancephilosophy 338–41

international law 5, 251, 258

inventories, written or printed 296, 297

Isidore of Seville 289Etymologies 258

Islam 4

sharia 34

and Western society 342Israeli, Isaac 218

Book of Definitions 215

Italian 91Tuscan as standard for written 91

Italos, John 79

Italy

Arabic–Latin translation movement 113city-states 320, 325, 328

civic universities 39

communes 324

education system 13ethical teaching 312

humanist movement in northern 4, 17, 193

Latin literature 30

Louis XII of France invades ( 1494) xiii

publication of first book in ( 1465) xiiischolasticism in universities 4–5

university teachers of the humanities 31

ius gentium (law of nations) 250, 251, 254,255, 258, 266

Izquierdo, Sebastian 262

Pharus scientiarum 263

Jack, Gilbert 264

Jaeger, Werner 307

James, William 31

Jandun, John of xii, 36, 37, 44, 45, 117commentaries on Aristotle 61

Japan 256, 341

Jaspers, Karl 173Javelli, Crisostomo 62, 226, 304, 308

biography 350

Jerome, Saint, Erasmus’ edition 243

Jesuit Order 61, 226education 50, 256, 291

founded xiv

Ratio studiorum xvi

suppression (1773) 267Jesuits 250

Aristotelianism 278

early philosophy 254

ethical curriculum 311, 313later Renaissance philosophy 261, 262–3

in New World 264, 265

vs. Dominicans 261, 310Jesus Christ 100

Jews, expulsion from Spain (1492) xiii

Job 100

John of St. Thomas see Poinsot, JoaoJohn XXII, Pope 37

Judaism 4

judgment

accountability for failures in 212suspension of 107, 203, 242

Junta de Vallodolid 254

Jupiter (Jean [de Clacy]) 16jurisprudence 33, 251

just war 251–4, 255, 259, 266

ius ad bellum 253

ius in bello 253justice 315

civic 327

princely 321, 323, 324, 331, 332, 334, 335

and property 331and rule of reason 330

I N D E X

414






justification

biblical terms for 244

doctrine of 237, 245, 248

Justinian 20

Kant, Immanuel 173, 177

Gegenstand u berhaupt and Nichtsdoctrines 266

Keckermann, Bartholomew 264

Kepler, Johannes 173, 246

Kircher, Athanasius 256Knebel, Sven 261

knowledge

Cartesian view of 246

explosion 294impossibility of exact 107, 179, 183

learned ignorance 87, 173, 174, 177, 182,

183, 189limits of human 67, 177, 189

‘‘middle’’ 260, 266

organizations of 9, 287–300

‘‘poetic’’ or productive 288the problem of 3

reliability of 109, 289, 339

self-restriction in scientific method 177

sources examined 241Koran 179

Koyre, Alexandre 173, 175, 187

Kraye, Jill x, 7, 97–110

Krebs, Niklas see Nicholas of CusaKristeller, Paul Oskar 31, 48, 49

Kues 173, 178, 182

Kunstkammer 297, 303

La Bruyere, Jean de 1

La Croix du Maine 299

Lachmann, Karl 56Lambin, Denis 52, 53, 106, 307

Landino, Cristoforo 22, 23, 25, 82

biography 350

commentary on the Divine Comedy 103language

humanist study of texts in original 4, 51,

193, 243naturally or conventionally significant 193,

196, 201

philosophy of 5, 7, 8, 15

purity of morals and purity of 305scholastic study of 193, 194

Las Casas, Bartolome de, O.P. 67, 254

Lateran Council

Fourth ( 1215), use of term‘‘transubstantiation’’ 237

Fifth (1513) xiv, 219, 222

Latin

Ciceronian 83

in elementary schools 14, 288and Greek 53, 289

humanistic classical 17, 31, 32, 46, 52, 194,

195, 197, 305medieval 32, 194

as a metalanguage 194, 197

syntax 15

translations of Arabic philosophy 113, 129,134(App.)

translations of Aristotle 51

translations of Plato 75, 91

word order 15Latin America 250, 341

Latini, Brunetto, Livres dou tre sor 320

Latomus 193, 205law 34, 289

agrarian 321

defined as an ‘‘ordinance of reason’’ 254

humanistic 4linguistic basis of 195

philosophy of 256, 257

Roman 321, 327, 329

scholastic study of 33twelfth-century 33

‘‘learned ignorance,’’ Cusanus’ see Nicholas

of Cusa

Lefevres d’Etaples, Jacques 52, 57, 65,193, 292

on the Ethics and the Bible 309, 313

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 3, 91, 176, 261,263, 339

Leipzig, University of 57

Leo X, Pope 223

Lessius, Leonard 263De iustitia et iure ceterisque virtutibus

cardinalibus 263

Levi-Strauss, Claude 300

Leys, Leonard see Lessius, LeonardLi Chih Tsao 256

Liber XXIV philosophorum 188

liberal arts 288, 289liberty

and virtue 325–8

see also freedom

librariescatalogs 298, 299

institutional 297

private 51, 61, 182, 297

public 51, 61, 182Lily, William 328

I N D E X

415






Linacre, Thomas 55, 328

Lines, David A. x, 8, 304–16

linguistics, Hispanic missionaries and 267

Linnaeus, Carolus 295Lipsius, Justus xiv

biography 351

Manuductio ad Stoicam philosophiamxvi, 102

On Constancy in Times of Public Calamityxv, 101

Physical Theory of the Stoics 102Physiologia Stoicorum xvi, 105

literary criticism, and Aristotle’s Poetics 66

literature 6, 7, 32

of courts and Platonism 7humanist 32, 46

Platonism in 7, 91

Roman 4, 15study of non-Christian 39, 44, 342

Livy xiv

Llull, Ramon 263

Locke, John 1, 193logic 7, 13, 288, 289

and Arabic philosophy 114, 115

Aristotelian xiv, 17, 35, 62, 254, 255, 263

humanist rhetorical 4, 20, 45, 194informal 194

medieval 193

Mexican 264

new 5Ramus’ proposed reform of curriculum

50, 291

rhetorical and dialectical 63scholastic 4

the teaching of 17, 20

Lohr, Charles H. 49

Lombard, Peter 14Sentences 212, 310

Louis XII of France xiii

Louvain, trilingual colleges 299

lovein ethics 315

Ficino’s theory of 88–90, 92

medieval courtly tradition 90Platonic 26, 90, 310

Low Countries 298

Lucretius 46, 104, 305

Bracciolini’s rediscovery of xiiEpicurean theory of the soul’s

mortality 214

On the Nature of Things 104, 106

publication of 1st complete edn (1486) xiiiLugo, Juan de 261, 263

Luther, Martin xiii, xiv, 108, 207, 224, 234,

236, 241

95 Theses xiv, 234

on Aquinas 236on Aristotle and the scholastics 236, 237

debates with Erasmus 108, 243, 244

on ‘‘implicit faith’’ 240on original sin 238, 309

scholastic background 243, 245

on transubstantiation 238

on Valla 244voluntarism 245

Lutheranism 65, 235, 241, 263

curriculum 309

Lyons 55, 265

Machiavelli, Niccolo xiii, 46, 331–3, 339

biography 351Discourses on Livy xiv, 332

Istorie Fiorentine 332

The Prince xiv, 27, 332

MacIntyre, Alasdair 340Macrobius 13, 218

Maestlin, Michael 270

Magellan, Ferdinand xiv

Magi 85, 163magic xiii, 6, 21, 137–65, 339, 344

astrology and medicine 143, 147–65

and Christianity 148, 149, 156

evaluating 149, 165, 489 (Fig 8.3)Ficino’s philosophical theory of 137–65

Ficino’s revival of ancient 7, 89, 151

natural or demonic 149, 158and Platonic dialogue 8

and religion 8, 164

talismanic and musical 146

magistrates 320, 327, 331magnetism, and Aristotelianism 63

Maimonides, Moses 183

Maio, Giuniano, De maiestate 323

Mair, John 67, 304Malebranche, Nicholas 1, 228, 247

Recherche de la verite 229

Manderscheid, Ulrich von 178Manetti, Giannozzo 51, 100, 107

dialogue (1438) 100

Life of Socrates and Seneca xiii, 99

Mantino, Jacopo, translations of Averroes114, 115, 129

Mantua 20, 225, 323

manuals for instruction of monks 289

manuscriptscollections of notes 293

I N D E X

416






copying 26, 54

headings in collections 294

investigation of tradition 55

scholastic 294variant 55, 307

Mariana, Juan de, De rege et regisinstitutione 260

Mariano da Pistoia 23

Marliani, Giovanni 153

marriage

‘‘Pauline privilege’’ 252prohibition of miscegenation 258

Marsilius of Padua xii

Marsuppini, Carlo 82, 306

Marsuppini, Carlo, the younger 24Martin of Dacia 16

Martin le Maıtre 311

Martini, Jacob 263Marxist humanism 31

Mas, Diego 261

Metaphysica disputatio de ente et eiusproprietatibus 261

materialism xii, 38

mathematics 3, 288, 290, 299

certainty of 66

Cusanus’ 173, 176, 182, 187, 189Greek texts 291

Pythagorean 216

‘‘sensible’’ 301

status of 289, 291matter, Telesio’s theory of 272

Matthias ‘‘Corvinus’’ Hunyadi, king of

Hungary 82Mauro, Sylvester 263

Mazzoni, Jacopo 64

‘‘mean speed theorem’’ 67

mechanical arts 289, 290, 292, 299mechanical philosophy 3, 238, 247

mechanics 67

media via theory 127

Medici 24, 27, 82, 138expelled from Florence (1494) xiii

patronage 82, 332

return to Florence (1513) xivMedici, Cosimo de’, the Elder 80, 82, 98,

143, 213

Medici, Giuliano de’, the Magnificent 21, 23

Medici, Lorenzo de’ xiii, 22, 82, 142medicine 288, 289, 299

Arabic translations 114

and astrology 142, 147–65

Galenic 109humanist 4

and magic 147–65

philosophy and physiology 137– 42

and Platonism 7

scholastic study of 33, 40, 137separate faculty established in Italy 35

study of Aristotle as prerequisite 35

Mehmed II xiiimelancholy 139, 140, 142

four types 141

Melanchthon, Philipp 121, 193, 205, 207,

227, 241biography 351

on the Ethics 309

memory 292, 295, 302

mendicant orders 34Mercado, Tomas de 264

Suma de tratos y contratos 264

‘‘Mercurius’’ see HermesMersenne, Marin 228

Merton College, Oxford (fourteenth

century) 290

Merton School 291Calculatores 67

Mesue 129

metaphysics 1, 7, 8, 13, 45, 250, 256, 288, 289

Arabic 126Aristotelian 18

debates 125, 211

Ficino’s 88, 156

Hispanic 263Neoplatonic 156, 218

scholastic 4

status of 271, 289, 291, 311the teaching of 18

and theology 275

transcendentals and supertranscendentals 265

Valla’s reform of Aristotelian–scholastic195, 198

metempsychosis 213

method 339, 340

Aristotelian conception of 292of classifying ‘‘facts’’ 294

dialectical 291

didactic 19inductive and deductive 66, 276

question-commentary scholastic 57, 58, 73

scientific 177

sixteenth-century debates on 313unifying the disciplines by a single 292

Metochites, Theodore 60

Mexico 264

Spanish conquest of xivUniversity of 253

I N D E X

417






Michel de Marbais 16

Michelangelo 90

Michelozzi, Niccolo 22, 23, 24, 25

Middle Ages 7, 107Arabic philosophy in the 113

scholastics and pagan philosophy 236

Milan 326Collegio Canobiano 310

mind–body problem 88, 139, 339

Mirabelli, Domenico Nanni, Polyanthea 302

miracles 65, 124Avicenna’s explanation of 115, 123

celestial phenomena as 271

Protestant skepticism about 247, 271

Mirandolano, Antonio Bernardi 314, 315miscellanies 294

missionaries, Catholic 341

Hispanic scholastic 267Mithridates, Flavius, translation of

Cabalists xiii

modern philosophy 3, 8, 248

assumptions of 340–1cosmology and 285

early 246–8

and Hispanic philosophy 266

lessons from the past 341–5Nicholas of Cusa and 173–89

modernity 8

Moerbeke, William of 52, 73, 305

translations of Proclus 174Molina, Luis de, SJ xiv, 260–1, 262, 266

and Banez 261

biography 351Concordia liberi arbitrii . . . 260

De iustitia et iure 261

monads, and henads 156

monarchy 259, 324, 325, 332monism, ontological 281

monotheism, Hellenistic 80

Montaigne, Michel de xiv, 6, 46, 125, 242, 342

biography 352Essays xv

on Pyrrhonism 110

on skepticism 243on Stoicism 101

Montpellier 114

moral education 315

moral philosophy 1, 8, 13, 21applied to economic life 263, 264, 305,

314, 343

Aristotelian 18–19, 42, 304–16

and Ficino’s magic 149Hispanic 250

humanist 2, 8, 44, 45, 46, 304–6

Protestant critique of pagan 247

scholastic 304

status of 311, 314Stoic 99

and theology 19, 309, 310

university teaching of 306see also ethics

morality

Aristotelian and Christianity 62

of conquests 5, 67, 251–4of slavery 5, 259, 261, 325

Moran, Dermot xi, 5, 8, 173–89

Morawski, John 263

Morcillo, Sebastian Fox 64More, Henry 278

More, Thomas xiii, 46, 328, 329, 342

biography 352Utopia xiv, 105, 329–31

‘‘Mosaic philosophy’’ 242

Moses 85, 150, 242, 292

motionof celestial bodies 270, 273

modern science of 285

Muret, Marc-Antoine 19, 306, 307, 308

music 6, 7, 21Ficino’s therapeutic use of 89, 145, 147,

158, 161, 162

myrobalans 138 (Fig. 8.1), 142, 143, 145,

149, 151mysticism 6, 74, 87, 177

Naldi, Naldo 22, 23, 25Nantes, Edict of (1598) xvi

Naples

Academia Secretorum Naturae 21

Academy 20, 21natural history 299

organization of facts in 293–6

natural law 252, 255, 257, 262, 264

harmony with divine law 34natural philosophy 6, 13, 17, 21, 45, 246,

338, 339

Aristotelian 35, 40, 60, 137, 254, 255experience in 256

experimental 247

and Ficino’s magic 149

and immortality of the soul 218influence of Arabic philosophy 7

late medieval 67

later natural science 18, 93

and mathematics 66and medicine 140

I N D E X

418






Patrizi’s 275

scholastic 4

status of 314

the teaching of 17, 20Telesian system 271, 281

and theology 37

and unicity of the intellect 120naturalism 67, 92

nature

and cosmology 271, 285

demystification of 9, 247direct observation of 281

and magic 160

mathematics applied to 3

power over 5stability of 278, 284

‘‘theatre of’’ 296

Nauta, Lodi xi, 8, 193–207navigation 291

Near East 113

necessity, and freedom 3

‘‘negative theology’’ 74, 87, 175, 183, 186Nelson, Eric xi, 319–35

neo-Kantianism 3

Neoplatonism 5, 35, 62, 64, 78, 150, 177,

180, 185, 226Christian 182, 309

cosmology 225

magic 137, 147, 156, 163

‘‘new philosophers’’ ( novatores) 2, 3, 5, 285,341, 343

New Spain xiv

New TestamentErasmus’ Greek edition xiv, 243, 328

mistranslation of Greek 237

Valla’s notes on 243

New World 251, 254, 338, 341Hispanic philosophy in the 264–7

Jesuits in 264, 265

Newton, Isaac 278

Niccoli, Niccolo 75, 181Nicholas of Cusa xii, 3, 5, 8, 87, 173–89, 225,

339, 342, 343

Apologia doctae ignorantiae 174, 175, 181,183, 184, 185

Arithmeticum complementum 179

biography 178–80, 352–3

the coincidence of contradictories 176, 188–9De aequalitate 179, 183

De apice theoriae 180

De beryllo 174, 175, 179, 180, 181,

184, 189De concordantia catholica 173

De coniecturis 177, 178, 179, 182, 183,

184, 185, 188, 189

De correctione calendarii 173

De cribatione Alchorani 179De Deo abscondito 178

De docta ignorantia xii, 173, 174, 176, 178,

181, 187, 188De Genesi 183

De li non aliud 174, 179, 182

De ludo globi 180

De mathematicis complementis 179De pace fidei 179

De possest 176, 183, 185, 187, 189

De principio 179

De sapientia 179De staticis experimentis 179

De venatione sapientiae 180, 183

De visione dei 179, 183on Dionysius 174, 175

Idiota de mente 179, 181, 185, 186

In principio erat verbum 178

and the infinity of the divine 182–8‘‘learned ignorance’’ 173, 174, 177, 182,

183, 184, 189

on perspective 176, 177, 182

and philosophy 180–2Quadratura circuli 179

Reformatio generalis 179

Transmutationes geometricae 179

Trialogus de possest 179Nifo, Agostino xiii, 38, 50, 59, 60, 64, 66,

114, 225

on Averroes 117, 119biography 353

commentaries on Aristotle’s De anima 225

commentary on Averroes’ commentaries

114, 115On the Intellect 119

on spontaneous generation 127

treatise on immortality (1518) 121

Nizolio, Mario 63nominalism 4, 181, 199, 221, 227, 263, 265

non-Aristotelian philosophies see ‘‘new

philosophers’’Nonus 196

Nores, Giason de 306

North Africa 113

note-taking 293, 294numbers, Cusanus on 178, 179, 181, 187

numerology 6

Nunes, Pedro 53, 56, 57, 63

Nuremberg 309Nuzzi, Bernardo 25

I N D E X

419






objectivity 266

objects, the organization of 296–9

Ockham, William of 2, 199, 245, 258, 339

on faith and reason 245Ockhamism 18, 38, 64, 199

Oculus pastoralis (Anon.) 320

Oeconomica (pseudo-Aristotelian) 50, 305,312, 315

Olivi, Peter John 35

O’Meara, Dominic J. 95

ontology 256Ficino’s hierarchy 86, 87

form-based 76, 125–9

term first coined 264

optics 290oratory 196, 201, 202, 204, 305

example in 202

order, via scholastic education 33, 34Origen, Vox spiritualis 190

original sin 238

ornithology 296

Orpheus 4, 85, 89, 275Orphic Hymns 89

otherness (Cusa) 177, 183, 186, 187, 188

Oveido, Francisco de 262

Integer cursus philosophicus 262Ovid 15

Oxford University

anti-Greek sentiment 328

teaching of ethics 312twelfth century 33

Pace, Giulio 52, 53, 55Pace, Richard 328

Padua 14, 66, 319, 322

medical school 137

Padua University xiii, 4, 18, 19, 38, 49, 58, 60,68, 129, 178, 219, 275, 306, 308, 313

Averroism at 114, 117, 218

centre of scholastic philosophy 218

humanism 181reactions to Averroism 217–19

Scotism at 127

pagan philosophy 341relationship to Christianity 98, 338

scholastic study of 34, 236

painting 290, 291

Palace Academy 21paleography 56

Pannartz, Arnold xiii

pansophy 295

papal authority 251, 260and universities 34

papal bull

Apostolici regiminis 219

excommunicating Luther 234

Paracelsus 246Parenti, Marco 25

Paris 55

Paris, University of 16, 18, 44, 58,116, 117

College de Montaigu 67

ethics and theology 311

Ramus’ proposed reform of logiccurriculum 50

twelfth century 33

Pascal, Blaise 125, 247

Pasqual, Bartolome 57Patrizi, Francesco xiv, 5, 8, 62, 67, 275– 8,

339, 341

biography 353De regno 323

Discussiones peripateticae 275

Nova de universis philosophia xv, xvi,

275–8Objectiones 273

patronage 24, 27, 52, 54, 81, 82, 129, 287,

291, 299

royal to universities 34Paul, Saint 87, 92, 101, 177, 182, 236

forged correspondence with Seneca 99, 100

Paul III, Pope xiv, 91

Paul IV, Pope 285Paul of Venice xvi, 38, 66

Averroism 117

biography 353Compendium of Natural Philosophy 117

Logica 17

Logica parva 193

and the unicity of the intellect thesis 117Pavia xii

Pazzi conspiracy 143

Peasants’ War (1524–6) 240

Pelacani, Biagio of Parma see Biagio Pelacanida Parma

Pelagianism 245, 248

Penafiel, Alonso de 265Penafiel, Ildefonso 264, 265

Cursus integri philosophici 265

Penafiel, Leonardo 264, 265

commentary on Aristotle’sMetaphysics 265

Pendasio, Federico 59

Pereira, Benito 227, 256, 314

De communibus omnium rerum naturaliumprincipiis et affectionibus 256

I N D E X

420






Pererius, (Perera) Benedictus see Pereira,

Benito

Perez, Antonio 261

Perion, Joachim 52, 59, 307biography 354

De optimo genere interpretandi 53

Peripatetics 104, 109, 121, 124, 127, 216,272, 285

Aristotelian 275

astronomy 273

Cusanus on the 180‘‘library’’ 61

Persia 137, 341

Persio, Antonio, On NaturalPhenomena 271

perspective 176, 177, 182, 291

Peru 265

Peter of Spain, Summulae logicales 17, 264Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) xii, 3, 4, 9, 14,

30, 31, 37, 51, 304

on Augustine 46, 48


critique of scholasticism 35, 39–45

on Epicureanism 103

as father of humanism 39, 45on Latin 197

Memorable Matters 103

On His Own Ignorance and That of ManyOthers xii, 39–45, 72–4, 107

on Plato and Aristotle 62, 63, 275


Remedies for Good and Bad Fortune 100Secretum 26

on virtue and eloquence 44, 342

Petrus Helias 16

phantasy 214, 216, 221, 225pharmacology 299

Ficino’s 141, 142, 145, 156

Philolaus 85

philology 54, 56, 339classical 6, 15, 19, 20, 21, 339

and ethics 306

and Greek 307humanist 55, 212

and philosophy 19, 45, 292

Philoponus, John xiii, xiv, 18

commentaries on Aristotle 60, 61, 274, 308Corollarium de loco 274

philosophers

‘‘conversational partners’’ with the past

3, 339duty re Plato 78

philosophy

as an academic discipline 13–15

autonomy of 3, 37, 39

Averroist view 37, 38as a body of doctrines 9, 248, 344

as a civil science 344

classifications of 288compared with theology 36, 65

concord of faith with 213

conflation with theology 309

continuity in 2, 8and the crisis of religion 234–48

defining 5–6

fifteenth-century 3, 4

as handmaiden of theology 37, 344humanist conception of 45–6

Hume’s taxonomy of contemporary 1

impact of the Reformation on 9, 238,247, 344

institutionalization of 73

as learning in general 6, 13

linguistic basis of 195as magic 6

as a master science 6

physiology and medicine 137–42

pluralism of perspectives 344as psychic therapy 6, 7, 344

purpose debated 72

and the reform of doctrine 235–9

relationship to religious belief 3, 41, 343,344; see also faith and reason

relationship to theology 3, 37, 79, 222, 239,

245, 339, 340Renaissance 338–45

seventeenth-century 3

sixteenth-century 3

Socratic conception of 99speculative and practical branches 288, 314

study at different levels of curricula 8

and the teaching of grammar 15–17

transmission of thought 26–7varieties of new 242

as a way of life 42, 247, 344

see also ancient philosophy; Arabicphilosophy; Hellenistic philosophy;

Hispanic philosophy; modern

philosophy; moral philosophy; natural

philosophy; pagan philosophyphysics 13, 288, 289

Aristotelian xvi, 67, 250

atomist 106

Campanella’s 282and certain knowledge (scientia) 289

I N D E X

421






physics (cont.)

experience in 256

and medicine 140

modern conceptions of space and time in 274new 5, 27

status of 291

physiologyhumoral 139, 140, 141

philosophy and medicine 137–42

principle of balance 140, 141

Picatrix 153, 164Piccolomini, Francesco 307, 308, 313

biography 354

Pico della Mirandola, Gianfrancesco 63, 64,

108, 110, 225, 227, 275, 341biography 354

Disputations against DivinatoryAstrology 108

Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni xiii, 5, 27, 48,

60, 82, 129, 179, 225, 342

900 Theses xiii, 27

biography 355Oration on the Dignity of Man xiii, 182

on unicity of the intellect 343

Pietro da Muglio 14

Pio, Alberto, Prince of Carpi 60Pisa University 138, 306

statute on Aristotle ( 1499) 56

pity, Stoic view of 101

Pius V, Pope xvplagiarism 129, 275

plague, treatises on the (1347) 142

planetsaspects of the 157

astral song 162

healing taxonomy 161 (Fig. 8.9)

and pleasures 144 (Fig. 8.2)synodi ex mundis 280

plants

catalogs of 294

compendia of 296humanist identification of 293

modern classification systems 295

Platina, De principe 323Plato 14, 20, 46, 150, 174, 179, 343

–Aristotle controversy 72, 77, 81, 217,

310, 314

Academy 78, 107Apology 174

commonwealth 329

comparatio between Aristotle and 62,

79, 80Cratylus 208

Crito 174

dialogues 26, 50, 73, 76, 78, 83, 91

Ficino’s commentaries on 81

Ficino’s Latin translation of xiiiLaws 174, 330

Meno 73

Parmenides 174, 175, 186Proclus’ commentary on 73, 175

Phaedo 73, 174

trans. by Bruni 75–7

Phaedrus 174, 228Republic 174, 310, 330

cave imagery 87

Seventh Letter 174

Symposium 26Theaetetus 83

Timaeus 13, 41, 73

works of 74–7, 305Platonism 4, 5, 21, 147, 174, 177, 242,

275, 341

ancient Latin accounts of 36

Augustine and 43Byzantine support for 80

challenge to Aristotelian tradition 49,

50, 62

Christian xv, 174, 182, 216and Christianity 41, 44, 72, 74, 78, 91, 175,

222, 308, 310

concord with Aristotelianism 64, 79, 308

Dionysian 5Florentine xv, 25

medieval 73, 236, 309

Middle 35Proclan 5, 86

revival 7, 27, 72–93, 270, 343

scholastic 78, 227

pleasureand Christian self-denial 315

Epicurean doctrine of 102, 103, 104,

105, 315

planets and 144 (Fig. 8.2)through the senses 144

and virtue 315

Pleiade 21Pletho (usual name of Georgius Gemistus)

62, 80, 225

attack on Latin Aristotelianism 213

biography 355on differences between Plato and

Aristotle 80

Plotinus 78, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 137, 147,

150, 343Enneads 84, 86, 95

I N D E X

422






Ficino’s Latin translation xiii, 148, 164

on magic 153, 156

Plutarch 54, 98

podesta (magistrate) 320, 327poetry 6

and ethics 313

vernacular 82, 313Poggio, Bracciolini 104

Poinsot, Joao (John of St. Thomas) 261, 262

Cursus philosophicus thomisticus 262

Cursus theologicus 262political philosophy

English 328–31

Petrarchan 319–23

Renaissance 319–35Roman 320

utopian 329–31

politics 6, 7, 8, 288, 339ethics and economics 305, 314, 315

new 5, 6, 8, 27

power in 259, 260, 267

and the Reformation 235–45Poliziano, Angelo xiii, 19, 22, 23, 25, 57, 58,

61, 82

biography 355

Introduction to Logic (Praelectio dedialectica) 58

Lamia 58

manuscript tradition investigation 55

moral philosophy 306Panepistemon 290

on philosophy 86

on Sextus Empiricus 108Pomponazzi, Pietro xiii, xiv, 3, 4, 27, 31, 38,

60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 306

biography 356

collection of treatises (1525) 226commentary on Aristotle’s De anima 224

commentary on Averroes’ commentary on

the Metaphysics 114

Defensorium against Nifo 226On the Causes of Natural Effects 124

On the Immortality of the Soul xiv, 62, 104,

120, 219–23reactions to his views on immortality of the

soul 223–7, 228

on spontaneous generation 128

and unicity of the intellect thesis 117, 119,120, 225

Pomponio Leto 21

Pontano, Giovanni Giovano 21

De principe 323Popkin, Richard 340

Porphyry 60, 78, 81, 84, 92, 147

Life of Plotinus 137

‘‘Tree of’’ 198

Portugal 18, 311scholastic tradition 4

Porzio, Simone 227

positivism, scientific 31praecognita 292

pragmatics 194

pragmatism

American 31humanist 31

Prague, University of 263, 310

Prassicio, Luca 117, 120

predestination, and freedom of the will260, 262

Prenninger, Martin (Martinus Uranius) 182

Presocratics xv, 36, 275prince, the problem of the 319–35

printing

effects of 26, 54, 61, 287, 299, 307,

338, 342of historical material 294

introduction to Italy 173

invention of (c. 1440) xiii, 3, 9, 51

Priscian 13, 195probability theory 266

Problemata (pseudo-Aristotelian) 50

Proclus 78, 84, 86, 91, 214

commentary on Euclid 291Commentary on Plato’s Parmenides 73,

174, 175

Elements of Theology 36, 174influence on Cusa 174, 175, 179, 182, 186

Platonic Theology 84, 178

translation by Balbus 174

tract on magic 147, 156, 161property

abolition of private 330

and justice 331

private 321, 323prophecy

Avicenna on 114, 121–5

by imagination and will-power 121–5testimony of 36

Protagoras 179, 203

Protestantism 9, 276

churches and sects 338humanism and scholasticism 243–5, 291

individual interpretation of scripture 240

and justification 237

and philosophy 344Reformation 234–48

I N D E X

423






Protestantism (cont.)

and skepticism 246

Protestants

civil rights and religious liberty inFrance xvi

first use of term xiv

and transubstantiation issue 238Psellos, Michael 60, 79

pseudo-Aristotelian works 50

psychology 5, 7, 8, 38, 45, 227, 255

influence of Arabic philosophy onRenaissance 7

scholastic 4

trinitarian 340

Ptolemy 146, 153Pyrrho of Elis 107

Pyrrhonian skepticism 2, 97, 98, 107, 108,

109, 110, 242Pythagoras 85, 151, 176, 218

Pythagoreans 63, 181, 216

quadrivium 176, 288question-commentary scholastic method 57,

58, 73

Quintilian 51, 52, 196, 197, 202, 204,

205, 344Institutio oratoria 203

list of topics 206

Quiros, Antonio Bernaldo de 262

Opus philosophicum 263quotations, collections of 295

Radulphus Brito 16Raimondi, Cosma 107

Defence of Epicurus 104

Ramelow, Tilman 261

Ramism 292Ramus, Petrus xiv, xv, 17, 63, 193, 205

Aristotelicae animadversiones xiv

biography 356

diagrams 292, 295Dialectique 17

proposed reform of logic curriculum

50, 291Randall, John Herman 49, 66

Ratio studiorum xvi

rationalism, Enlightenment 31, 63, 228

rationality, historically contingent formsof 340

rays 157

realism

humanistic 31philosophical 200

reason

archeologizing of modern 340

Augustine’s definition 215

beings of 257, 264, 265Cusanus on 178, 184, 185, 189

and eternal truth 227

and faith 36, 38, 68, 223, 245, 345and justice 330

limitations of 242, 246

and original sin 238

and plurality of beliefs 241superiority of 292

vs. imagination 123

reasoning

sorites, paradoxes and dilemmas 203truth conditions and inference 194, 202

Reformation xiv

Catholic 3impact on philosophy 9, 246–8, 312

Protestant 3, 234–48

Radical 235, 241

see also Counter-ReformationReformed Church 235

Reisch, Gregor

biography 356

Margarita philosophica 13, 292religion 7

and Arabic philosophy 7

crises of authority 234–48, 276

false better than no 106and magic 8, 164

naturalness of 226

and Platonism 7relationship with philosophy 3, 41, 234–48,

343, 344

Remigius of Auxerre 14

Renaissanceculture and the philosopher 13–27

High 8


twelfth century 16republic 253, 258, 260, 332

use of philosophy in respublica 344

republicanism 8, 319, 338Greek tradition 328–31

neo-Roman tradition 324–8

origins 324

resurrection of the body 37, 89Reuchlin, Johannes 225

revelation 36

Rhazes 142, 151

rhetoric 6, 17, 32, 44, 288Agricola on 205, 207

I N D E X

424






antistrephon (conversio) 203

compared with dialectic 206, 207

ethics and 305, 306

humanist and logic 44invention in 202, 203

medieval tradition 31

and philosophy 48textbooks on 205, 207

rhetorical schools, Roman 22

Ricasoli, Bindaccio dei 24, 82

Ricci, Matteo, S.J. 256Ricci, Paolo 128, 129

Riccobono, Antonio 53

rights

of Amerindians 253, 259of Christians in war 259

of citizens to resist tyranny 260

individual subjective 267of ius gentium 258

Protestant in France xvi

of Spaniards in New World 251

Rinuccini, Alamanno 25Robortello, Francesco 306

Roman Empire 97, 197, 204

fall of the 32

Roman law 321, 329Digest 321

Rome

Academy 20, 21

Accademia dei Lincei 21Jesuit College 19, 66, 182, 256, 291

La Sapienza 278

respublica 325, 326University of 19, 306

Ronsard, Pierre de 92

Rorty, Richard 339, 340

Rosselli, Tiberio see Russiliano, TiberioRoutledge History of Philosophy 7Royal Society 246

Rubio, Antonio 264

Logica mexicana 264studies of Aristotle’s works 265

Rucellai Gardens 90

rulershipprincely 320, 322, 331

medieval concept of 8

Russia, academies 21

Russiliano, Tiberio 128

Sacchi, Bartolomeo see Platina

sacraments 84

reduction in number of 247use of biblical terms 244

‘‘Sacred Academy of the Medici’’ 90

St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre ( 1572) xv,

292, 334

Salamanca xiv, 254, 264, 311Cate dra de Prima of theology 250,

251, 261

Sallust, Bellum Catilinae 325, 326,327, 332

Salutati, Coluccio 14, 75, 213

on Averroes 119

letter (1403) 107The Labors of Hercules 103

Sanches, Francisco 6, 63

biography 357

Quod nihil scitur xv, 109Santiago 250, 265

Sartre, Jean-Paul 31

Savonarola, Girolamo 108, 310Scaino, Antonio 309

Scala, Bartolomeo 25, 101, 107

letter (1458) 98

Scaliger, Joseph 297Scaliger, Julius Caesar, on Aristotle’s

Meteorologica 64

Sceve, Maurice

De lie, Object of the Highest Virtue 92Microcosme 92

Scheibler, Christoph, Opus metaphysicum 263

Schiller, F. C. S. 31

Schleiermacher, Friedrich 78Schmitt, Charles 49, 54, 64, 65

Renaissance Philosophy 7Schmutz, Jacob 261Scholarios, George 80

scholasticism 4–5, 8, 72, 341

and Arabic philosophy 114, 121, 127

classification of disciplines 289ethics 304–16

as a form of education 33, 267, 342

Hispanic 8, 227–9, 250–67, 342

and humanism 7, 8, 193–5humanist critique of 39–45, 338, 344

Iberian outside of Iberia 263–4

and medicine 137medieval 4, 212

and pagan philosophy 236

and Platonism 35, 227

and Protestantism 243–5, 246, 291question-commentary method 57, 58, 73

simpliciter and secundum quiddistinction 220

Spanish Counter-Reformation 251see also Scotism; Thomism

I N D E X

425






schools

abacus 14

elementary 14

ethical teaching in 313French 15

Italian 14

Jesuit xviphilosophy as a discipline in 13– 15

role of Aristotelianism in theological 49

Roman rhetorical 22

scienceEpicurean 106

general 256

methodology and epistemology of modern

66, 177seventeenth-century 246

sciences

as control of nature 338debates about classification of the 289

divisions of the 289

scientiae mediae 289, 290, 291

‘‘tree of the’’ 292unity of the 292

scientifica (instruments of scientific

observation) 297

Scipio Africanus 24Scotism 4, 18, 21, 37, 127, 227, 244, 265

Scoto, Ottaviano and Gerolamo 60

Scotus, John Duns see Duns Scotus, John

Scotus press, Venice xivsculpture 290

Secretum secretorum (pseudo-Aristotelian) 50

Semery, Andre 263semiotics 267

Seneca 36, 45, 46, 57, 97, 98, 100, 103, 330

De clementia, Calvin’s commentary on 101

on Epicurus 103forged correspondence with St. Paul 99, 100

Lipsius’ edition 102

on Stoic philosophy 99

sensesexperience in natural philosophy 272, 281

and the intellect 109, 221

pleasures through the 144Sepulveda, Juan Gines de 67, 254

Servetus, Michael xv

Servius 195

Sextus Empiricus 98, 288, 339, 343Against the Professors 107, 110

Outlines of Pyrrhonism xv, 107, 109

Siger of Brabant 63, 116

Sigismund, duke of Austria 179signs 256, 262

Simoni, Simone 52, 53, 65

Simplicius xiii, 18, 60, 61, 64, 308

skepticism xv, 6, 30, 62, 97, 242, 339, 341

ancient 51and Catholicism 243

Christian interpretation 108, 110

and crisis of religious authority 242goal 97

humanist revival 7, 107, 246

and Protestantism 246

see also Academic skepticism; Pyrrhonianskepticism

slavery, morality of 5, 259, 261, 325

Smith, Adam 264

social mobility 287social reproduction 72

Society of Jesus see Jesuit Order

Socrates 36, 72, 107, 109, 183biography by Diogenes Laertius 99

death of 75

as founder of philosophy 99

‘‘inquiring conversation’’ see dialogues,Socratic

Soderini, Paolantonio 24

Sofianos, Michael 53

Sommervogel, Carlos, SJ 256song, Ficino’s therapeutic use of 147,

161, 162

sophistry 37, 57, 275

Soto, Domingo de, OP 254–6, 262, 266biography 357

commentary on Aristotle’s Physics 67

De iustitia et iure 254, 264soul(s)

Avicenna on 121

‘‘double’’ 225

Epicurean beliefs about 103Ficino on 89, 157, 160, 214, 219

Galen’s partition of 292

incorruptibility of 218

‘‘indeficiency’’ of 226individuation of 219

intellectual/ive 215, 218, 220, 224, 228

Israeli’s hierarchy of 218ontological status of 211, 214, 223

reward and punishment after death 35,

74, 76

‘‘second’’ 274as a subsection of form 227

transmigration of 213, 214

see also immortality of the soul

South Asia 341sovereignty 253, 333–5

I N D E X

426






space

Bruno on 280

Patrizi on 277

Telesio on 274, 281Spain

Arabic–Latin translation movement 113

conquests in New World xiv, 5, 8expulsion of Jews ( 1492) xiii

scholastic philosophy 4, 227–9, 250–67

Spanish Armada, attack on England ( 1588) xv

species 155, 159identification of new plant and animal 293

species intelligibilis 219, 221

specimens, collections of natural 296, 297, 299

speculum principis (‘‘mirror for princes’’)tradition 320, 323, 325, 328

Speyer, Diet of (1529) xiv

Spina, Bartolomeo 224Spinoza, Baruch 176, 281, 339

spirit, Ficino’s spiritus 89, 139, 157, 160, 165,

216, 339

spontaneous generation, and the ontology offorms 115, 125–9

Sprat, Thomas 246

Stahl, Daniel 263

star-casting 153, 160state

and Church 260

free 325–8

polis 259the sovereign 338

stability of the 324

statues, cult 148, 150, 156stereometry 290

Steuco, Agostino 5, 227

On Perennial Philosophy 91

Stier, Johann 266Stoicism xvi, 97, 99–102, 242, 341

and Christianity 99, 310, 315

cosmology 274

goal 97revival xv, 7, 99–102, 270

Stoics 4, 36, 62, 99, 105, 107

classification scheme 288on the emotions 100–2

stones, healing 146, 151, 152

Storchenau, Sigismund 226

Storella, Francesco 59Strabo 54

Strasbourg, Academy of 309

Strozzi, Ciriaco 306

Strozzi, Nanni 327studia generalia see universities

Sturm, Johannes 193

Suarez, Francisco, SJ xv, 121, 227, 228, 255,

256–60, 262, 265, 266

biography 357De legibus 257, 267

Defensio fidei catholicae 260

Disputationes metaphysicae 18, 125, 256,261, 266, 291

on ethics and politics 304

subject-object problem 3

sublimation 157suicide, Stoic conception of 100

superstition 2

‘‘supertranscendentals’’ doctrine 264, 265

Sweynheim, Konrad xiiiSylburg, Friedrich 55

syllogisms 17, 202

Sylvester, Pope 204symbolism 247

Synesius 147

tabula rasa 217Tacitus 327

talismans 146, 153, 156, 157, 158, 162, 164

scorpion 159 (Fig. 8.8)

taxis (or series)Neoplatonic 156, 159

solar 156

teleology 177

telescope xvi, 283, 285Telesio, Bernardino xiii, 8, 67, 271–4

biography 357

De cometis et lacteo circulo 273De rerum natura iuxta propria principia xv,

xvi, 271, 274, 281

letter to the Archbishop of Cosenza ( 1570)

274Tempier, Etienne 116

Temple, William 312

Terminalia bellerica 139

Terminalia chebula 139Tertullian 236

textbooks

on ethics 313genre of philosophical 266

Jesuit 255, 262, 313

texts

direct engagement with 57, 74editing of ancient 343

layout of 294

non-Christian 39, 44, 342

see also books; manuscriptstextual criticism, of Aristotle 54–6

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textual reconstruction 57

subjectivity of 56

Themistius xiii, 18, 61, 121

first Greek edition xivon the intellect 116, 221

Latin translations xiv

paraphrases of Aristotle’s works 59, 60,64, 126

theocracy, attack on xv

Theoderic, count of Manderscheid 178

theology 6, 13, 34, 289compared with philosophy 36, 65

conflation with philosophy 309

and ethics 311

hierarchies of Neoplatonic 163humanistic 4

and immortality of the soul debate

211, 212linguistic basis of 195

and metaphysics 275

and moral philosophy 19, 212, 309, 310

and philosophy in the Reformation 234–48relationship to philosophy 3, 37, 79, 222,

239, 245, 339, 340

scholastic debate on will or intellect 42

scholastic study of 33see also ‘‘ancient theology’’ ( prisca

theologia); ‘‘negative theology’’

Theophrastus 61, 295

theosophy 6Thiene, Gaetano da 38, 117

Thierry of Chartres 174, 185

Thomism 4, 18, 21, 222, 227, 244on God’s predetermination 260

revival of 250, 262

see also Aquinas, Saint Thomas

Tignosi, Niccolo 18, 117commentary on the Ethics 305

Timpler, Clemens, Metaphysicae systemamethodicum 264

‘‘tobacologia’’ 292Toledo, Francisco de see Toletus, Franciscus

tolerance xvi, 338, 342

Toletus, Franciscus 226, 254, 266biography 358

commentary on Aquinas’ Summa 255

Tomeo, Niccolo Leonico 58

topic headings 299subheadings 298

Tortelli, Giovanni 196

Toscanelli, Paolo 178

Toulmin, Stephen 340tracts, scholastic 73

translations

ad sensum method 52, 75

Arabic 49, 113, 114, 289, 290

Arabic via Hebrew 114, 115, 129of Aristotle (sixteenth-century) 50, 51–4, 57

availability of more accurate 52, 343

Bible 240, 243Chinese 256

Greek and Arabic of Aristotle ( c. 1125)

49, 289

humanist 4, 17, 26, 39, 52Latin of Arabic philosophy 113, 129,

134 (App.)

Latin of Aristotle 307

Latin of Greek commentaries on Aristotle60, 289, 307

Latin of Plato 75, 91

medieval 52, 52, 307philosophers’ use of 341

Protestant emphasis on 243

variants in 314

vernacular of Aristotle 307word-for-word 52, 53

transmigration of souls 213, 214

transubstantiation, doctrine of 37, 237, 245

Traversari, Ambrogio, translation ofDiogenes Laertius xii, 98, 104, 107

Travesio, Giovanni 15

treatises 26

Trebizond, George of 17, 51, 61, 62Comparatio philosophorum Platonis et

Aristotelis 80

on Plato 77–81Trent, Council of (1545–63) xiv, 238, 240,

245, 250

trilingual colleges 299

Trivium, humanist reform of the 8, 193see also grammar; logic; rhetoric

Trombetta, Antonio 37, 127, 218

truth 44, 342

theory of double 222, 223Tunstall, Cuthbert 312

tyrannicide, legitimation of 260

tyranny 252, 260, 324, 334

universities 8, 13, 18, 26, 73, 79

Aristotelianism in 49, 50, 73, 79, 97, 109,

270, 299arts faculties 17, 34, 36, 37, 39, 50, 79, 289

civic in Italy 39

conservatism 73

early 13, 33introduction of Plato into 50

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medieval statutes 299

moral philosophy teaching 306, 311–14

philosophy as a discipline in 2, 4, 13–15

Protestant 17, 18, 241, 263reformed 50

scholastic elite culture in European 33

use of Greek 341use of Latin 31

Uranius, Martinus see Martin Prenninger 182

Urbino, court of 25

utilitarianism 31utopianism 105, 329–31, 342

Valagusa, Giorgio 20

Valencia, University of 57Valenza da Ferrara, Ludovico 310

Valla, Giorgio 51

Valla, Lorenzo xii, 8, 46, 63, 193, 195–205,275, 315, 339, 341

attacks authenticity of Donation of

Constantine xii


De vero bono 26, 204

Dialecticae disputationes 17, 62

on Dionysius 174Elegantiae linguae latinae 62, 195, 201, 205

grammatical approach 195, 199, 201

humanist dialectic 193–207

notes on New Testament 243, 244On Pleasure 100, 105

Reploughing of Dialectic and Philosophyxii, 195, 198, 201, 203, 205

Sophistical Refutations 201

Valori, Niccolo 82

Varro, Marcus Terentius, Disciplinarumlibri IX 288

Vasquez, Gabriel 262

Commentariorum et disputationum inSummam sancti Thomae 262

Vatables, Francois 52, 53Venice xiii, xiv, 55, 60, 178, 278, 307

Academy 21

book burning 223Republic of 325

Vera Cruz, Alonso de 253, 264

De dominio 253

Verino Secondo, Francesco 308Vermigli, Pietro Martire 309

vernacular, use of the 82, 91, 227, 309, 313

Vernia, Nicoletto xii, 38, 47, 59, 60, 117, 219

Against Averroes 118, 119, 217–19biography 358

editions of Averroes 114

on plurality of intellects 217

Quaestio ( 1480) 118

Verona xiiiverse grammars 16

Vesalius, De fabrica humani corporis xiv

Vespucci, Giorgio Antonio 82Vettori, Francesco 27

Vettori, Pier 19, 56, 306

biography 358

Greek edition of Aristotle’s Ethics 55, 307‘‘via moderna’’ 245

Vieira, Antonio 261, 264

Vienna 310

Vieri, Francesco de’, the Younger xv, 64Vimercato, Francesco 52, 53, 117, 307

on Averroes 121, 130

biography 359Vinas, Miguel, SJ 250, 264, 265

Philosophia scholastica 265

Vincent of Beauvais

Speculum doctrinale 289Speculum maius 302

Vio, Thomas de see Cajetan, Cardinal

Virgil 15

Aeneid 206virtue 43, 103, 304, 315

Aristotelian and Christian notions 309

Aristotle on 237

and eloquence 44, 342humanist 304

and liberty 325–8, 332

and pleasure 315the problem of princely 319–24

Stoic 100, 101, 105

Visconti, Giangaleazzo 326

Viterbo, Giovanni da, De regimineprincipatum 320

Vitorio, Francisco de, OP xiv, 67, 250

on the morality of conquest and just war

251–4, 259, 266Relectio de Indis recenter inventis 251

Relectio de iure belli 251, 253

Vittorino da Feltre 20Vives, Juan Luis xiii, 62, 63, 101, 193, 205

biography 359

on immortality of the soul 227

OntheCauses of theCorruptionof theArts 99On the Origins, Schools and Merits of

Philosophy 99

vocation, religious 248

Voigt, Georg, Die Wiederbelebung . . . 30voluntarism 2, 9, 245, 246

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Wallace, William 66

war see just war

wars of religion xv, 235, 338

French (1562–98) xv, 334Weizsacker, Carl Friedrich von 174

Wenck von Herrenberg, Johannes 180

Western society, and Islamic societies 342Western thinkers, and Byzantine traditions

80, 309

Wietrowski, Maximilian 263

willdivine 245, 246, 257

freedom of the 108, 164, 244, 260, 262, 315

and happiness 315

or intellect 42prophecy by imagination and 121–5

William of Conches 13, 14

Dragmaticon philosophiae 26Wilton, Thomas 117

Wittgenstein, Ludwig 341

Wolff, Christian von 256

wordsdivine origin of 208

right usage re Valla 196

signifying things or concepts 193

world

circumnavigation of the xiv

creation by God 41

end of the 284as eternal 41, 113, 117

as eternal not created (re. Aristotle) 35, 38

not best of all possible 262transcendent World Soul (Campanella) 282

Worms, Diet of (1521) 234, 239

Xenophon 218

Zabarella, Jacopo xiv, 66, 68, 121,

291, 313

biography 359–60Zeno of Citium 99

Zimara, Marcantonio 38, 60

biography 359–60editions of Averroes 114

zoology 293, 295

Zoroaster 85, 147, 150

Zoroastrianism 4Zwinger, Theodor 309, 313, 314

Theatrum humanae vitae 295

Zwingli, Huldreich 244

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Documents

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84648-6 - The ...assets.cambridge.org/97805218/46486/index/9780521846486_index.pdf · Araujo, Francisco 261 Commentaria in universam Aristotelis