Cambridge University Press · 2020. 9. 15. · Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49619-3 — World War One 2nd Edition Index More Information © in this web service Cambridge University

Cambridge University Press978-1-108-49619-3 — World War One2nd EditionIndexMore Information

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Abadan Island, 323Abbas Hilmi II, khedive of

Egypt, 121Abbott, Tony, Australian

prime minister, 434Abdullah, emir of

Transjordan, 333, 334, 336, 403, 427

Abdülmecid II, Sunni Muslim caliph, 426

abortion, and abortion rights, 2, 174, 304

Aboukir, British cruiser, 212Abruzzi, Luigi of Savoy, duke

of the, Italian admiral, 223, 224

Abyssinia, 315, 328, 330, 331, 428

Addams, Jane, US social activist, 308

Addis Ababa, 315, 331Adenauer, Konrad, German

politician, 393Adler, Friedrich, Austrian

politician, 293, 389Adler, Viktor, Austrian

politician, 293, 312, 389Adrianople, battle of (1913),

28Adriatic Sea, 12, 19, 84, 116,

121, 123, 136, 137, 138, 140, 143, 167, 189, 203, 210, 214, 221, 223–25, 229, 237, 361, 401, 440

Aegean Sea, 17, 122, 143, 203, 360, 402, 426

aerial bombing, 4, 118, 145, 303, 307, 329, 339, 396, 440

aerial reconnaissance, 118, 126, 127, 205, 266

Africa, sub-Saharan, 102–10, 277. See under individual countries

wartime casualties in, 109African Americans, 308,

309. See United States, African Americans in

Agamemnon, British battleship, 366

Agrarian Party, Bulgarian, 401

Ahmad, Sayyid, Grand Sanusi, 329, 330, 331

aircraft, 4, 30, 106, 127, 182, 188, 231, 328, 329, 339, 350, 351, 356, 366, 368, 369, 372, 376, 377, 439. See aerial bombing; aerial reconnaissance; Online Essay 3

aircraft carrier, development of, 229, 430

Aisne River, 71, 72, 265, 268, 282

Aisne, first battle of the (1914), 72

Aisne, second battle of the (1917), 266, 269, 282

Aisne, third battle of the (1918), 354, 355

Aitken, Arthur, Brtish general, 105

al-Askary, Suleiman, Turkish general, 324

al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, ISIS leader, 428

Albania, 16, 18, 19, 137, 138, 143, 145, 202, 203, 210, 224, 225, 229, 360

Albatros D2, German airplane, 188

Albatros D3, German airplane, 266

Albert I, king of the Belgians, 19, 72, 73, 369, 370, 372, 397

Alekseev, Mikhail, Russian general, 129, 131, 132, 135, 193, 200, 202, 206, 241, 243, 250, 253, 417

Aleksei, Grand Duke, heir to Russian throne, 241

Alexander I, king of Serbia, 17Alexander Karageorgević,

Serbian crown prince, Serbian general, 75

Alexander, king of Greece, 273Alexandra, Russian empress,

164, 206Alexandria, 124, 329Algeria, 24Ali Dinar, sultan of Darfur,

330, 331Allenby, Sir Edmund, British

general, 184, 185, 265, 336, 338, 339, 340

Alps, 11, 116, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 278, 280

al-Qaddafi, Muammar, Libyan leader, 428

Alsace, 52, 66, 72Alsace-Lorraine, 8, 14, 64, 65,

137, 236, 376, 392, 394, 413

in Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 259, 405

American Expeditionary Force (AEF). See also United States Army

and “amalgamation” controversy, 249, 355

Index

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index444

American (cont.)formation of, 248in France, 301, 355, 356,

369, 370, 372, 378, 379influenza in, 313, 372Pershing as commander

of, 248racial minorities in, 309,

310training of, 248, 277, 309uses British and French

equipment, 249, 378American Protective League,

311, 313Amiens, 67

battle of (1918), 366, 367, 371, 377

Amman, 338, 339, 340, 403Andenne, German atrocities

at, 62Andersen, Hans Niels, Danish

diplomat, 130Andorra, 392Anglican Church, 152Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902),

12, 20, 23, 27, 28, 30, 152, 327

Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 323. See also Online Essay 8

Angola, 20, 277Ankara, 403Anthoine, François, French

general, 275Antwerp, 63, 68, 71, 72, 369,

372ANZAC (Australia-New

Zealand Army Corps), 122, 276, 337, 339, 340, 434

Anzac Cove, 122, 124, 125, 434. See also Online Essay 2

ANZAC Day, 432apartheid, 424Aqaba, 334, 336Arab-Israeli conflict, 2, 428,

435Arabs and Arab nationalism,

2, 16, 24, 121, 322, 324, 325, 326, 330, 331–40,

345, 402, 403, 426, 428, 435, 436

Archangel, 241, 365Ardennes, Battle of the

(1914), 66Argentina, 210Argonne Forest, 116, 370, 372Argus, British aircraft carrier,

230pictured, 230

Ark Royal, British seaplane tender, 30, 229

Armenians, 16, 85and Armenian Genocide, 4,

322, 341–44, 426, 440and Armenian Legion, 339and Armenian SSR (1922),

425and Democratic Republic

of Armenia (1918–20), 344, 402, 425

Armentières, 354Armistice Day, 153, 432arms races, prewar, 8, 28–30,

92, 231Arnauld de la Perière, Lothar,

German naval officer, 223Arnim, Sixt von, German

general, 275, 354Arras, 116, 264, 351

battle of (1917), 265, 266Arsiero, 191artillery. See also Online Essay

6Allies gain advantage in,

185and shell shortages, 74, 118,

123, 163, 269creeping barrage as tactic,

28, 183, 185, 205, 265, 266, 267, 269, 275, 282, 356, 366, 439

German superiority in, 73, 86, 128

preliminary bombardment tactics, 117, 120, 125, 126, 139, 142, 145, 185, 190, 265, 266, 269, 275, 276, 280, 358

prewar developments in, 27, 28

unforeseen significance of, 60, 74

use of aircraft for spotting, 30, 182, 185, 189, 205, 266, 282, 439

Artois, 116, 117first battle of (1914), 72second battle of (1915), 120third battle of (1915), 125,

126, 127Arz von Straussenberg,

Arthur, Austro-Hungarian general, 198, 201, 206

Asiago, 191Asquith, Herbert, British

prime minister, 12, 13, 50, 52, 118, 123, 163, 205, 210, 286, 290, 291, 306, 307, 324, 412

Atatürk, 426. See Kemal (Atatürk), Mustafa

atrocities, 4, 60, 62, 76, 213, 330

German denial of, 63, 161Aubers Ridge, 118, 120Auffenberg, Moritz, Austro-

Hungarian general, 79, 80Australia, 23, 95

and annual Dawn Service at Anzac Cove, 434

and Paris Peace Conference, 392, 394

awarded former German colonies, 395

influenza deaths in, 314rejects conscription, 159,

288remembrance and

commemoration in, 410, 432, 433

Australia, Australian battle cruiser, 29, 97, 98, 100

Australian armed forces. See also ANZAC

1st Light Horse Brigade of, 339

4th Light Horse Brigade of, 338

and conquest of German Pacific colonies, 100


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index 445

at Gallipoli, 122–23, 124–25in Egypt, 121, 333in Jordan, 338in Palestine, 338insubordination in, 369mutiny in, 368on Western front, 187,

275, 276, 366, 367, 369, 370

other Light Horse units of, 124, 333, 338, 340

prewar strength of, 23Austria

and Paris Peace Conference, 399, 400

civil war in (1934), 418desires Anschluss with

Germany, 362, 389, 400, 418

republic established in (1918), 362, 389

signs Treaty of St. Germain (1919), 400

statehood of, proclaimed (1918), 362

women’s suffrage in, 2, 174, 386

Austria-Hungary, 1, 2and occupation of Serbia

(1915), 144and Romania’s entry into

war, 197, 201and wartime atrocities, 76anti-Italian sentiment in, 138Balkan interests of, 15, 16,

51, 141, 144concludes armistice with

Allies, 362constitution of, under

Compromise of 1867, 10declares war, 49, 151dismemberment of, as

Allied war aim, 236, 375emigrants from, 159during July Crisis (1914),

36, 38, 44, 45, 46, 49, 55food shortages and

rationing in, 167, 294, 295, 297

front propaganda efforts of, 252, 280

harvest leave delays mobilization in, 43, 49, 55

in Triple Alliance, 8, 45in Wilson’s Fourteen Points,

259influenza pandemic spreads

to, 314internal collapse of, 229,

362invades Serbia, 75Italian minority in, 140militarization of wartime

economy in, 202, 293nationality problem in, 11,

42, 129, 130, 136, 151, 160, 193, 226, 227, 236, 278, 286, 296, 298, 300, 362, 440

prewar economy of, 10public mood in, at outbreak

of war, 151, 153responsibility of, for

starting war, 54, 55strained relations of, with

Germany, 83, 136, 294strikes in, 227, 297, 363wartime politics in, 160,

293wartime social inequality

in, 297Austro-Hungarian Army

1st (Vienna) Reserve Regiment of, 193

28th (Prague) Infantry Regiment of, 129

35th (Bohemian) Infantry Regiment of, 271

4th Cavalry Division of, 7775th (Bohemian) Infantry

Regiment of, 2718th (Moravian) Infantry

Regiment of, 193casualties of, on all fronts,

386casualties of, on Balkan

front, 76casualties of, on Eastern

front, 80, 83, 128, 135casualties of, on Italian

front, 139, 191, 198, 278, 361, 362

Eleventh Army of, 190, 191Fifth Army of, 75, 137, 139,

189, 190, 198, 278, 280, 281

First Army of, 1, 78, 79, 136, 137, 192, 198, 201

Fourth Army of, 78, 79, 80, 82, 128, 129, 132, 136, 192, 193, 195

High Command of (Armeeoberkommando or AOK), 77, 80, 128, 129, 136, 142, 144, 180, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 202, 293, 361

Italian troops in, 140, 141mobilization of, 74, 151prewar strength of, 11, 30Second Army of, 75, 77, 80,

82, 130, 136, 192, 250, 271

Seventh Army of, 189, 192, 193, 194

Sixth Army of, 75, 281Slavic deserters from, in

Russian Army, 198, 271–72

South Army (Südarmee) of (mixed German-Austrian), 83, 192, 250

Tenth Army of, 278, 280Third Army of, 78, 79, 80,

82, 83, 128, 137, 141, 142, 145, 189, 190, 191, 193, 250

Twelfth Army of (mixed German-Austrian), 194

units of, on Western front, 181, 361, 369

XX Corps of, 190, 191Austro-Hungarian Navy, 11,

18, 84, 138, 143, 224, 225, 231

and submarine warfare, 123, 223, 224

Danube Flotilla of, 50, 225, 229, 365

mutinies in, 225, 226, 227, 228, 365

strength of, in 1914, 210Yugoslavia inherits, 229


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Austro-Prussian War (1866), 8, 10, 11, 26

Averescu, Alexandru, Romanian general, 198, 201, 273

Aymerich, Joseph, French general, 102

Azores, 20

Baghdad, 324, 325, 326, 403Baker, Newton, US Secretary

of war, 249pictured, 289

Baku, 241, 344, 365Balfour Declaration (1917),

336, 428Balfour, Arthur, British prime

minister and foreign secretary, 307, 336, 392, 393

Balkan League, 16Balkan Wars (1912–13),

16, 17, 27, 28, 31, 40, 82, 124

Balkans, 15, 16, 19, 45, 51, 60, 74, 116, 141, 144, 169, 189, 341, 431

Baltic Sea, 219, 226, 228, 254, 300, 374, 387, 395, 405

Baltic states, 411, 417, 440. See also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania

Banaras Hindu University, 327Banat, 196Bapaume, 184, 187

battle of (1918), 367Baptist Church, 110, 152Bark, Pyotr, Russian finance

minister, 47Bar-le-Duc, 182Basra, 323, 324, 325, 337Bassano, 191Bauer, Gustav, German

chancellor, 399Bauer, Max, German officer,

292Bauer, Otto, Austrian

politician, 363Bavaria, 152bayonet, use of, in theory and

practice, 27, 85

Beatty, David, British admiral, 211, 215, 216, 217, 218, 222

Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, Lord, British politician and publishing magnate, 311

Beersheba, 337, 338Belarus, 363, 417Belgian Army, 62, 68, 72, 360,

369, 370, 372Belgium, 19, 50, 60

and colonial Africa, 20, 106, 395

and Paris Peace Conference, 391, 392, 394

invaded by Germany, 52, 55, 60–63, 64, 66, 76


partial liberation of (1918), 369, 371, 372, 377

prewar relations of, with Germany, 19

postwar alliance of, with France, 431

remembrance and commemoration in, 432

tries German war criminals in absentia, 431

under German occupation, 85, 116, 160, 168, 170, 204

Wilson’s postwar tour of, 397

Belgrade, 37, 46, 49, 50, 75, 76, 143, 360

Bell, Gertrude, British archaeologist and intelligence officer, 337

Bell, Johannes, German politician, 398, 399

Belleau Wood, battle of (1918), 355, 369

Below, Fritz von, German general, 184, 186, 187, 266, 354

Below, Otto von, German general, 83, 133, 278, 279, 280, 281, 351

Ben Gurion, David, Zionist leader, 339

Benedetto Brin, Italian battleship, 224

Benedict XV, pope, 165, 304, 391

Bengal, 23Berbers, 24Berchtold, Leopold, Austro-

Hungarian foreign minister, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 180

BerlinCongress of (1878), 16food shortages in, 167, 295November 1918 revolution

in, 376, 387patriotic demonstrations in

(1914), 150, 151University of, 160

Berlin-to-Baghdad railway, 324, 325

Berthelout, Henri, French general, 356

Beseler, Hans von, German general, 133

Bessarabia, 196Bethlehem, 338Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald

von, German chancellor, 9, 41, 50, 85, 130, 160, 180, 214, 219, 220, 236, 292, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300

Bhutan, 429Bialystok, 132Bilinski, Leon von, Austro-

Hungarian finance minister, 41, 42

Bismarck Archipelago, 100, 395

Bismarck, Otto von, German chancellor, 8, 9, 168, 180, 392, 395, 415

Black Hand, Serbian terrorist organization, 18, 36, 40, 46, 360

Black Sea, 15, 28, 83, 197, 198, 202, 225, 226, 365, 402, 417

Black Tom Island incident (1916), 240

Bloch, Marc, French soldier and historian, 67, 151


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blockade, naval, of Central Powers, 4, 86, 143, 150, 167, 210, 212, 223, 224, 232, 237, 238, 297, 375, 376, 389, 397, 440

Blücher, German armored cruiser, 211

Boehn, Max von, German general, 266, 354, 355, 356

Bohemia, 399Böhm-Ermolli, Eduard von,

Austro-Hungarian general, 75, 77, 80, 130, 136

Bolivia, 245Bolshevik Party, and

Bolsheviks, 155, 246, 248, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 272, 281, 312, 363, 365, 384, 387, 417

Bombay, 314Bonar Law, Andrew, British

Conservative leader, 52Bordeaux, 67, 116Boris III, king of Bulgaria,

360, 401Boroević, Svetozar, Austro-

Hungarian general, 79, 80, 82, 83, 137, 138, 139, 189, 190, 198, 278, 280, 281, 361, 362

Boselli, Paolo, Italian prime minister, 304

Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Bosnians, 16, 17, 18, 36, 42, 75, 76, 129, 136, 341, 419

Bosnian crisis (1908–09), 43, 46, 47, 54

Boston, 314Botha. Louis, South African

prime minister, 103, 104, 106

Boulogne, 66Boxer Rebellion (1900), 71,

109Boyazhdiev, Kliment,

Bulgarian general, 143Bratianu, Ion, Romanian

prime minister, 196, 201

Brazil, 210, 245Bremen, 374Brenner Pass, 400Brenta River, 191Breslau, German light cruiser,

84. See also MidilliBrest-Litovsk, 131, 133, 134

peace talks at, 281, 363, 384Treaty of (1918), 344, 351,

363, 365, 384, 404, 417Briand, Aristide, French

premier, 164, 165, 264, 265

Brindisi, 223, 224Bristol, British light cruiser, 97Britain

aids Italy, 139, 281alliance of, with Japan

(1902), 12, 22, 92, 101and China, 102and colonial Africa, 106,

107, 110, 331, 395and Dominions, 22–23,

307, 392, 393and India, 23, 322, 393, 425and League of Nations, 431and Middle East, 2, 14, 121,

323, 326, 334, 336, 340, 346, 403, 428

and Ottoman Empire, 17, 84, 333, 402

and Paris Peace Conference, 391, 393, 394, 401

and Russian Provisional Government, 242

anti-Germanism in, 311–12appeasement policy of

(1930s), 396, 412conscription in, 286declares war, 52, 53, 55during July Crisis (1914),

37, 44, 45, 47, 50, 52fears postwar US

domination, 351, 378food rationing in, 305in Triple Entente, 8, 10, 12,

15, 55, 130influenza deaths in, 314loses economic

preeminence, 9, 12, 414postwar economy of, 411

prewar economy of, 12, 24public mood in, at outbreak

of war, 150, 152remembrance and


restricts wartime civil liberties, 162

seeks US entry into war, 213, 236

‘soft power’ of, 12strength of, on Western

front, 204strikes in, 163, 306, 316supplied by US, 86suppresses Easter Rising in

Ireland (1916), 290wartime politics in, 162–63,

205, 305–7wartime taxation in, 411Wilson’s postwar tour of,

391women’s suffrage in, 2, 172,

174, 306, 386Britannia, British battleship,

229British Army. See also

Australian armed forces; Canadian armed forces; Indian Army; Newfoundland Regiment; New Zealand armed forces; South African armed forces

13th Division of, 32516th (Irish) Division of, 43329th Division of, 12236th (Ulster) Division of,

433American volunteers in,

159and the Somme, 184–89at Gallipoli, 122at Salonika, 124, 143, 198,

358, 359casualties of, on all fronts,

386casualties of, on Western

front, 74, 185, 189, 266, 276, 371

death sentences in, 374


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British Army (cont.)demobilization of, 404East Lancashire Regiment

of, 158Egyptian Expeditionary

Force (EEF) of, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340

Fifth Army of, 186, 265, 275, 351, 354, 358

First Army of, 72, 117, 120, 125, 265, 278, 354, 367, 369, 370

Fourth Army of, 184, 185, 186, 187, 366, 367, 369, 370

in postwar Ireland, 412King’s African Rifles (KAR)

of, 23, 105, 107Mediterranean

Expeditionary Force (MEF) of, 122

Non-Combatant Corps of, 287

nursing services of, 169, 171

on Italian front, 281, 361postwar criticism of, 126prewar strength of, 13prisoners lost, 376Royal Flying Corps of, 118,

159, 266Royal West African

Frontier Force (RWAFF) of, 23, 24, 102, 107

Second Army of, 72, 118, 274, 275, 276, 354, 369, 372

Somaliland Field Force (SFF) of, 329

Territorial Force as component of, 28, 158, 184

Third Army of, 184, 185, 265, 276, 351, 367, 369, 370

wartime expansion of, 158, 184

West Indies battalions of, 339

Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps of, 170

British Expeditionary Force (BEF), 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 87, 97, 118, 120, 184, 187, 354, 369, 371. See also British Army

British Navyand Washington Naval

Treaty (1922), 430anti-submarine efforts of,

221, 222, 224at Coronel and the

Falklands (1914), 96–98at Jutland (1916), 214–18at mouth of Adriatic, 224,

225at the Dardanelles, 120,

121, 122, 123blockades Greek ports, 203Flanders coastal operations

of, 73, 222Grand Fleet pictured, 208in Pacific theatre, 92, 94, 95in Red Sea, 334mobilization of, 50prewar expansion of, 13,

29–30Royal Naval Division of, 122strength of, in 1914, 210submarines of, 124, 219supports army in Palestine,

339supports conquest of

German African colonies, 102, 104, 106

wartime losses of, 231Women’s Royal Naval

Service of, 170Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich

vonGerman foreign minister,

396, 397, 398, 399Brown, John, US abolitionist,

110Brudermann, Rudolf von,

Austro-Hungarian general, 79

Bruges, 372Brusati, Roberto, Italian

general, 190Brusilov, Aleksei, Russian

general

and Bolsheviks, 252and offensive of 1916, 183,

192–95, 196, 201, 203, 205as army group commander,

192as overall commander,

under Provisional Government, 250, 251

commands Eighth Army, 79, 131, 136

dismissed by Kerensky, 253joins Red Army, 365

Brussels, 60, 62, 63, 64, 156, 312, 372, 397, 432

Bryan, William Jennings, US politician and statesman, 237, 238

Bryant, F. C., British officer, 102

Bucharest, 198, 201Treaty of (1916), 196

Budapest, 10, 161, 401, 418Bug River, 365Bukharin, Nikolai, Bolshevik

leader, 363Bukovina, 134, 196, 204, 251Bulgaria, 15, 16, 107, 195

and Paris Peace Conference, 399

concludes armistice with Allies, 360

in Balkan Wars (1912–13), 16, 18, 28, 31, 199

invades Romania, 199, 201, 202

invades Serbia, 135, 144joins Central Powers, 19,

116, 124, 141, 143, 144signs Treaty of Neuilly

(1919), 402Bulgarian Army

First Army of, 143, 199mutinies in, 360on Macedonian front, 358,

359Second Army of, 143, 199Third Army of, 199

Bullard, Robert, US general, 372

Bülow, Bernhard von, German chancellor, 9


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Bülow, Karl von, German general, 66, 68, 70, 71

Burgenland, 400Burián, István, Austro-

Hungarian foreign minister, 180, 196

Burundi, 102, 105, 106, 395Bussche, Erich von der,

German officer, 373, 377Byng, Sir Julian, British

general, 276, 351, 367

cable, undersea telegraph, 94, 99

Cadorna, Luigi, Italian general, 137, 138, 139, 140, 189, 190, 198, 278, 279, 280, 361

Caillaux, Joseph, French politician, 301

Calais, 72, 222caliphate

abolished by Atatürk (1924), 426

claimed by Hussein, 426proclaimed by ISIS, 428under Ottomans, 16, 84,

426Cambrai, 369

first battle of (1917), 254, 276, 282

second battle of (1918), 370, 371

Cameroon, 102, 104, 106, 395camouflage uniforms,

introduction of, 28Canada, 22, 95

conscription in, 288influenza deaths in, 314remembrance and


Canadian armed forcescasualties of, 371on Western front, 118, 119,

187, 188, 265, 266, 271, 276, 366, 367, 370

prewar strength of, 22US volunteers in, 159, 288

Canal du Nord, battle of the (1918), 370

Canopus, British battleship, 96, 97

Cantigny, battle of (1918), 355, 369, 386

Cape Hellas, 122, 124, 125Cape Horn, 96, 97, 99Capelle, Eduard von, German

admiral, 226, 299Capello, Luigi, Italian general,

279, 280Caporetto (Kobarid), 138

battle of (1917), 144, 254, 278–80, 281, 282, 304, 361, 440

retreat from, pictured, 262Caribbean Sea, 99Carinthia, 138, 400Carnarvon, British armored

cruiser, 97Carniola, 138Carol I, king of Romania, 18,

196Caroline Islands, 93, 94, 95,

100, 101, 111, 423Carpathians, 77, 130, 193,

195, 201winter war in (1914–15),

83, 128Carpatho-Ukraine, 417Carranzo Garza, Venustiano,

Mexican president, 239Carson, Sir Edward, Ulster

Unionist leader, 291, 292Casement, Sir Roger, Irish

nationalist leader, 290Caspian Sea, 344, 365Castelnau, Noël de, French

general, 66, 72, 125, 182Catholicism, and Roman

Catholic Church, 4, 9, 11, 13, 14, 19, 53, 62, 163, 164, 165, 170, 237, 289, 290, 292, 293, 298, 300, 304, 373, 418, 433

Cattaro (Kotor), Bay of, 18, 145, 224, 225, 227, 229, 362

Caucasus, 15, 84, 85, 116, 120, 130, 133, 135, 341, 342, 344, 363, 365, 387, 417, 425

cavalry, wartime use of, 72, 75, 77, 118, 137, 158, 185, 187, 192, 250, 276, 326, 339, 340, 351, 354, 355, 366

Caviglia, Enrico, Italian general, 362

Center Party, German, 298, 300, 343, 373, 376, 387, 398, 399

Central Powers, 203–4. See also Germany; Austria-Hungary; Ottoman Empire; Bulgaria

Bulgaria joins, 19, 116, 124, 141, 143, 144

combined strength of, on Eastern front, 77, 195

conclude peace with Soviet Russia, 363

conclude separate peace with Ukraine, 363

Danube Army of, 199, 201establish kingdom of

Poland (1916), 272establish unified command

(1916), 198, 204naval blockade against, 4,

86, 143, 150, 167, 210, 212, 223, 224, 232, 237, 238, 297, 375, 376, 389, 397, 440

Ottoman Empire joins, 19, 84

prompt Allied focus on peripheral theatres, 109, 345

strained by “Sixtus Affair”, 360

strategic situation of (1917), 281–82

weapons surplus of, 294Cer, battle of (1914), 75Chaldean Christians, 342Chamberlain, Neville, British

prime minister, 306, 412, 413

Champagne, 116, 125, 350, 356first battle of (1914–15),

116, 128second battle of (1915),

126, 127, 192


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Chantilly, French headquarters at, 180, 184

Charleroi, battle of (1914), 66, 67

Charles, emperor of Austria, king of Hungary

attempts Hungarian restoration (1921), 418

beatification of, 418becomes heir to throne, 40commands corps on Italian

front, 190, 191commands Twelfth Army

on Eastern front, 194exile and death of, 418given sector command on

Eastern front, 196gives navy to Yugoslavs, 229inherits throne, 205leaves throne (1918), 362peace overtures of, 315, 360pictured, 6policies of, as monarch,

226, 298promises postwar

constitutional reforms, 362

Charleville, German headquarters at, 70

Chateau-Thierry, 68, 355battle of (1918), 356, 366,

369Chelmsford, Frederic

Thesiger, Lord, viceroy of India, 425

Chemin des Dames, 267, 269, 354

Chemnitz, 167Chesapeake Bay, 231Chicago, wartime riots in, 309Chile, 92, 96, 97, 99, 159, 210,

230Chilembwe, John, Malawian

pastor and revolutionary, 110

China, 9, 92, 101, 111, 237, 303, 314, 392, 423, 436, 441

cholera, 135, 326Christian Social Party,

Austrian, 389, 418

Christian X, king of Denmark, 130

Christmas truce (1914), 86Churchill, Winston, British

politician and statesmanand attack at Dardanelles,

120, 121, 123and development of tanks,

187as army officer in France,

307as First Lord of the

Admiralty, 50, 84, 123, 213as minister of munitions,

307opposes interwar

appeasement, 396strategy of, in World War

II, 336Cincinnati, 311Clemenceau, Georges, French

premierand elections of 1919, 414and Foch, 352, 378and League of Nations, 420,

431and “Sixtus Affair,” 360and Treaty of Versailles,

394, 396, 397, 398announces Armistice, 384appointed premier, 282,

286, 301as journalist, 165, 301at Paris Peace Conference,

392, 393, 403failed presidential bid of

(1920), 414pictured, 382policies of, as premier, 301,

302popularity of, 303seeks postwar alliance with

Britain and US, 394, 404, 420, 431

survives assassination attempt, 394

Cobbe, Alexander, British general, 326

Cocos Islands, 99Cold War, 29, 417, 428, 430,

440

Cologne, 376, 393Colombia, 20colonies, 23–25, 100–12, 237,

277, 404, 423, 429and anti-colonialism, 2,

112, 322, 328, 425in the Peace Settlement

(1919), 2, 392, 395, 441influenza pandemic in, 315wartime labor from, 303

Communist International (Comintern), 157, 423

Communist Party, Austrian, 389

Communist Party, Chinese, 423, 436

Communist Party, French, 414Communist Party, German

(KPD), 156, 387, 389, 415Compiègne, 265, 355, 376Congo, Belgian, 20, 24, 52, 86,

102, 105, 106, 109, 395Conrad von Hötzendorf,

Franz, Austro-Hungarian general

and cult of the offensive, 27, 83, 86

and defeat of Serbia (1915), 141, 144

and Italian front, 137, 180, 189, 190, 191

and July Crisis (1914), 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46

and Romania’s entry into war, 197

assumes de facto command of armed forces, 40, 77

as Tyrol army group commander, 278, 361

authors Caporetto plan, 279demoted from AOK, 206distrusts Czech troops, 75,

129funeral of (1925), 433mobilization plans of, 42,

49, 51, 53, 77, 151on Eastern front, 78, 79, 80,

82, 83, 128, 130, 136pictured, 39relations of, with German

allies, 43, 44, 80, 82, 128,


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index 451

130, 136, 137, 142, 144, 193, 196, 198, 202, 204

relations of, with political leaders, 40, 180, 196

retirement of, 361Conservative Party, British,

12, 52, 123, 163, 307, 390, 412

Constantine I, king of Greece, 19, 143, 203, 273, 274

Constantinople, 15, 28, 84, 120, 322, 324, 325, 360, 402, 403, 425

Constanza, 201Constitutional Democratic

(Kadet) Party, Russian, 164, 241

convoy system, 221. See under individual navies’ anti-submarine efforts

Corfu, 143, 144, 202, 223, 224Corfu Declaration (1917), 360Cormoran (ex-Riasan), German

auxiliary cruiser, 94Cormoran, German light

cruiser, 94Cornwall, British light cruiser,

97, 98Coronel, battle of (1914), 96,

97, 159Costa Rica, 245, 392Courageous, British aircraft

carrier, 230Courtai, battle of (1918), 372Cox, James, US politician, 420Cracow 82, 128Cradock, Christopher, British

admiral, 96Cressy, British cruiser, 212Crete, 16Crimean War (1853–56), 17Croatia, and Croatians, 11, 18,

37, 79, 129, 137, 138, 142, 198, 229, 271, 341, 360, 400, 401, 416, 419

Ctesiphon, battle of (1915), 324Cuba, 20, 245, 309cult of the offensive, 26, 27,

28, 67, 86, 180, 369, 377Cummings, E. E., US writer,

169

Cunliffe, F. H. G., British general, 102

Currie, Sir Arthur, Canadian general, 367

Cuxhaven, 229Czechoslovak Legion, 271,

272, 361Czechoslovakia

at Paris Peace Conference, 392

dismemberment of (1938–39), 413, 417

establishment of (1918–19), 362, 387, 389, 399, 400, 401, 411

interwar alliances of, 431restoration of (1945), 440

Czechs, 42, 75, 129, 272Czernin, Count Ottakar,

Austro-Hungarian foreing minister, 312

Czernowitz (Chernovtsy), 134, 193, 194, 252

d’Annunzio, Gabriele, Italian nationalist leader, 165, 401, 416

d’Urbal, Victor, French general, 120, 125

Dahomey (Benin), 102Dairen, 101Dallolio, Alfredo, Italian

general, 305Dalmatia, 18, 137, 225, 400, 401Damascus, 325, 333, 334, 336,

339, 340, 403Dankl, Viktor, Austro-

Hungarian general, 1, 3, 78, 79, 137, 189, 190, 191

Danube River, 49, 50, 75, 141, 143, 197, 198, 201, 225, 300, 365

Danzig, 392, 394, 401, 405Dardanelles, 84, 116, 120, 121,

122, 123, 124, 125, 143, 214, 259, 322, 402, 403, 426

Dar-es-Salaam, 105, 106Darfur, 322, 328, 329, 330,

331, 345secured by Darfur Field

Force (DFF), 330

Dartige du Fournet, Louis, French admiral, 224

Darwinism, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31David, Eduard, German

politician, 298, 312Dawes Plan (1924), 421De Gaulle, Charles, French

president, 414De Klerk, F. W., South African

president, 425Debeny, Marie-Eugène,

French general, 366, 367Debs, Eugene, US politician,

313Defence of the Realm Act

(1914), British, 162, 163Defence, British armored

cruiser, 218Degoutte, Jean, French

general, 355, 356, 369Deir Yassin, 338Democratic Party, German

(DDP), 387, 399Democratic Party, US, 21, 237,

420Denmark, 8, 130, 167, 168,

294, 392, 395, 414Deraa (Dar’a), 339Der-ez-Zor, 342Detroit, 311Diaz, Armando, Italian

general, 281, 361Dimitriev, Radko Ruskov,

Bulgarian and Russian general, 28, 82, 129

Dimitrijević, Dragutin (Apis), Serbian officer, 17, 18, 37, 39, 40, 360

Dinant, German atrocities at, 62disease. See also influenza

pandemicand the campaign in Africa,

107, 109higher rate of, on Eastern

front, 135in Armenian Genocide, 342in postwar Asia Minor, 426on German and Austrian

home fronts, 4on Italian front, 140on Macedonian front, 358


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Dnieper River, 365Dniester River, 194, 365Dobell, Sir Charles, British

general, 102, 336Dobro Pole, battle of (1918),

358, 359Dobruja, 17, 197, 198, 199,

201, 402Dogger Bank, battle of (1915),

211, 212, 214, 215Doiran, Lake, battle of (1918),

359Douala, 102Douaumont, Fort, 182, 183,

184Doullens Conference (1918),

352, 355Dover Barrage, 222, 224Dreadnought (1906), British

battleship, 12, 29pictured, 13

Dresden, German light cruiser, 96, 98, 99

Dreyfus, Captain Alfred, and Dreyfus Affair (1894–1906), 14

Drohobycz oil fields, 250. See also Online Essay 8

Dubail, Auguste, French general, 66, 125

Dublin, 290, 291, 390DuBois, W. E. B., US

sociologist, 309, 391Duchêne, Denis Auguste,

French general, 354, 355Dukhonin, Nikolai, Russian

general, 253, 254, 256, 257

Dunajec River, 82Dunkirk, 50, 72Dunsterville, Lionel, British

general, 344Durazzo (Durrës), 143

East Indies, 94, 98, 99East Prussia, 44, 47, 68, 78,

79, 80, 81, 83, 130, 394, 414, 417

Easter Island, 95, 96Eben, Johannes von, German

general, 356

Ebert, Friedrich, German chancellor and president, 298, 374, 376, 387

pictured, 388Ecuador, 245Egypt, 121, 322, 329, 333, 336Eichhorn, Hermann von,

German general, 83, 133, 192

Einem, Karl von, German general, 116, 354, 356

Einstein, Albert, German physicist, 160, 162

Eisner, Kurt, Bavarian socialist leader, 374, 387

El Fasher, 330El Mughar Ridge, battle of

(1917), 338Elbe River, 227Emden, German light cruiser,

94, 99English Channel, 64, 72, 97,

214, 221, 222Eniwetok Atoll, 100Enver Pasha, Ismail Enver

Beyefendi, Turkish general and politician, 84, 85, 122, 324, 329, 341

Epehy, battle of (1918), 367Epinal, 64Epirus, 16Eritrea, 331Erzberger, Matthias, German

politician, 298, 343, 376, 398, 399

Erzerum, 85, 342Espionage Act (1917), US, 307Estonia, 363Ethiopia, 322. See AbyssiniaEugen, Archduke, Austro-

Hungarian general, 77, 137, 190, 191

Euphrates River, 323European Union, 435Evert, Aleksei, Russian

general, 135, 192, 193, 250, 417

Faisal, king of Iraq, 333, 334, 336, 339, 340, 403, 427

pictured, 427

Falkenhausen, Ludwig von, German general, 265, 266

Falkenhayn, Erich von, German general

and strategy of attrition at Verdun, 181, 183, 190, 197, 203

and the Somme, 184, 186, 187

and unrestricted submarine warfare, 214

as chief of general staff (OHL), 71, 72, 74, 83, 116, 118, 128, 130, 134, 135, 141, 144, 192, 193, 195

as war minister, 41, 71commands Ninth Army in

Romania, 199, 201commands Ottoman forces

in Palestine, 337, 338on Eastern front (1918),

338opposes general war of

attrition, 180pictured, 71relations of, with Austro-

Hungarian allies, 82, 128, 136, 137, 142, 144, 180, 193, 204

replaced by Hindenburg, 198

Falklands, 96, 97battle of the (1914), 97, 98,

100, 102, 159, 210, 211Fanning Island (Tabuaeran),

95Fao, 323farmers and farming, 153,

166, 172, 240, 293, 295, 297, 302, 416

Fascism and Fascist movement

wartime roots of, 165Fascist Party, Italian, 390, 416Fatherland Party, German,

300Fayolle, Marie Émile, French

general, 185, 187, 351, 354


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index 453

female laborin Britain, 172in Britain, pictured, 173,

284in France, 166, 172, 174in Germany, 174in the United States, 174,

308Feodosia, 84Ferdinand I, king of Bulgaria,

18, 141, 360Ferdinand I, king of Romania,

196, 201Fevsi Pasha, Turkish general,

338Finland, 247, 253, 255, 363,

365, 387, 411, 417, 431Finland, Gulf of, 254First Aid Nursing Yeomanry

(FANY), British, 169Fiume (Rijeka), 400, 401, 416flamethrower, development

and use of, 182, 183, 276Flanders, 72, 87, 125, 243, 265,

269, 275, 350, 354, 372flappers, 306Foch, Ferdinand, French

generaland cult of the offensive,

27, 369and German armistice, 375,

376, 377as army chief-of-staff, 269,

280as army group commander,

72, 125as supreme Allied

commander, 353, 355, 356, 366, 378, 398

as prewar War School commandant, 27

commands Ninth Army, 68, 70

pictured, 348Fokker D7, German airplane,

372, 376Force publique, Belgian

colonial force, 24, 102, 109

France, 1, 2, 3, 4aids Italy, 139, 281

and League of Nations, 393, 394, 431

and Middle East, 14, 334, 403

and Ottoman Empire, 17, 402

and Paris Peace Conference, 391, 393, 394, 401

and Russian Provisional Government, 242

and Treaty of Versailles, 394, 396

during July Crisis (1914), 37, 45, 47, 50

fears postwar US domination, 378

food rationing in, 302German-occupied zone in,

166, 168, 204, 303, 373, 412

importance of Russia to morale in, 164, 301

in colonial Africa, 22, 24, 25influenza deaths in, 314in German strategy and war

aims, 8, 85, 181in Triple Entente, 8, 10, 55,

130invaded by Germany, 52,

54, 61, 64–69liberation of (1918), 377low birth rate of, 14, 412military convention of, with

Russia (1892), 14postwar economy of, 411,

413postwar foreign policy of,

431postwar politics in, 390, 414prewar economy of, 14, 24public mood in, at outbreak

of war, 151remembrance and


seeks US entry into war, 236

strikes in, 164, 271, 302, 303supplied by US, 86, 238supplies Serbia, 75Third Republic (1870) in, 14

tries German war criminals in absentia, 430

unique strength of home front in, 164

wartime censorship in, 175wartime economy of, 166wartime politics in, 53, 301wartime social inequality

in, 302Wilson’s postwar tour of,

391France, French dreadnought,

45Franchet d’Esperey, Louis,

French general, 68, 70, 265, 358

Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, heir to Austro-Hungarian throne, 1, 11, 18, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 60, 399

pictured, 6Francis Joseph, emperor of

Austria, king of Hungary, 10, 11, 40, 41, 49, 51, 77, 82, 160, 195, 198, 205, 286, 293

pictured, 6Franco-Prussian War (1870–

71), 8, 11, 14, 26, 61, 62, 152, 181

Franke, Victor, German general, 104

Frankfurt, 374fraternization, 87, 247, 250,

269Frederick, Archduke, Austro-

Hungarian general, 40, 77, 195

Freetown, 314Freikorps, right-wing

paramilitary, in postwar Germany, 387, 389, 394

French Armyprewar strength of, 14, 30mobilization of, 51, 64, 166African Light Infantry of,

24air service of, 30, 159Army of Africa of, 24at Gallipoli, 122


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index454

French Army (cont.)at Salonika, 124, 143, 198,

358at the Somme, 185, 187at Verdun, 181–84death sentences in, 374Eighth Army of, 72, 87, 118enlists teenagers, 159Fifth Army of, 64, 66, 67,

68, 70, 266, 356First Army of, 64, 66, 125,

269, 275, 366, 367, 369, 370

Foreign Legion of, 24Fourth Army of, 64, 66, 70,

116, 266, 370, 372manpower shortage of, 24,

181mutinies in, 269, 270, 271,

281, 302Ninth Army of, 68, 70, 356nursing services of, 170on Italian front, 281, 361peasant soldiers in, 305prisoners lost, 168, 376Second Army of, 64, 66, 72,

125, 182Sixth Army of, 68, 70, 72,

185, 187, 266, 354, 355, 356, 369

strength of, on Western front, 204

Tenth Army of, 72, 120, 125, 187, 266, 355, 356

Third Army of, 64, 66, 70, 183

casualties of, on Western front, 67, 74, 126, 184, 189, 439

casualties of, on all fronts, 386

French Navy, 102, 203, 229strength of, in 1914, 210at the Dardanelles, 121,

122wartime losses of, 231and Washington Naval

Treaty (1922), 430French, Sir John, British

general, 27, 66, 68, 118, 119, 123, 180, 184

Freud, Sigmund, Austrian physician and psychologist, 151

Fromelles, battle of (1916), 187Frontiers, Battles of the

(1914), 66, 67Fukien, 101Furious, British aircraft

carrier, 229

Galapagos Islands, 96Galatz, 202Galicia, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 130,

167, 195, 204, 251, 272Gallieni, Joseph, French

general, 67, 68Gallipoli campaign (1915),

116, 118, 122–23, 124–25impact of, on British

recruiting, 158annual remembrance and

commemoration of, 434Gallwitz, Max von, German

general, 130, 135, 141, 142, 144, 187, 275, 372

Gambia, 23, 102Gandhi, Mohandas K.

“Mahatma,” Indian leader, 322, 327, 346, 425

Gaza, 333, 336, 338first battle of (1917), 336second battle of (1917), 336third battle of (1917), 338

Geneva Convention (1929), 430. See prisoners of war

Geneva Protocol (1925) outlaws chemical and biological weapons, 430

Genoa, 391George V, king of Great

Britain and Ireland, 158, 311, 352, 391, 431

George Washington, US troopship, 391, 404

pictured, 408George, crown prince of

Greece, 273German Army

air service of, 127, 188, 266, 267, 307, 372

and the Somme, 184–89

at Verdun, 181–84battalions of, in Palestine,

339casualties of, on all fronts,

386casualties of, on Eastern

front, 135casualties of, on Western

front, 126, 183, 189, 266, 276

death sentences in, 374demobilization of, 376, 377East African Army of,

104–9Eighteenth Army of, 351,

355, 366Eighth Army of, 78, 79, 83,

133, 254Eleventh Army of, 128, 129,

131, 132, 135, 141, 143, 199

enduring cohesion of, 374Fifth Army of, 52, 61, 66,

70, 71, 181, 182, 275, 369First Army of, 52, 60, 62,

63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 187, 266, 354, 356

Fourteenth Army of (mixed German-Austrian), 278, 279

Fourth Army of, 51, 61, 66, 70, 72, 73, 87, 118, 275, 354, 372

High Command of (Oberste Heeresleitung or OHL), 61, 68, 69, 70, 71, 82, 128, 180, 181, 198, 202, 214, 223, 246, 278, 280, 281, 292, 293, 294, 298, 351, 363, 365, 366, 373, 376

impact of food shortage on, 350, 356

impact of influenza pandemic on, 107, 356

limits placed on, by Treaty of Versailles, 395

mobilization of, 53, 156mutinies in, 374Niemen Army of, 133Ninth Army of, 82, 130,

133, 198, 199, 201, 356


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prewar conservatism of, 14, 64

prewar strength of, 30prisoners lost, 376role of reserves in, 64Second Army of, 52, 60, 61,

62, 66, 68, 70, 72, 184, 187, 276, 351, 366

Seventeenth Army of, 351, 370

Seventh Army of, 66, 72, 266, 354, 355, 356

Sixth Army of, 66, 72, 73, 87, 117, 120, 126, 187, 265, 354, 372

Tenth Army of, 83, 133, 192Third Army of, 52, 61, 66,

70, 116, 354, 356Twelfth Army of, 130, 135,

141German Nationalist Party,

Austrian, 389German Navy

and unrestricted submarine warfare, 212–14, 218–23

at Jutland (1916), 214–18East Asian squadron of,

92–95, 96–98high seas raiders of, 98–100interned, then scuttled, at

Scapa Flow, 385, 399limits placed on, by Treaty

of Versailles, 395mutinies in, 225, 226, 227,

374prewar expansion of, 29–30strength of, in 1914, 210wartime losses of, 231

Germany, 4and Armenian Genocide,

342, 343and Bolshevik takeover in

Russia, 246–48, 253, 365and colonial Africa, 102,

103, 104–9and Treaty of Versailles,

395, 396, 399, 403and World War II, 410becomes constitutional

monarchy (1918), 373

becomes a republic (1918), 376

bribes Arab tribes, 326constitution of (1871), 8, 9during July Crisis (1914),

45, 50food shortages and

rationing in, 167, 294, 295, 296, 297

imperial ambitions of, in eastern Europe, 133, 363

influenza deaths in, 314in Triple Alliance, 8, 45invades Belgium, 60invades France, 64joins League of Nations

(1926), 415militarization of wartime

economy in, 202, 286, 292, 293

Pacific colonies of, 93, 100, 101, 111

prewar economy of, 9, 10, 14

prewar relations of, with Belgium, 19

postwar financial crisis in, 415

postwar “stab in the back” legend in, 373, 377, 399, 415

public mood in, at outbreak of war, 151, 152, 153

Reichstag Peace Resolution in (1917), 226, 298, 299, 300, 312, 373, 376, 399

responsibility of, for escalating war, 51, 55

seeks peace based on Fourteen Points, 373, 374

seeks separate peace with Russia (1915), 116, 130, 180

strained relations of, with Austria-Hungary, 83, 136, 294

strikes in, 227, 297, 363sponsors Indian

Independence Committee (1914), 328

supports Irish nationalists, 290

under Nazi regime, 19, 342, 415, 418, 440

unification of, under Bismarck, 8

war aims of, 85, 130, 236wartime social inequality

in, 167, 297women’s suffrage in, 2, 174,

386Giesl, Vladimir von, Austro-

Hungarian diplomat, 47, 49

Glasgow, British light cruiser, 96, 97, 98, 99

Glorious, British aircraft carrier, 230

Gneisenau, German armored cruiser, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98

Gnila Lipa, Battle (1914), 79Goeben, German battle

cruiser, 84. See also Yavuz Sultan Selim

Golan Heights, 340Gold Coast. See GhanaGold Coast (Ghana), 23, 102,

395Goltz, Colmar von der,

German general, 27, 324, 325, 326

Gomes da Costa, Manuel, Portuguese general and president, 354

Good Hope, British armored cruiser, 96

Goremykin, Ivan, Russian prime minister, 163, 164

Gorizia, 138, 139, 198, 204, 280

Gorodok, 80Gotha, German bomber, 303,

307Gough, Sir Hubert, British

general, 186, 187, 265, 275, 351, 354

Gourand, Henri, French general, 370, 372

Gourko, Vasili, Russian general, 250


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index456

Grand Fleet, British, 100. See British Navy

Greece, 15, 16, 19, 76, 124, 143, 196, 203, 204, 244, 273, 274, 402, 403, 425

Greek Army, 203, 358Greek Navy, 203Grey, Sir Edward, British

foreign secretary, 45, 50, 52, 101, 393, 412

Grignard, Victor, French physicist, 120

Grigorescu, Eremia, Romanian general, 273

Grodno, 133Groener, Wilhelm, German

general, 293, 373, 374, 376, 387, 399

Guam, 20, 101Guantanamo Bay, 20Guatemala, 245Guesde, Jules, French

politician, 164Guillaumat, Adolphe, French

general, 358Guinea, Spanish (Equatorial),

103Gumbinnen, battle of (1914),

78Gurkhas, 23

Haase, Hugo, German politician, 298, 387

Haber, Fritz, German chemist, 118, 120

Habsburg dynasty, 2, 6, 10, 41, 362, 418, 433

Habte Giyorgis, Fitawrari, Abyssinian general, 331

Haeckel, Ernst, German biologist and philosopher, 3

Haifa, 339pictured, 320

Haig, Sir Douglas, British general

as BEF commander, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 205, 265, 266, 269, 274, 275, 276, 282, 352, 353, 354, 366, 369

as First Army commander, 72, 117, 118, 120, 125, 126

assessment of, 127cavalry background of, 27,

185pictured, 348skeptical of US and its role,

351, 378Haile Selassie (Tafari

Makonnen), emperor of Abyssinia, 331, 428

Haiti, 245Hakki Bey, Ismail, Turkish

general, 326Hakki Pasha, Hafiz, Turkish

general, 84Halil Pasha, Turkish general,

324Hamburg, 374Hamilton, Sir Ian, British

general, 122, 124, 125Hanover, 374Hara, Takashi, Japanese prime

minister, 392Harding, Warren, US

president, 420Hardinge, Lord Charles,

viceroy of India, 324Hartwig, Nikolai, Russian

diplomat, 46Hashemite dynasty, 333, 334,

427Hassan, Sayyid Muhammad

Abdile, mullah of the Sahili, 329, 330, 331

Haus, Anton, Austro-Hungarian admiral, 223, 226

Hausen, Max von, German general, 66

Havrincourt, battle of (1918), 367

Hawaii, 20, 101, 237Hebron, 338Heeringen, Josias von,

German general, 66Heimwehr, right-wing

paramilitary, in postwar Austria, 389, 400, 418

Hejaz, 243, 325, 333, 334, 336, 338, 339, 340, 392, 403, 426

Helgoland Bight, first battle of (1914), 210

Helgoland Bight, second battle of (1917), 222

Helsinki, 226Hemingway, Ernest, US

writer, 262Hermannstadt (Sibiu), Battle

of (1916), 201Hertling, Count Georg von,

German chancellor, 300, 356, 373

High Sea Fleet, German, 121. See German Navy

Hindenburg Line, 264, 265, 271, 367, 369, 370, 372, 373

Hindenburg Program, 202, 286, 292, 293, 294, 303, 306

Hindenburg, Paul von, German general

advocates unrestricted submarine warfare, 219

and battle of Amiens (1918), 368

and Reichstag Peace Resolution (1917), 299

and William II, 374, 376as chief of general staff

(OHL), 198, 199, 205, 219, 250, 254, 281, 298, 300, 350, 363, 366

called out of retirement (1914), 78

elected president (1925), 415foments “stab in the back”

legend, 373on Eastern front, 78, 79, 80,

82, 83, 133, 196pictured, 199relations of, with Austro-

Hungarian allies, 204, 278

Hipper, Franz, German admiral, 211, 214, 216, 217, 227, 374

Hitler, Adolf, German chancellor, 153, 154, 220, 240, 343, 396, 413, 415, 418


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index 457

Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese nationalist leader, 423, 424, 436

Hoffmann, Adolf, German politician, 156

Hoffmann, Max, German general, 198, 363

Hogue, British cruiser, 212Hohenzollern dynasty, 2, 18,

19, 196Hohenzollern, Imperial

German yacht, 50, 151Holtzendorff, Henning von,

German admiral, 214, 219, 221

Honduras, 245Horne, Sir Henry, British

general, 265, 354, 367Horthy, Miklós, Austro-

Hungarian admiral, Hungarian regent, 224, 225, 229, 401, 418

Hortstein, Lothar von, Austro-Hungarian general, 76

House, Edward, US presidential advisor, 236, 374, 393, 404

Houston, wartime riots in, 309Hoyos, Alexander, Austro-

Hungarian diplomat, 41, 43, 44, 45, 51

Hughes, Charles Evans, US politician and statesman, 238

Hundred Days Offensive (1918), Allied, 367–74

Hungaryand Paris Peace Conference,

399, 400autonomy of, within Dual

Monarchy (1867), 10, 167

electoral laws in, 11Habsburg bid to save

throne in, 362, 418Horthy’s regency in, 401,

418inherits Danube Flotilla,

229Károlyi’s republic in

(1918–19), 389, 400

reduces wartime food shipments to Austria, 168, 294

signs Treaty of Trianon (1920), 401

Soviet republic in (1919), 400, 401

Hussein, sharif of Mecca, king of the Hejaz, 325, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 340, 426

pictured, 332Hutier, Oskar von, German

general, 254, 351, 355, 366

ibn Saud, Abdul Aziz, emir of the Nejd, 336, 337, 426

ibn Tayi, Auda, Bedouin sheik, 334

Iceland, 429Idris, Sayyid, Grand Sanusi

(later Idris, king of Libya), 329

Imperial War Cabinet, 107, 307, 351, 352, 393

Indefatigable, British battle cruiser, 216, 218

Independence Party, Hungarian, 362

Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), German, 226, 293, 298, 299, 300, 374, 387

Indiaand League of Nations, 393anti-colonial movement in,

112, 327, 328at Paris Peace Conference,

392influenza pandemic spreads

to, 314Muslim minority in, 425, 435partition of (1947), 425remembrance and

commemoration in, 433Indian Army

6th Division of, 324, 325garrisons Allied Middle

East conquests (1918), 345

in Africa, 105, 106, 107, 111, 329

in Egypt, 121, 337in Mesopotamia, 322, 324,

325, 326, 327, 345in Palestine, 338, 339, 345in Syria and Lebanon, 340Jodhpore and Mysore

Lancers of, pictured, 320on Western front, 72, 117,

118, 187prewar strength of, 23wartime manpower of, 23

Indian National Congress, 322, 328, 425, 435

Indian Ocean, 94, 99Indochina, 24, 424infanticide, 303, 304inflation, wartime, and global

economy, 166, 305Inflexible, British battle

cruiser, 97, 98, 121, 122, 123

influenza, global pandemic of (1918–19), 107, 109, 313–15, 356, 372, 386, 389

Ingenohl, Friedrich von, German admiral, 211, 214

International Justice, Permanent Court of (at the Hague), 429

International Labor Organization (ILO), 429

international law, 52, 161, 212, 216, 238, 431, 435

Invincible, British battle cruiser, 97, 98, 216, 218

Iraq, 322, 326, 342, 346, 403, 426, 427, 428. See also Mesopotamia

Ireland, 12, 13, 163, 212, 221, 237, 286, 290, 291, 292, 390, 433

Easter Rising in (1916), 290–91

Irish Free State established in (1922), 412

Irish Parliamentary Party, 52, 163, 290, 292


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index458

Irish Republican Brotherhood, 163, 290, 291

Irish Republican Army (IRA), 390, 412

Irish Volunteers, 163, 290, 291, 390

Islam. See Sunni Muslims; Shiite Muslims; caliphate

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 428

Isonzo River, 137, 138, 144, 145, 189, 251, 278, 279

eighth battle of the (1916), 203

eleventh battle of the (1917), 278

fifth battle of the (1916), 190

first battle of the (1915), 138

fourth battle of the (1915), 139

ninth battle of the (1916), 203

second battle of the (1915), 139, 140

seventh battle of the (1916), 203

sixth battle of the (1916), 198

tenth battle of the (1917), 278

third battle of the (1915), 139

twelfth battle of the (1917), 279. See Caporetto, battle of

Istria, 137, 138, 400, 401, 416Italian Army

after Caporetto, 281, 361air service of, 30, 225at Salonika, 198casualties of, on all fronts,

386casualties of, on Alpine

front, 191casualties of, on Isonzo

front, 139, 278, 281casualties of, on Western

front, 356Eighth Army of, 362

First Army of, 190food supply in, 350Fourth Army of, 280in Albania, 143, 145, 202,

360mobilization of, 137morale problems of, 140,

361on Western front, 356, 361peasant soldiers in, 305prewar strength of, 12, 21,

30prisoners lost, 281, 376Second Army of, 138, 139,

190, 279, 280Third Army of, 138, 139,

190, 280Italian Navy, 138, 223, 224,

225and Washington Naval

Treaty (1922), 430strength of, in 1914, 210wartime losses of, 231

Italo-Turkish War (1911–12), 12, 16, 17, 328

Italy, 3and Paris Peace Conference,

391, 401and Russian Provisional

Government, 242Balkan interests of, 19declares neutrality (1914),

53declares war (1915), 124,

130, 137defeated by Abyssinia

(1896), 330distrusts liberated Austro-

Italians, 140during July Crisis (1914),

45, 47emergence of fascism in,

390emigrants from, 159, 305food shortages and

rationing in, 305influenza deaths in, 314in Triple Alliance, 8, 11,

41, 45in Wilson’s Fourteen Points,

259

postwar border dispute of, with Yugoslavia, 401

postwar economy of, 411postwar politics in, 390, 401prewar economy of, 12prewar politics in, 11receives aid from Britain

and France, 139, 281remembrance and

commemoration in, 410, 432

strikes in, 165, 305territorial claims of, against

Austria-Hungary, 45, 136, 141, 400, 401

territorial claims of, against Ottoman Empire, 402

wars of unification in, 11, 138, 139

wartime economy in, 305wartime politics in, 140,

165, 205, 304wartime social inequality

in, 305Wilson’s postwar tour of, 391

Ivanov, Nikolai, Russian general, 83, 129, 131, 417

Iyasu V, emperor of Abyssinia, 330, 331

Jaffa, 338, 339, 428Jagow, Gottlieb von, German

foreign secretary, 45, 212, 240

Jaluit, 100Japan, 4

alliance of, with Britain (1902), 12, 22, 92, 101

and World War II, 410at Paris Peace Conference,

2, 394declares war, 93annexes German Pacific

colonies, 101, 111, 395exploitation of China by,

101, 111, 423, 441influenza deaths in, 314Meiji Restoration in (1868),

21postwar economy of, 411,

423


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index 459

prewar economy in, 21prewar imperial expansion

of, 20prewar politics in, 21relations of, with United

States, 20, 92, 101, 237, 240

supplies Russia, 192under Tokugawa shogunate,

21Japanese Army, 94

casualties of, 100, 423Japanese Navy, 94, 100

and Washington Naval Treaty (1922), 430

Mediterranean squadron of, 221

strength of, in 1914, 210wartime losses of, 231

Jaroslavice-Wolczkowce, battle of (1914), 77

Jarrab, battle of (1915), 336Jassy (Iasi), 201Jaurès, Jean, French socialist

leader, 53Jean Bart, French

dreadnought, 223Jellicoe, Sir John, British

admiral, 215, 216, 217, 218, 221, 222, 269

Jemal Pasha, Turkish general, 121

Jericho, 338Jerusalem, 336, 338

battle of (1917), 338Jewish Legion, 339Jewish Welfare Board, US, 289Jews, 133, 167, 237, 289, 342,

343, 373, 415, 428Jidda, 334Jinnah, Muhammad Ali,

Indian Muslim leader, 328, 425

Joffre, Joseph, French generaland Clemenceau, 165and cult of the offensive, 67,

86, 126and the Somme, 187, 189and trench warfare, 72, 116,

125, 126and Verdun, 182, 183

during opening campaign, 66, 68, 70

interactions of, with Allied leaders, 139, 180

named Marshal of France, 205

political security of, 67, 269, 301

sacked by Poincaré, 205visits US (1917), 248war plans of, 64

John Paul II, pope, 418Jordan River, 334, 336, 338,

339, 403Jordan, kingdom of, 427. See

TransjordanJoseph Ferdinand, Archduke,

Austro-Hungarian general, 82, 136, 193

Jovanović, Ljuba, Serbian politician, 39

Juan Fernandez Islands, 99Jutland, battle of (1916),

214–18

Kaimo, Mitsuomi, Japanese general, 94

Kaiser Wilhelmsland, 100, 395Kaiserin Elisabeth, Austro-

Hungarian protected cruiser, 94

Kaiserslautern, 64Kamenev, Lev, Bolshevik

leader, 255Karageorgević dynasty, 17,

18, 360Karl von Clausewitz, Prussian

military writer, 26, 27, 180Karlsruhe, 64Karlsruhe, German light

cruiser, 99Károlyi, Mihály, Hungarian

prime minister and president, 362, 389, 400

Kato, Takaaki, Japanese foreign minister, 101

Keating, Paul, Australian prime minister, 434

Kelly, P. V., British officer, 330Kemal (Atatürk), Mustafa,

Turkish general, 122,

124, 329, 339, 402, 403, 425

pictured, 123Kemp, Jan, South African

officer, 104Kent, British armored cruiser,

97, 98, 99Kenya, 24, 105, 107, 109, 331Kerensky offensive (1917),

250, 253, 271, 272, 273, 278, 440

Kerensky, Alexander, Russian war minister and prime minister, 249, 250, 252, 253, 255, 256, 278

pictured, 251Keynes, John Maynard, British

economist, 420, 421Kharkov, 241Khartoum, 329, 330Kiaochow (Jiaozhou) Bay,

German colony, 9, 93, 94, 101, 395

Kiel, 374Kiel Canal, 219, 228, 395, 396Kilimanjaro, Mount, 106Kitchener, Horatio Herbert,

1st Earl, British general and war secretary, 68, 124, 125, 158, 163, 184, 205, 288, 325

Kluck, Alexander von, German general, 63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72

Knights of Columbus, US Catholic organization, 289

Koblenz, 376Kolchak, Alexander, Russian

admiral, 226, 227, 365Komarów, battle of (1914), 79Königsberg, 79, 417Königsberg, German light

cruiser, 99, 106Koo, Wellington, Chinese

diplomat, 423Korea, 20, 111Kornilov, Lavr, Russian

general, 250, 253, 257, 417Kosovo, 16

battle of (1915), 143


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index460

Kovel, 195Kövess, Hermann, Austro-

Hungarian general, 141, 143, 145, 189, 190, 191, 193

Kovno (Kaunas), 133Krasnik, battle of (1914), 78,

79Krauss, Alfred, Austro-

Hungarian general, 190, 191

Kress von Kressenstein, Friedrich, German general, 121, 333, 336, 337, 338

Krobatin, Alexander, Austro-Hungarian general, 41, 42, 43, 278, 280

Kronprinz Rudolf, Austro-Hungarian battleship, 227

Kronprinz Wilhelm, German auxiliary cruiser, 99

Kronstadt (Brasov), battle of (1916), 201

Kronstadt, base of Russian Baltic Fleet, 253

Krupp, German armaments manufacturer, 183

Krupskaya, Nadezhda, wife of Lenin, 246, 247

Krylenko, Nikolai, Soviet Russian army commander, 257

Kuhn Loeb, financial services firm, 238

Kun, Béla, Hungarian communist leader, 363, 400, 401

Kurama, Japanese battle cruiser, 100

Kurds, 342, 426Kuropatkin, Aleksei, Russian

general, 191, 192, 193Kut, 324, 325, 331

siege of (1915–16), 324, 325, 327

Kuwait, 336, 337

Labour Party, British, 12, 25, 155, 156, 286, 287, 307, 412

Lafayette Flying Corps, and Lafayette Escadrille, 159

Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de, French general and statesman, 249

Lake, Percival, British general, 325

Lamprecht, Karl, German academician, 52

Langle de Cary, Fernand de, French general, 66, 116, 182

Lanrezac, Charles, French general, 66, 67, 68

Lansing, Robert, US secretary of state, 390, 392, 404, 423, 424

Lapeyrère, Augustin Boue de, French admiral, 223, 224

Lateran Treaty (1929), 11Latvia, 133, 363Lauenstein, Otto von, German

general, 133Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 425Laval, Pierre, French

politician, 301Lawrence, T. E. (Lawrence of

Arabia), British officer, 322, 325, 334, 336, 337, 339, 340

pictured, 335Le Cateau, 66

battle of (1914), 68Le Havre, 66, 171League of Nations

Covenant of, 2, 393, 394, 399creation of, included in

postwar peace treaties (1919–20), 399, 420

issue of German membership in, 396, 397, 415, 429

issue of US membership in, 404, 429

legacies of, 429–30postwar mandates of, 111,

346, 395, 402, 403, 423, 427, 428, 429

Wilson and wartime planning for, 259, 393

Lebanon, 340, 403

Ledebour, Georg, German politician, 156

Leipzig war crimes trials (1921), 430

Leipzig, German light cruiser, 98

Lemberg (L’viv), 77, 79, 81, 130, 131, 196, 250

Lemberg-Rawa Ruska, battle of (1914), 80

Lemnos, 143Lenin, Vladimir, Soviet

premierand Bolshevik Revolution,

255, 256, 417and Comintern, 423and “July Days” (1917), 253and peace negotiations with

Germany, 256, 363, 364, 384

and Russian Civil War, 365, 387, 417

at Zimmerwald Conference (1915), 157

condemns Stockholm Conference (1917), 312

disperses Constituent Assembly (1918), 256

German support of, 254, 264, 363, 365

in exile in prewar Austria, 15

in exile in wartime Switzerland, 246

moves capital to Moscow, 365

opposes Provisional Government, 247, 253

orders murder of Romanovs, 365

pictured, 234returns to Russia, 246, 247wartime peace proposals

of, 227, 256, 257, 259, 312, 384

Léon Gambetta, French armored cruiser, 223

Leonardo da Vinci, Italian dreadnought, 224

Leopold, prince of Bavaria, German general, 130, 198


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index 461

Lesser Antilles, 99Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von,

German officer, 104–9, 110

pictured, 108Liaotung Peninsula, 111Liberal Party, British, 12, 52,

412Liberal Party, Italian, 11, 165Liberia, 244, 392Libya, 16, 328, 329, 330, 345,

428Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Max

von, German diplomat, 45, 50

Liebknecht, Karl, German politician, 156, 160, 298, 343, 373, 374, 375, 376, 387

Liège, 60battle of (1914), 60, 62, 78

Liggett, Hunter, US general, 372

Lille, 72, 264, 303Liman von Sanders, Otto,

German general, 17, 85, 122, 338, 339

Limanowa-Lapanów, battle of (1914), 82, 128, 129

Linsingen, Alexander von, German general, 83, 192, 194, 195

Linz, 138Lion, British battle cruiser, 211Lithuania, 133, 204, 363Little Entente

(Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia), 431

Lloyd George, David, British politician and statesman

and British Navy, 221, 222and Clemenceau, 394and decline of Liberal Party,

412and Grey, 412and Versailles Treaty, 396and wartime economy, 287,

305, 306and Wilson, 391, 393as Chancellor of the

Exchequer, 12

as minister of munitions, 118, 163, 172

as prime minister, 205, 282, 286, 307, 312, 352

and Irish question, 291, 292, 412

and Ottoman Empire, 326, 336, 338, 360

authorizes anti-German propaganda, 311

and “khaki election” (1918), 390

at Paris Peace Conference, 392, 394, 403, 420

in election of 1922, 412pictured, 382relations of, with American

allies, 351relations of, with French

allies, 265, 269, 431supports declaration of war,

52, 152Lodge, Henry Cabot, US

politician, 420, 422Lodz, 130Lombardy, 140London

aerial bombing of, 4, 307, 440

celebrates Armistice, 153, 384

loses status as global financial center, 421

public demonstrations in (1914), 152

strikes in, 306wartime life in, 172, 305, 306Wilson visits, 391, 404

London, Declaration of (1909), 212

London Naval Treaty (1930), 430

London, Treaty of (1915), 137, 401

Long Island, 223Loos, battle of (1915), 125,

126, 127Lorraine, 14, 52, 61, 72, 125,

249, 277battle of (1914), 66

Lossberg, Fritz von, German general, and “defense in

depth,” 264, 266, 275, 276, 282

Louvain, 63, 161, 397destruction of, pictured, 58German atrocities at, 62

Loznica, 76Lublin, 131, 132, 133Luckner, Felix von, German

naval officer, 99Ludendorff, Erich, German

generaladvocates unrestricted

submarine warfare, 219and Hindenburg Program,

292, 293and Lenin’s return to

Russia, 246and Macedonian front, 358and Reichstag Peace

Resolution (1917), 299concludes war is lost, 373envisages German-

dominated eastern Europe, 133, 272, 363

flees to Sweden, 373foments “stab in the back”

legend, 373pictured, 199plans spring offensive

(1918), 350, 351, 354, 356, 358

postwar involvement of, with Nazis, 415

promotes Lossberg’s “defense in depth,” 264

relations of, with Austro-Hungarian allies, 82, 204, 278

with Hindenburg on Eastern front, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 133

with Hindenburg at OHL, 198, 199, 205, 219, 250, 281, 298, 300, 350, 366

Lüderitz Bay, 104Lukin, Henry, British general,

329Lusitania, British Cunard

liner, 212, 213, 237, 238Lutheran Church, and

Lutherans, 133, 311Lutsk, 193


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Lützow, German battle cruiser, 216

Luxembourg, 51, 52, 61, 66, 85Luxemburg, Rosa, German

politician, 387Lvov, Prince Georgi, Russian

prime minister, 249, 253Lys, battle of the. See Ypres,

fourth battle of

Maass, Leberecht, German admiral, 211

MacDonald, Ramsay, British politician, 312

Macedonia, 16, 17, 141, 143, 198, 202, 402

Macedonia, armed merchant cruiser, 97

Macedonian front, 202, 273, 351, 358, 359

machine gun, development and use of, 27, 28, 85, 86, 138, 290

Mackensen, August von, German general, 82, 128, 129, 131, 132, 135, 136, 141, 142, 144, 145, 194, 199, 201, 273

Madagascar, 24Madang, 100Madden, Sir Charles, British

admiral, 231Madeira, 20, 418Madras, 99Maginot Line, 4, 431Maginot, André, French

soldier and future war minister, 183

Magyars, 10, 11, 42, 401Mahiwa, battle of (1917), 107Mainz, 376Makino, Nobuaki, Japanese

foreign minister, 392, 393malaria, 107, 108, 135Malawi, 24, 107, 110malnutrition, 4, 86, 295Malvy, Jean-Louis, French

politician, 301Manchester, 158, 391Manchuria, 20, 27, 28, 31, 101,

111

Mandela, Nelson, South African president, 425

Mangin, Charles, French general, 183, 355, 356

Mao Zedong, Chinese communist leader, 436

Maori, 314Mărăşeşti, battle of (1917),

273Marburg (Maribor), 137, 190Marconi, Guglielmo, inventor,

94Mariana Islands, 93, 94, 100,

101, 111, 423Maritz, S. G. “Manie,” South

African officer, 104, 111, 424

Marmara, Sea of, 28Marne River, 67, 68, 69, 350,

355, 369Marne, first battle of the

(1914), 69–70, 80, 85, 86, 120

Marne, second battle of the (1918), 355–58, 361, 366, 374

marriage patterns and rates, influenced by war, 174, 410

Marshall Islands, 93, 94, 100, 101, 111, 423

Marshall, William, British general, 326

Marwitz, Georg von der, German general, 276, 351, 366, 369

Marx, Karl, and Marxism, 25, 155, 157, 255, 387

Más a Tierra (Isla Robinson Crusoe), 98

MAS9, Italian motor torpedo boat, 224

MAS15, Italian motor torpedo boat, 225

Masaryk, Tomás, Czech nationalist leader, 42, 272, 362

Masurian Lakes, 79first battle of (1914), 80second battle of the (1915),

83

Matsumura, Tatsuo, Japanese admiral, 100

Maubeuge, 68, 71Maud’huy, Louis, French

general, 72Maude, F. N., British officer,

27Maude, Frederick Stanley,

British general, 325, 326Maunoury, Michel, French

general, 68, 72Max, Adolphe, mayor of

Brussels, 63Max, prince of Baden,

German chancellor, 373, 374, 376

Maxwell, Sir John, British general, 121

May Fourth Movement (1919), Chinese, 423, 436

Mecca, 333, 334, 426, 435Medina, 333, 334Mediterranean Sea, 11, 83, 84,

100, 121, 123, 124, 145, 162, 211, 213, 221, 322, 328, 333, 339, 341, 366

Megiddo (Armageddon), battle of (1918), 340

Mehmed V, Ottoman sultan, Sunni Muslim caliph, 84, 328, 331, 340

Mehmed VI, Ottoman sultan, Sunni Muslim caliph, 344, 345, 402, 425, 426

Menelik II, emperor of Abyssinia, 330

Menshevik Party, and Mensheviks, 155, 250, 365

Merrheim, Alphonse, French labor leader, 165

Merville, 354Mesopotamia, 243, 322, 323,

324, 325, 326, 327, 333, 340, 344, 346, 351, 403. See also Iraq

Messines, battle of (1917), 274, 275, 282

Metaxas, Ioannis, Greek general, 143, 203

Methodist Church, 152


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Metzger, Josef, Austro-Hungarian general, 369

Meuse River, 60, 61, 64, 181, 182, 184, 370

Meuse–Argonne offensive (1918), 372, 379

Mexico, 93, 94, 239, 240, 248, 310

Meyer-Waldeck, Alfred, German officer, 94

Michael, Grand Duke, 241, 242

Micheler, Joseph, French general, 187, 266, 269

Micronesia. See Caroline Islands; Mariana Islands; Marshall Islands

Middle East, 2, 15, 16, 92, 112, 121, 187, 322, 325, 328, 329, 331, 334, 337, 345, 358, 387, 426, 427, 435, 436, 440

Midilli, Turkish light cruiser, 84

migrants, and migrant laborin France, 164, 166in Italy, 305

Mikael, Ras, Abyssinian general, 331

Milan, 390, 391Military Service Act (1916),

British, 184, 286Miliukov, Pavel, Russian

politician, 241Milne, George, British

general, 358Milner, Lord Alfred, British

statesman, 352Milwaukee, 311minesweeping, 121, 122, 219,

222, 395mining operations, anti-

submarine, 222mining operations, under

enemy lines, 185, 205, 282

Minsk, 135, 192, 363Mitchell, William “Billy,” US

Army aviator, 231Mitry, Antoine de, French

general, 356

Mogilev, Russian headquarters at, 135, 241, 250, 253, 257

Moldavia, 198, 201, 273Moltke, Helmuth von, the

Elder, Prussian-German general, 26, 61, 180

Moltke, Helmuth von, the Younger, German general

as prewar chief of general staff, 19, 43, 44, 45, 60, 80

during July Crisis (1914), 44, 51

during opening campaign, 51, 52, 60, 61, 68, 69, 70, 72, 78, 86

retirement of, 71Monash, Sir John, Australian

general, 367, 369Monastir (Bitola), 202Monfalcone, 138Mongolia, 101Monmouth, British armored

cruiser, 96Monro, Sir Charles, British

general, 125Mons, battle of (1914), 66Mont St. Quentin, battle of

(1918), 367Montdidier, 354Monte Ortigara, battle of

(1917), 278Montenegro, 15, 16, 18, 47,

75, 190Austro-Hungarian

occupation of, 145, 189, 204, 360

declares war, 53in Balkan Wars (1912–13),

17incorporated into

Yugoslavia, 391, 411in Wilson’s Fourteen Points,

259, 405Moravia, 297Morgan, J. P., financial

services firm of, 238Morhange-Sarrebourg, battle

of. See Lorraine, battle ofMorocco, 14, 24Moscow, 157, 241, 255, 365,

423

Mosul, 326, 403Mourier Law (1917), French,

302Möwe, German auxiliary

cruiser, 99Mozambique, 20, 106, 107,

108, 109, 110, 277Mudra, Bruno von, German

general, 356Mudros, Armistice of (1918),

340, 366, 402Mueller, Hermann, German

foreign minister, 398, 399Muhammad Ali, pasha of

Egypt, 121Mukden, battle of (1905), 27Mulhouse, 66, 68, 341Muntafiq, Iraqi tribal

confederation, 326Murmansk, 365Murray, Sir Archibald, British

general, 333, 336Muslim League, Indian, 327,

328, 425, 435Mussolini, Benito, Italian

prime minister, 11, 165, 390, 416, 428

Myshlayevsky, Alexander, Russian general, 85

Nablus, 339Nancy, 64, 249, 277Nansen, Fridtjof, Norwegian

explorer and humanitarian, 430

Napier, T. W. D., British admiral, 222

Napoleon I, French emperor, 3, 14, 26, 180, 249

Napoleon III, French emperor, 11, 14, 62

Napoleonic Wars, 3, 19, 74, 96, 112, 237

Naroch, Lake, battle of (1916), 192, 193

Narodna Odbrana, 18, 46Nasiriya, 324National American Woman

Suffrage Association (NAWSA), US suffrage organization, 308


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National Defense Act (1916), US, 248

National Industrial Service, British, 306

National Liberal Party, German, 293, 299

National Party, South African, 111, 424

National People’s Party (DNVP), German, 388

national self-determination, Wilson’s principle of, 112, 157, 362, 399, 423, 424, 425, 435

National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), British suffrage organization, 172, 308

National Woman’s Party (NWP), US, 308

nationalism, 5, 8, 25, 31, 112, 155, 160, 165, 174, 227, 248, 286, 322, 390, 419, 422, 435, 436. See also racial nationalism

Nationalist Party, Russian, 164nationality problem

in Austria-Hungary, 42, 129, 130, 136, 151, 160, 193, 226, 227, 236, 278, 286, 296, 298, 300, 362, 440

in Belgium, 19in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 17in Ottoman Empire, 16,

259, 341in Russia, 85

Nazareth, 339Nemits, Alexander, Russian

admiral, 227Nepal, 23, 429Nepenin, Adrian, Russian

admiral, 226, 241Netherlands, 19, 60, 85, 167,

169, 170, 294, 312, 376Neuilly, Treaty of (1919), 402Neu-Sandec (Nowy Sacz), 80Neuve Chapelle, battle of

(1915), 117, 118New Caledonia, 314

New Guinea, 100, 395New York

as financial center, 238, 421celebrates Armistice, 385influenza deaths in, 314port of, 240, 404wartime riots in, 309

New Zealand, 23and British Navy, 29and Paris Peace Conference,

392awarded former German

colonies, 395conscription in, 288influenza deaths in, 314remembrance and


New Zealand armed forces. See also ANZAC

and conquest of German Pacific colonies, 100

at Gallipoli, 124, 125casualties of, 125, 276, 288in Egypt, 121, 333in Palestine, 339on Western front, 187, 275,

276, 367, 370prewar strength of, 23

New Zealand, British battle cruiser, 218

Newfoundland Regiment, 187Newport News, 99Nicaragua, 245Nicholas II, tsar of Russia, 15,

45, 46, 47, 50, 78, 85, 155, 156, 163, 191, 206, 241

abdication of, 226, 242, 243, 298

and mobilization for war, 38, 50

assumes personal command, 135

murdered by Bolsheviks, 365rejects separate peace

(1915), 130, 131Nicholas, Grand Duke,

Russian general, 78, 129, 133, 135

Nicolai, Georg, German physiologist, 162

Nicolson, Harold, British diplomat and politician, 396, 400

Nieuport 11, French airplane, 182

Nieuwpoort, 72Nigeria, 23, 102, 330, 395Nigeria Marine, 102Nile River, 14, 329Niš, 49, 143Nivelle offensive. See Aisne,

second battle of theNivelle, Robert, French

general, 182, 183, 205, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 282, 300

pictured, 270Nixon, John, British general,

324, 325Njegovan, Maksimilian,

Austro-Hungarian admiral, 226

Nobel, Alfred, and Nobel prize winners, 25, 26, 118, 120, 161

Norris, George W., US politician, 243

North Sea, 29, 84, 86, 97, 100, 121, 123, 210, 211, 218, 224, 237, 395, 440

Northcliffe, Alfred Harmsworth, Lord

British publishing magnate, 361

Northern Barrage, 222Norway, 210, 222Novorossiysk, 84Noyon, 71, 72, 354, 355Nuri Bey, Turkish officer, 329,

330Nürnberg, German light

cruiser, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98Nûreddin, Turkish general,

324nursing, and nurses, 169, 170,

171Nyasaland. See Malawi

Obrenović dynasty, 17Octobrist Party, Russian, 164Odessa, 84


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Ogaden, 330Orange Free State, 23, 104Orient, Army of the, Allied

force at Salonika, 143, 196

Orkney Islands, 222Orlando, Vittorio, Italian

prime minister, 282, 286, 304, 361, 385, 390, 391, 392, 394, 401

Ostend, 222, 372Ostfriesland, German

dreadnought, 231Otavi, battle of (1915), 104Otranto Barrage, 224, 225Otranto Straits, battle of the

(1917), 224Otranto, British armed

merchant cruiser, 96Ottoman Army

and Gallipoli campaign, 122–23, 124–25

Armenians in, 341casualties of, on all fronts,

386casualties of, against Arab

revolt, 340casualties of, at Gallipoli,

125casualties of, on Caucasus

front, 85divisions of, on Eastern

front, 195Eighth Army of, 337, 339,

340Fifth Army of, 122, 124Fourth Army of, 340Seventh Army of, 338, 339,

340Sixth Army of, 326Third Army of, 84, 85VIII Corps of, 121Young Turks in, 16

Ottoman Empire, 2Allied plans to partition,

326, 334, 336, 402and Armenian Genocide,

341–44and Egypt, 121Arab revolt against, 333–36,

339–40

British naval mission in, 17concludes armistice with

Allies, 340, 366, 402German military mission

in, 17in Balkan Wars (1912–13),


259joins Central Powers, 19, 84nationality problem in, 259,

341prewar problems and

decline, 15–16signs Treaty of Sèvres

(1920), 403Young Turk coup in (1908),

16Ottoman Navy, 17, 84, 210,

227, 231, 366Ourcq River, 68

Pacific Ocean, 92, 94, 95, 98, 99, 111

Paikon, Mount, 358Painlevé, Paul, French war

minister, 265, 269, 301Pakistan, 436Palau, 100Palermo, 304Palestine, 2, 333, 336, 337,

338, 339, 340, 346, 351, 403, 428, 435

Pals battalions, 158Panama, and Panama Canal,

20, 96, 97, 99, 245, 390Pankhurst, Emmeline, British

suffragist, 172Panslav movement, and

Panslavism, 11, 15, 18, 46Papen, Franz von, German

officer and diplomat, 240Paris, 50, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70,

354, 355, 356aerial and railway gun

bombardment of, 303celebrates Armistice, 384,

385influenza deaths in, 314public mood in (1914), 151refugees in, 164

strikes in, 302temporary relocation of

government from, 67, 116

US troops arrive in (1917), 249

wartime life in, 167, 172, 301, 304

Paris Peace Conference, 340, 344, 346, 391–404, 412, 416, 417, 423, 425, 426, 431, 435, 436. See also Versailles, Treaty of; St. Germain, Treaty of; Trianon, Treaty of; Neuilly, Treaty of; Sèvres, Treaty of

Parliament Act (1911), British, 12

Pašić, Nikola, Serbian prime minister, 18, 39, 40, 46, 47, 49, 144, 202, 360

Passchendaele, battle of (1917), 275–76, 282, 350

pictured, 277Patriotic Auxiliary Service

Law (1916), German, 292, 299

Paul, Alice, US suffragist, 308Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack

on (1941), 3Pearse, Patrick, Irish

nationalist leader, 290, 291

Pegasus, British protected cruiser, 99

Penang, 99People’s Party (DVP),

German, 388Pershing, John J. “Black Jack”

Pershing, US general, 248, 249, 309, 351, 355, 369, 372, 378

pictured, 348Persia, 15, 323, 344, 345Persian Gulf, 243, 322, 323,

326, 336, 337Peru, 245Pétain, Philippe, French

generaland Clemenceau, 302


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index466

Pétain, Philippe, (cont.)and Foch, 355and Haig, 352, 353and Nivelle, 265, 269as army group commander,

182, 183, 205, 264, 266, 269

as corps commander, 120as overall French Army

commander, 269, 271, 354, 355

commands Second Army, 125, 182

pictured, 348Peter Karageorgević, king of

Serbia, 17, 47, 360Petrograd (St. Petersburg),

135, 246, 253, 301Bolshevik Revolution in,

255capital moved to Moscow

from, 365July Days in (1917), 253Lenin’s arrival in, 247March Revolution in

(1917), 241Red Guards, pictured,

254soviet in, 243, 249, 250, 253,

255, 256, 271strikes in, 164, 240

Pflanzer-Baltin, Karl, Austro-Hungarian general, 189, 193, 194

Philadelphiainfluenza deaths in, 314wartime riots in, 309

Philippines, 20, 101, 237Piave River, 281, 361

battle of the (1918), 361Pichon, Stéphan, French

foreign minister, 392Picot, François Georges,

French diplomat, 336, 340, 403

Pilsudski, Józef, Polish general and statesman, 15, 82, 272

Pius IX, pope, 11Plan XVII, French war plan,

64, 65, 66, 67

Planck, Max, German physicist, 161

Plehve, Pavel, Russian general, 79, 83

Pless, German headquarters at, 128

Plumer, Herbert, British general, 119, 274, 275, 276, 354, 369, 372

Plunkett, Joseph, Irish nationalist leader, 290, 291

Pochhammer, Hans, German naval officer, 97

Pohl, Hugo von, German admiral, 212, 214

Poincaré, French presidentand appointment of Foch

as supreme Allied commander, 352

and Clemenceau, 301and Joffre, 205and Nivelle, 264, 265, 269and outbreak of war, 50, 53and wartime domestic unity

(union sacrée), 53, 164at Paris Peace Conference,

392, 393as premier in 1920s, 414background of, 14visits Russia (1914), 45, 50

poison gas, development and use of, 4, 118, 119, 120, 125, 126, 127, 145, 182, 186, 192, 205, 266, 268, 275, 280, 282, 357, 358, 371, 395, 430

Pola (Pula), 30, 138, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 362

Poland, 77, 78, 82, 85, 116, 133, 135, 152, 164, 168, 180, 204

and World War II, 133, 417at Paris Peace Conference,

392Central Powers establish

kingdom of (1916), 272determination of borders

of, 387, 392, 394, 405postwar alliance of, with

France, 431

republic established in (1918), 272, 411

workers from, in Germany, 294

Polish Legion, in service of Central Powers, 15, 82, 272

Polish-Soviet War (1919–21), 417

Ponape (Pohnpei), 100Port Arthur, 20, 101Port Stanley, 96, 97Portugal, 2, 19, 20, 106, 277

troops from, on Western front, 277, 354

Posen, 394Potiorek, Oskar, Austro-

Hungarian general, 36, 74, 75, 76, 77, 137

Prager, Robert, German American socialist, 311

Princess Royal, British battle cruiser, 97, 98, 211

Princip, Gavrilo, assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, 36, 37, 40, 54

pictured, 34Prinz Eitel Friedrich, German

auxiliary cruiser, 94Prinzregent Luitpold, German

dreadnought, 226Pripet Marshes, 136, 193, 195,

252prisoners of war, 80, 168, 281,

290, 294, 363, 376Prittwitz, Maximilian,

German general, 78propaganda. See Online Essay

9prostitution, 429Provence, French

dreadnought, 203Przemysl, 77, 80, 82, 129, 130

siege of (1914–15), 80, 82Puerto Rico, 20Putnik, Radomir, Serbian

general, 75, 76, 143

Quakers, 287Quast, Ferdinand von,

German general, 354


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Quebec, and Québécois, 288Queen Elizabeth, British

dreadnought, 121, 122, 123

Queen Mary, British battle cruiser, 216, 218

Queenstown (Cobh), 221

Rabaul, 100Rabigh, 334racial nationalism, 25racism and racial equality, 2,

393, 394Radical Party, French, 165,

301Radical Party, Serbian, 18, 40Rafah, 336Ragoza, Alexander, Russian

general, 273, 417Rajputs, 23Ramadi, 326Randolph, A. Philip, US

journalist, 309Rankin, Jeanette, US

politician, 243Rapallo, Treaty of (1920), 401Rashidi, pro-Ottoman Arab

tribe, 336Rasputin, Grigori, advisor to

Romanovs, 164, 206, 241Ras-ul-Ain, 342Rathenau, Walther, German

industrialist, 167, 292, 293

Rawlinson, Sir Henry, British general, 184, 185, 186, 187, 265, 366, 367, 370

Reata, battle of (1916), 106Red Army, Soviet Russian,

365, 401, 417, 425Red Cross, 63, 150, 168–71,

308, 430Red Sea, 121, 333, 334Redl, Alfred, Austro-

Hungarian officer, 47, 79, 86

Redlich, Josef, Austrian jurist and politician, 196

Redmond, John, Irish political leader, 52, 163, 290, 291, 292

Reed, John, US journalist and communist, 255

Regina Margherita, Italian battleship, 224

remembrance and commemoration, of World War I, 410, 431–35

Rennenkampf, Pavel, Russian general, 78, 79, 417

Renner, Karl, Austrian chancellor, 362, 389, 400, 418

reparationsAustrian, in Treaty of St.

Germain (1919), 399Bulgarian, in Treaty of

Neuilly (1919), 399German, as Allied war aim,

375, 393German, in Treaty of

Versailles (1919), 395, 396, 397, 413, 414, 420, 421

German payments of, rescheduled, 421

Hungarian, in Treaty of Trianon (1920), 399

Russian, in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 364

Repington, Charles à Court, British officer, 3

Representation of the People Act (1918), British, 306

Republican Party, US, 21, 238, 248, 386, 390, 393, 394, 404, 420, 422

Rheims, 116, 265, 266, 356Rhineland, 65, 394

Allied occupation of, 393, 420

demilitarized under Treaty of Versailles, 395, 396

Rhodesia, Northern. See Zambia

Ribot, Alexander, French premier, 265, 269

Richtofen, Manfred von, German aviator, 188, 266. See Online Essay 3

Riga, 134battle of (1915), 133, 254

battle of (1917), 254, 282Gulf of, secured by

Germans, 219, 226, 254Rijeka. See FiumeRobeck, Sir John de, British

admiral, 121Robertson, Sir William,

British general, 269, 280, 351, 352

Romagna, 165Romani, battle of (1916), 333,

336Romania, 15, 16

aligned with Central Powers (1883–1914), 18

Allied disappointment in, 200, 204

as food source for Central Powers, 202, 300

as wartime neutral, 134concludes peace with

Central Powers (1918), 274, 281

in Second Balkan War (1913), 17, 199

intervenes in Hungary (1918–19), 389, 401

interwar alliances of, 431invaded and defeated, 141,

201, 202, 204, 271in Wilson’s Fourteen Points,

259, 405in World War II, 417joins Allies (1916), 196,

197, 198, 244, 273postwar territorial gains of,

400, 402rejoins Allies (1918), 392

Romanian Armycasualties of, 201First Army of, 198, 201, 273Fourth Army of, 198, 201mobilization of, 198Second Army of, 198, 201,

273Third Army of, 198

Romanov dynasty, 2, 130, 164, 206, 242, 365

Rome, 11, 391, 432Fascist “March on” (1922),

416


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index468

Rommel, Erwin, German officer, 280

Roosevelt, Franklin, US president, 244

Roosevelt, Theodore, US president, 26, 237, 248, 390

Rosyth, 211, 215, 222Rotterdam, 60, 169Rovereto, 191Royal Air Force (RAF), 329,

339. See also British Army: Royal Flying Corps

Royal Irish Constabulary, 390Roye, 72Rudd, Kevin, Australian

prime minister, 434Ruffey, Pierre, French general,

66, 67Rufiji River, 99, 106Rupprecht, crown prince of

Bavaria, German general, 66, 71, 72, 117, 118, 120, 126, 187, 189

Russia, 2after Bolshevik Revolution,

256, 365Allied fears about stability

of, 204, 242and Armenians, 85, 344and Order Number One,

243, 250, 251, 271and Ottoman Empire, 17and Panslavism, 11, 15and Paris Peace Conference,

392Balkan interests of, 15, 16,

18Bolshevik Revolution in,

255, 256casualties of, on all fronts,

386casualties of, on Caucasus

front, 85casualties of, on Eastern

front, 135concludes separate peace

(1918), 344, 351, 363during July Crisis (1914),

36, 40, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50emigrants from, 159

front propaganda efforts of, 252

in Bosnian crisis of 1908–09, 43, 47, 54

industrial weakness of, 192in Triple Entente, 8, 10, 15,


258, 404in World War II, 3March Revolution in

(1917), 241military convention of, with

France (1892), 14prewar economy of, 14, 167rejects separate peace

(1915), 130, 180responsibility of, for

starting war, 38Revolution of 1905 in, 15strikes in, 163, 240supplied by Allies, 192territorial losses of, 363, 387under Provisional

Government (1917), 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 298, 312

wartime politics in, 163, 164, 241

Russian Army10th Cavalry Division of, 77air service of, 30at Salonika, 198, 358Austro-Hungarian deserters

in, 198, 271, 272brigades of, in France, 271Caucasus Army of, 84, 85,

341command and control

problems of, 79, 129Dobruja Detachment of,

198, 201Eighth Army of, 78, 83, 130,

131, 192Eleventh Army of, 192Fifth Army of, 78, 79, 82,

247First Army of, 78, 79, 80,

82, 130Fourth Army of, 78, 131,

135, 273

mobilization of, 51, 52, 53, 54

mutinies in, 195, 202, 241, 271

Ninth Army of, 82, 83, 130, 192

Northern army group (Northern front) of, 135

Northwest army group (Northwest front) of, 82, 129, 131, 132, 135, 191

prisoners lost, 83, 129, 135, 168

Second Army of, 78, 79, 82, 131

Seventh Army of, 83, 130, 192

Southwest army group (Southwest front) of, 83, 129, 130, 131, 192, 250, 252

Tenth Army of, 83, 247Third Army of, 78, 82, 129Twelfth Army of, 83, 247Western army group

(Western front) of, 135, 191, 250

women soldiers in, 250, 255Russian Civil War (1918–21),

256, 272, 365, 387, 401, 417

Russian Navy, 254Baltic Fleet of, 226, 227,

241, 253Black Sea Fleet of, 226, 229,

366Caspian Flotilla of, 344mutinies in, 225, 226, 227strength of, in 1914, 210wartime losses of, 231, 232

Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), 14, 15, 20, 22, 27, 28, 30, 31, 78, 79

Ruzsky, Nikolai, Russian general, 79, 82, 129, 135, 417

Rwanda, 102, 105, 106, 395

Saar Basin, 394, 413, 415Saarbrücken, 64Sabac, 76Sahili, 328, 329, 330, 331


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Saionji, Kinmochi, Japanese prime minister, 392

Saipan, 100Sakhalin, 20Salaito Hill (Oldorobo), battle

of (1916), 106Salandra, Antonio, Italian

prime minister, 140, 165, 205, 304, 390

Salonika (Thessaloniki), 75, 124, 143, 144, 196, 198, 199, 202, 203, 358, 360, 403

Salza, Anton von, Russian general, 78, 135

Salzburg, 138, 418Sambre River, 369, 371

battle of the (1914), 66second battle of the (1918),

370Samoa, 100, 314, 395Samsonov, Alexander, Russian

general, 79Samsun, 402San Diego, US armored

cruiser, 223San Francisco, 95, 314San Giuliano, Antonio di,

Italian foreign minister, 45San River, 129Sanusi, Sufi Muslim religious

order, 328, 329, 330, 331, 428

Sarajevo, 36, 39, 40, 46, 54, 93, 144, 399

Sari Bair, battle of (1915), 124Sarikamish, battle of (1914–

15), 84, 85Sarrail, Maurice, French

general, 143, 144, 196, 198, 199, 202, 203, 358

Satsuma, Japanese battleship, 100

Saudi Arabia, 329, 337. See also ibn Saud

Sava River, 50, 141Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, House

of, 19, 311. See Windsor, House of

Sazonov, Sergei, Russian foreign minister, 40, 46, 47, 49, 164

Scapa Flow, 211, 215, 222, 385, 395, 399

Scharnhorst, German armored cruiser, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98

pictured, 90Scheer, Reinhard, German

admiral, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 226, 227

Scheidemann, Philipp, German chancellor, 298, 376, 387, 398, 399

Schleswig-Holstein, 8, 230, 395, 414

Schlieffen, Alfred von, German general, and “Schlieffen Plan,” 44, 47, 51, 52, 60, 61

Schutzbund, Austrian socialist paramilitary, 418

Sedan, 61, 64, 66, 70, 370, 372

battle of (1870), 14, 62, 67Sedition Act (1918), US, 307Seeadler, German raider, 99Seeckt, Hans von, German

general, 117, 128, 136, 194, 196

Segale, battle of (1916), 331Seine River, 70, 164, 184Selective Service Act (1917),

US, 288Selle, battle of the (1918), 370Senegal, 24Serbia, 1, 15, 16

and Bulgaria’s entry into the war, 141, 143

and wartime atrocities, 76as catalyst for postwar

Yugoslavia, 360, 411, 418, 419

defeat and occupation of (1915), 143, 144

during July Crisis (1914), 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49

government-in-exile of, at Corfu, 143, 202, 360

in Balkan Wars (1912–13), 16, 17, 31, 199

in Bosnian crisis of 1908–09, 18, 47, 54

invaded by Austria-Hungary, 51, 53, 75


liberation of (1918), 360prewar politics in, 17, 18refuses to surrender (1915),

180responsibility of, for

starting war, 54supplied by France, 75typhus epidemic in, 169

Serbian Army, 40, 76, 77at Salonika, 198, 358casualties of, in opening

campaign, 76mobilization of, 75overall casualties of, 288

Sevastopol, 84, 227Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 403,

425Shaiba, battle of (1915), 324Shakespear, William, British

officer, 336Shantung Peninsula, 395, 423Sharqat, battle of (1918), 326shellshock, 204. See Online

Essay 5Shiite Muslims, 326Siam, 392Sicily, 304Sierra Leone, 23, 102, 314Sievers, Thadeus von, Russian

general, 83Sikhs, 23, 328Silesia, 128, 396, 414Silistria, 201Sims, William S., US admiral,

221Sinai peninsula, 333, 336Sinn Féin, 163, 290, 291, 292,

390Sino-Japanese War (1894–95),

20Sistovo, 201Sixtus, prince of Bourbon-

Parma, Belgian officer, 360Skoda, Austrian armaments

manufacturer, 181Skopje, 143Skra-di-Legen, battle of

(1918), 358


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Slovaks, 272Slovenes, 138, 360, 401Smith-Dorrien, Sir Horace,

British general, 72, 118, 119

Smuts, Jan, South African general and statesman, 104, 106, 107, 307, 393, 420

Smyrna (Izmir), 402, 403, 425Social Democratic Labor

Party, Russian, 155. See Bolsheviks; Mensheviks

Social Democratic Party (SPD), German, 9, 25, 44, 52, 151, 153, 155, 156, 160, 165, 293, 297, 298, 299, 300, 312, 343, 373, 374, 376, 387, 389, 398, 399, 400, 414

Social Democratic Party, Austrian, 151, 155, 160, 293, 312, 362, 389, 400

Socialist International, First (1864), 155

Socialist International, Second (1889), 25, 150, 155, 156, 312

Socialist Party, French (SFIO), 53, 155

Socialist Party, Italian, 155, 165, 304, 390

Socialist Party, US, 311, 313Socialist Revolutionary (SR)

Party, Russian, 249, 250, 256, 365

Society Islands, 99Sofia, 200Soissons, 117, 145, 265, 354,

355, 356Somalia, and Somaliland, 322,

328, 329, 330, 331, 345Somme River, 275, 369Somme, battle of the (1916),

144, 158, 183, 184–89, 195, 203, 204, 205, 210, 264, 265, 266, 267, 276, 282, 439

Somme, second battle of the (1918), 351

Sonnino, Sidney, Italian foreign minister, 392, 401

Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, wife of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, 36, 41

Sopwith Camel, British airplane, 230, 275

Sopwith triplane, British, 266Souchon, Wilhelm, German

and Turkish admiral, 84, 227

South Africa, 23Afrikaners in, 23, 103, 111,

288, 327and Paris Peace Conference,

392awarded German

Southwest Africa, 395, 424

conscription in, 288Maritz rebellion in (1914–

15), 104republic established in

(1961), 425South African armed forces,

104casualties of, 107in Egypt, 329mobilization of, 104on Western front, 187prewar strength of, 23

Soviets, First All-Russian Congress of (1917), 250

Soviets, Second All-Russian Congress of (1917), 255, 257

Spa, German headquarters at, 360, 374, 376

SPAD S13, French airplane, 275

Spain, 20, 168, 210, 303, 314Spanish-American War

(1898), 20, 248, 309Spartacus League, German,

156, 387SPD. See Social Democratic

Party, GermanSpee, Maximilian von,

German admiral, 92–95, 96–98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 111, 159, 210, 211

St. Germain, Treaty of (1919), 400

St. Julien, 119St. Louis, East, wartime riots

in, 309St. Mihiel, battle of (1918),

369St. Quentin, battle of (1914),

68St. Quentin Canal, battle of

the (1918), 370, 371Staaken R6, German bomber,

307Stalin, Joseph, Soviet premier,

5, 15, 417, 418, 440Stallupönen, battle of (1914),

78Stamboliyski, Alexander,

Bulgarian prime minister, 402

Stanton, Charles E., US officer, 249

Štefánik, Milan, Slovak nationalist leader and French army aviator, 272

Stockholm, 247, 312socialist peace conference

at (1917–18), 298, 301, 312, 313

storm troop tactics, infantry, 254, 276, 280, 282, 339, 439

Stresemann, Gustav, German foreign minister, 415

Sturdee, Sir Doveton, British admiral, 97, 98, 211

Stürgkh, Karl, Austrian prime minister, 42, 293, 389

Stürmer, Boris, Russian prime minister, 164

Styria, 138submarines, and submarine

warfare, 145, 172, 210, 212–14, 216, 218–23, 224, 225, 229, 231, 232, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 244, 264, 277, 282, 290, 297, 298, 305, 373, 376, 377, 395, 440

Sudetenland, 389, 399Suez Canal, 121, 329, 333,

336suffrage, women’s, 2, 12, 172,

174, 386, 412


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index 471

Sun Yat-sen, founder of Republic of China, 101

Sunni Muslims, 16, 326, 426Sussex, passenger ferry, 214Suttner, Bertha von, Austrian

pacifist, 25, 26Suvla Bay, 122, 124, 125Swakopmund, 104Sweden, 45, 247, 312, 373Switzerland, 156, 246, 273,

294, 328, 417Sydney, Australian cruiser, 99Sykes, Sir Mark, British

diplomat, 336, 340, 403Syria, 340, 341, 342, 403, 428Szeged, 401Szent István, Austro-

Hungarian dreadnought, 225

Szőgyény-Marich, Ladislaus de, Austro-Hungarian diplomat, 41

Taft, William H., US president, 169, 391

Tahiti, 92, 94, 95Taiping Rebellion (1850–64),

386Taiwan, 20, 101, 111Talaat Pasha, Ottoman interior

minister and grand vizier, 341, 342, 363

Tamin, Yamaya, Japanese admiral, 100

Tamines, German atrocities at, 62

Tanga, battle of (1914), 105Tanganyika, Lake, 108tanks, development and use

of, 145, 187, 188, 205, 249, 265, 266, 267, 275, 276, 282, 338, 339, 350, 351, 356, 366, 368, 369, 371, 372, 377, 395, 439. See Online Essay 7

pictured, 277, 370Tannenberg, battle of (1914),

79, 85, 129Taranto, 223, 224Tarnów-Gorlice, battle of

(1915), 129, 130, 133, 136, 137

Taurus Mountains, 325Taveta, battle of (1914), 105Teodoroiu, Ecaterina,

Romanian officer, 274Terztyanszky, Karl von,

Austro-Hungarian general, 195

Teschen (Tešin), Austro-Hungarian headquarters at, 80, 128, 142, 144, 190, 193, 196

Thailand. See SiamThomas, Albert, French

politician, 165, 301Thomas, Lowell, US

journalist, 334Thrace, 16, 17, 360, 402, 403,

426Tigris River, 323, 324Tikrit, 326Tirailleurs indochinois, 24

pictured, 200Tirailleurs malagaches, 24Tirailleurs sénégalais, 24, 72

pictured, 73Tirpitz, Alfred von,

German admiral, 10, 29, 44, 211, 212, 214, 219, 226, 299

Tisza, István, Hungarian prime minister, 42, 43, 161, 298, 312, 362

Tito, Josip Broz, Yugoslav communist leader, 363, 416

Todorov, Georgi, Bulgarian general, 143

Togo, 102, 106, 395Toul, 51Townshend, Charles, British

general, 324, 325Trafalgar, battle of (1805), 217Trans-Siberian Railway, 192Transvaal, 23, 104Transylvania, 18, 196, 198,

201, 202, 389, 400, 401Trapp, Georg von, Austro-

Hungarian naval officer, 223

Trebizond (Trabzon), 342Trenchard, Hugh, British

aviator, 231

trenches and trench warfare, 4, 27, 28, 87, 118, 119, 120, 125, 126, 140, 145, 166, 170, 183, 185, 186, 187, 192, 205, 249, 264, 265, 287, 307, 315, 352, 357. See Online Essay 1; Online Essay 5

Trentino (South Tyrol), 12, 45, 137, 140, 141, 389, 400, 432

Treves, Claudio, Italian politician, 304

Trianon, Treaty of (1920), 418Trieste, 137, 181, 203, 224,

229, 278, 280, 362, 432Triple Alliance, 8, 11, 12, 19,

41, 45, 138Triple Entente, 8, 12, 17, 19,

51, 55, 83, 84, 137, 213, 244, 274

Trotsky, Leon, Soviet war and foreign minister, 15, 151, 156, 157, 363, 365, 384, 417

Truk, 100Tsingtao (Qingdao), 93, 94,

98, 99, 100, 101, 395, 423Tunisia, 24Turin, 305, 391Turkey. See Ottoman EmpireTurkey, Republic of

as secular state, 426, 435borders of, defined, 402,

425denies Armenian Genocide,

426remembrance and

commemoration of World War I in, 434

War of Independence of (1919–22), 425

“turnip winter” (1916–17) in Germany and Austria, 219, 286, 295, 297, 298

Tutrakan, 201typhus, 135, 143, 169, 325,

326Tyrol, 137, 153, 189, 190, 191,

193, 194, 198, 203, 205, 278, 279, 280, 361, 362, 418. See also Trentino


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index472

Tyrol (cont.)Home Guard

(Standschützen) of, 137Imperial rifle (Kaiserjäger)

regiments of, 141

U5, Austro-Hungarian submarine, 223

U9, German submarine, 212U17, German submarine, 212U20, German submarine, 212U21, German submarine, 123,

124U29, German submarine, 214U31, Austro-Hungarian

submarine, 225UB50, German submarine,

229Uchida, Kosai, Japanese

foreign minister, 392Udine, 139, 280Uganda, 24, 107Ukraine, 193, 202, 300, 363,

417Central Powers conclude

separate peace with (1918), 363

incorporated into USSR (1922), 417

Ulster, 291, 412Ulster Volunteers, 163Unionist Party, Turkish, 16United States, 1, 3, 4

African Americans in, 288, 308, 309

and China, 102and League of Nations, 393,

419, 420, 428, 429and Ottoman Empire, 244,

402and Paris Peace Conference,

390, 391, 394, 401and Russian Revolution

(1917), 243and World War II, 410anti-Germanism in, 311anti-war socialism in, 313Civil War in (1861–65),

286, 288, 432conscription in, 288, 289declares war, 221, 245, 271,

277

elections of 1918 in, 386establishes colonial empire

(1898), 20federal power increases in,

307finances German

reparations, 421German sabotage in, 240illiteracy in, 289influenza deaths in, 314immigrants in, 237, 288,

310mobilization of, 282, 288Monroe Doctrine of (1823),

394Native Americans in, 310opinion in, turns against

Germany, 212, 214, 237pre-1917 volunteers from,

150, 159, 168prewar economy of, 9, 21postwar economy of, 411,

414, 421rejects postwar alliance

with Britain and France, 431

relations of, with Allies (1917–18), 355, 378

relations of, with Japan, 20, 21, 92, 101, 237

remembrance and commemoration in, 432

supplies Allies, 86, 238, 239U-boat activity on coast

of, 222women’s suffrage in, 2, 174,

308United States Army

10th Cavalry Regiment of, 309

1st Division of, 27726th Division of, 3563rd Division of, 35677th Division of, 37282nd Division of, 37292nd Division of, 30993rd Division of, 309, 372air service of, 231, 249casualties of, on Western

front, 386demobilization of, 404First Army of, 369, 372

in postwar Rhineland, 420National Guard regiments

in, 248on Italian front, 361prewar strength of, 21, 22,

248Second Army of, 372

United States Marine Corps, 288, 355

United States Navyand Washington Naval

Treaty (1922), 430anti-submarine efforts of,

221, 222manpower of, 288prewar build-up of, 21, 210

Uruguay, 245USPD. See Independent Social

Democratic Party

Val d’Assa, 191Val Sugana, 191Vallarsa, 191Valona, 143, 145, 224Valparaiso, 97, 159Van, 341, 342van Deventer, Jakobus “Jaap,”

South African general, 106

Vatican, 11, 391Vaux, Fort, 182, 183Venetia, 11Venetian Republic, 400Venizelos, Eleftherios, Greek

prime minister, 124, 143, 203, 273

Verdun, 51, 61, 64, 66, 67, 71, 264, 369, 370

battle of (1916), 144, 181–84, 190, 191, 203, 204, 205, 214, 254, 264, 275, 282, 300, 350, 433

Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 8, 38, 388, 392–99, 401, 403, 404, 412, 413, 415, 419, 430. See also League of Nations; reparations; war guilt

Vesle River, 356Vicenza, 191Victor Emmanuel II, king of

Italy, 11


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Victor Emmanuel III, king of Italy, 281, 391

Vienna, 10, 15, 138food shortages in, 167, 297,

300patriotic demonstrations in

(1914), 151wartime refugees in, 167

Vietnam, 200, 423, 424, 436Villa, Pancho, Mexican leader,

248Vilna (Vilnius), 132, 133, 134Vimy Ridge, 120, 268

battle of (1917), 265, 266, 271

pictured, 267Vistula River, 77, 78, 129, 132,

136Vittorio Veneto, battle of

(1918), 361, 362Viviani, René, French premier,

45, 50, 164, 165Vladivostok, 241, 272, 365,

417Volkswehr, postwar Austrian

army, 389, 400, 418Voluntary Aid Detachments

(VAD), British, 169, 171

Wahhabi, 329, 336Wallachia, 198, 201war guilt, German, 38, 312,

396, 398, 399, 415War of 1859, 11War of 1864, 8, 168Warsaw, 82, 114, 118, 130,

132, 136Washington Naval Treaty

(1922), 423, 430Wegerer, Alfred von, German

writer, 415Weimar, German constituent

assembly in (1919), 387, 388, 389, 399

Wejh (al-Wajh), 334Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn, British

admiral, 222, 376Westminster, Statute of

(1931), 22, 307, 412Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 8White armies, anti-Bolshevik,

365, 417

White Man’s Burden, 112White Sea, 365, 417White, Henry, US diplomat,

391Wien, Austro-Hungarian

battleship, 224Wilhelmshaven, 211, 215, 216,

222, 224, 226, 228, 374, 385

William I, German emperor, 8William II, German emperor

abdication of, 229, 374, 376and declaration of war, 50,

51, 151and Falkenhayn, 180, 183,

195, 198and German Social

Democrats, 9and High Sea Fleet, 211,

214, 218and Hindenburg, 82, 376and King Albert of

Belgium, 19and kingdom of Poland, 272and the Peace Resolution

(1917), 299and unrestricted submarine

warfare, 212, 214, 219, 236at headquarters, 61, 374Balkan dynastic ties of, 18,

19, 196, 203exile of, in Netherlands,

376, 430indicted in Treaty of

Versailles, 398proclaims constitutional

monarchy, 373promises postwar reforms,

298pictured, 10relations of, with Austro-

Hungarian allies, 41, 50, 51, 278, 360

sacks Ludendorff, 373William of Wied, Albanian

monarch (1914), 19Wilson, Sir Henry, British

general, 352Wilson, Woodrow, US

presidentand League of Nations, 394,

397, 405, 428

and Pershing, 248, 249and proposed Anglo-

French-US alliance, 394, 420

and Theodore Roosevelt, 237, 248

and Treaty of Versailles, 396and war aims of Allies, 244,

259, 401and women’s suffrage, 308and Zimmermann

Telegram, 239, 240anti-war critics of, 313asks Congress to declare

war, 245, 246asks Congress to declare

war, pictured, 244at Paris Peace Conference,

392, 393, 394, 403background and election of,

21, 234biased toward Allies, 236, 238breaks relations with

Germany, 236, 240enduring principles of, 435Fourteen Points of (1918),

227, 258, 373, 374, 375, 404, 405, 417

health of, 404, 420, 422, 431justifies treaty and League

to US public, 419justifies war to US public,

298, 308pictured, 234, 382postwar tour of Europe,

391, 397protests unrestricted

submarine warfare, 214, 216

reelection of (1916), 238seeks mediation role, 236views of, on race, 309, 394,

423Windhoek, 104Windsor, House of, 311wireless radio technology, 79,

94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 104

women, roles and rights of, 2, 12, 166, 169, 170, 172, 174, 250, 274, 291, 306, 308, 310, 386, 412


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Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 311

Women’s Peace Party (WPP), US, 308

Women’s Social and Political Union (WPSU), British suffrage organization, 172, 308

Wood, Leonard, US general, 248

World War II, 2, 3, 4, 8, 67, 92, 94, 101, 111, 122, 127, 182, 220, 243, 308, 310, 315, 336, 342, 343, 346, 386, 394, 410, 412, 415, 416, 417, 423, 424, 425, 426, 428, 429, 430, 432, 433, 434, 435, 439, 440, 441

Württemberg, Albrecht, duke of, German general, 66, 72, 118

Yanushkevich, Nikolai, Russian general, 78, 417

Yaounde, 102Yap, 94, 100Yavuz Sultan Selim (ex-

Goeben), Turkish battle cruiser, 227, 366

Yemen, 334

York, Alvin, US soldier, 372Ypres, 74, 275, 282, 433

fifth battle of (1918), 372first battle of (1914), 73, 74fourth battle of (1918), 354second battle of (1915),

118, 119, 120, 125third battle of (1917). See

PasschendaeleYser River, 72

battle of the (1914), 73Yuan Shih-kai, Chinese

general and president, 101, 102

Yudenich, Nikolai, Russian general, 341, 342

Yugoslav National Council, 229, 362

Yugoslavia, 360and Paris Peace Conference,

391collapse of (1990s), 419determination of borders of,

387, 400, 401, 402, 416interwar alliances of, 431restoration of (1945), 440

Zaionchkovsky, Andrei M., Russian general, 198, 201, 271

Zambia, 106Zanzibar, 99, 102Zara (Zadar), 401Zeebrugge, 222Zélée, French gunboat, 95Zeppelins, 4, 30, 107, 229, 230,

307, 440Zewditu (Zauditu), empress of

Abyssinia, 331, 428Zhilinsky, Yakov, Russian

general, 180, 417Zimmermann, Arthur,

German foreign secretary, 41, 239, 240, 246

Zimmerwald Conference and Manifesto (1915), 156, 157, 256, 312, 313, 375

Zinoviev, Grigori, Bolshevik leader, 255

Zionist movement, 2, 339, 345, 428

Zita, empress of Austria, queen of Hungary

pictured, 6Zola, Émile, French journalist,

25Zymbrakakis, Epaminondas,

Greek general, 203, 273, 358


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