Cambridge Unive rsity Press Second Edition Lizabeth Cohen Indexassets.cambridge.org/97805217/15355/index/9780521715355... · 2014. 10. 1. · Alinsky , Saul, 501n34 Alschuler, Judg

A&P, 106, 107, 112, 119, 407n47; andblacks, 154; expansion of, 116, 117,326, 356-7; Hawthorne pay checkscashed at, 178; and radio, 140; store lo-cations of, 109

Abbott, Edith, 7Abramowicz, Rev., 94, 384nl6Akron, Ohio, 2, 297Alabama, 262Alinsky, Saul, 501n34Alschuler, Judge Samuel, 44Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel

and Tin Workers, 3, 39, 294Amalgamated Clothing Workers of Amer-

ica (ACWA), 47-8, 210, 308Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher

Workmen of North America, 4, 43-6,296, 379n58

American Federation of Labor (AFL), 333;and blacks, 336; in competition withCIO, 300; in 1919, 3, 13, 39

Americanization programs, 165American Red Cross, 223"Amos 'n' Andy Show," 142, 328, 329anti-Semitism, 29, 151-2, 427nl78Armour and Company, 13, 27, 160; blacks

at, 35, 166, 206, 379n54; and commu-nity outreach, 180; company and plantmagazines at, 179; compared to Swift,207; employee representation at, 171-3,190, 205, 297, 452nl21, nl23; ethnicityof work force at, 28; foremen at, 188; inGreat Depression, 239, 240, 316; long-standing resistance to unionism at, 4;NLRB election at, 311; PWOC at, 2,302, 305, 307-8, 310, 320, 321, 349,350; PWOC contract with, 297-8,307-8; response to PWOC by, 297,305; and stock ownership plans, 175,445n88; unionization at, in early 1930s,296-7; vacations at, 439n50; welfarecapitalism at, 163—4; and women, 347

Armstrong, Louis, 155Associated Catholic Charities, 60-1, 84,

86; and government relief, 269; in GreatDepression, 21S>, 221, 222, 223, 224-6

Associated Grocers of Chicago, 119Associated Jewish Charities, 60automobiles: owned by workers, 103, 143,

401nl2; purchased by installment, 103Avalon Park, 134tAvila, Alfredo, 500n30

Back of the Yards, 17, 27-30; employerscompared in, 207; ethnic banking in, 75;in Great Depression, 1; movie theatersin, 123, 124, 127, 131; radio in, 134t;stores in, 107, 110, 115

Back of the Yards Council, 501n34Baczsinski, Stanley, 500n30Baer, Max, 330Balaban & Katz, 100,122, 124-5, 126,

128,129Barczak family, 234Barnes, Eva, 287, 347Barnett, Claude, 335-6Barrett, Joseph, 338Beiderbacke, Leon "Bix," 156Bekker's Cleaners, 109Berwyn, 31, 80; cultural isolation of, in

1930s, 353; and Hawthorne Works, 33,49; stores in, 353

Binga State Bank, 152; closed in GreatDepression, 215, 231-2, 233

Bittner, Van, 297, 299, 309, 338, 343, 358B. Kuppenheimer Company, 31Black Belt, 21, 33-8, 148-56; as "black

metropolis," 425n 170; and CIO orga-nizing, 334; in Great Depression, 215,226, 270, 271; movie theaters in, 131;radio in, 134t; stores in, 151—3,427nl78

blacks: in agricultural implements indus-try, 18; attitude toward unions of, 42,

511

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512 Index

blacks (cont.)45; banks among, 152, 215, 233;churches among, 148, 226, 394n87; andCIO, 334-6, 335, 337, 338, 363,499n22, 500n30; and Communist Party,261-2; and consumption, 148-54; andemployee representation, 205—6; em-ployer attitude toward, 45; and FERA,268; fraternals among, 151; in garmentindustry, 18, 20, 35, 48; in GreatDepression, 226-7, 242, 331-2, 363;increase within industrial work forceduring 1920s of, 165-6; and insurance,150-1, 464n42; isolated from cowork-ers, 36; and jazz, 154-6; job discrimina-tion toward, 36, 165-7, 205-6, 207-8,242, 354, 457nl73; at McCormickWorks, 32, 35, 449n99; and mass cul-ture, 147-57; and movie theaters, 123,125, 131, 413n96; in 1919 steel strike,42; and NRA, 260; in packinghouses,17, 18, 20, 28, 35, 166; in packinghousestrike of 1921-2, 45; and politics, 254,257, 258-61; prefer brand-name goods,152, 427nl81; prefer chain stores, 152-4; residential patterns of, 34, 376n26;and separate black economy, 148—52;skill of, 167, 434n20; in steel, 17, 18,20, 35, 165-7, 335-6, 442-3; as strike-breakers, 35, 42, 45; and unemployedmovement, 266; and unemployment,185-6, 242, 449n99; and WPA, 260-1,279-81; see also Black Belt; DemocraticParty; Republican Party; Roosevelt,Franklin D.; welfare capitalism; bynames of employers

Blazewicz, Anna, 236Blue Island, Illinois, 342Bohemian Charitable Association, 58, 219Bohemians, 29; anxiety about assimilation

among, 54; avoidance of public assis-tance in 1920s among, 62-3; conflictswithin, 383n7; and consumption, l i l ,114; and dance palaces, 146; in garmentindustry, 47; at Hawthorne Works, 33,49, 203; new settlements of, 31, 32; oldcommunity of, 30; opposition to Prohi-bition among, 210-11; in packing-houses, 28; and politics, 254; in unem-ployed movement, 266; and UnitedCharities, 62; see also ethnic and reli-gious welfare organizations in 1920s;ethnic banks in 1920s; ethnic banks in1930s; ethnic building and loan associa-tions in 1920s; ethnic mutual benefit so-cieties in 1920s; Liberty Loans

Boston, 104, 107

Bowles, William, 270Brachs Candy Company, 277Brazinski, Father, 232Breckinridge, Sophonisba, 7, 110, 144,

408n54Brichke, Jean, 118Bridgeport, 28; see also Back of the YardsBrighton Park, 32; in Great Depression,

236; movie theaters in, 123; see alsoSouthwest Corridor

British, 373nl2Brown, Mary, 263Buffalo, 410n70building and loan associations, see ethnic

building and loan associations in 1920s;ethnic building and loan associations in1930s

Bunche, Ralph, 260Burgess, Ernest, 7, 101, 248Bush, the, 24

Calumet region, 21—6Calzaretta, Flory, 274Canadians, 373nl2Canaryville, 28capitalism: and "moral capitalism," 209,

253, 286, 289, 291, 292, 315, 366;worker attitude toward, 209, 252, 263-4,286,315-17,356,365-6

Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation, seeU.S. Steel

Carnegie Steel Company, see U.S. SteelCarradina, Celie, 258Carter, Barbara Ann, 274Caruso, Enrico, 105Caruso, Tony, 197Castiglia, Agnes, 277Catholic Church: Associated Catholic

Charities established by, 60-1; attackon national parishes by, 55, 83-4;among blacks, 394n87; and CIO, 338,500n31; criticism of, in Great Depres-sion, 224-6; Five Holy Martyrs,384nl6; and government relief, 269-70;Holy Name Societies in, 84, 86, 91, 221,395n92; Immaculate Conception,B.V.M., 395n92; Italian feasts and, 88-90; and Italians, 87-94; Our Lady ofGuadalupe, 24; Our Lady of Pompeii,221; parochial schools of, 86, 87, 92,225, 374nl2, 396n98, 423nl59;andPoles, 85-7, 94, 395n90; and radio,135, 418nl29; Sacred Heart, 24; St.Adelbert, 222; St. Anthony, 90; St. Au-gustine, 225, 395n92, 461nl7; St. Casi-mir, 73, 222; St. George, 26; St. Joseph,24; St. Kevin, 180; St. Marina, 232; St.




Index 513Mary Magdalene, 221; St. Michael, 24,85, 86, 180, 225; St. Patrick, 24; St.Philip Benizi, 91; S.S. Peter and Paul, 26;St. Stanislaus Kostka, 395n92; San Cal-listo, 90; San Rocco, 90, 92; in SouthChicago, 24, 26; see also ethnic and reli-gious welfare organizations in 1920s

Cayton, Horace, 226Central Charity Bureau, see Associated

Catholic CharitiesCermak, Anton, 63, 255, 259chain stores, see consumptionChalasinski, Joseph, 86Chatham, 134tCheltenham, 24Chicago: chain stores in, 107-9; CIO in,

291; class polarization in, during 1930s,287-8; economic characteristics of, 7,13, 21, 27-8; employment in, 13, 1 4 -15, 16, 371n6; HOLC in, 274; indus-trial work force composition in, 7, 17,18, 20, 35, 324-5; movie theaters in,130; in 1919, 12; outlying shoppingareas in, 117; postal savings rates in,273, 392n68; unemployment in, 102,217, 241, 243t, 246-9, 399n8; unioni-zation in, by 1940, 292; U.S. savingsbonds sales in, 273

Chicago Commons Settlement, 31, 256,272

Chicago Council of Social Agencies, 102Chicago Defender, 149,153, 155, 231,

330, 429nl88Chicago Federation of Labor, 4, 43, 50,

261, 286; and Hawthorne Works in1919, 49; in 1919 steel strike, 39; inpackinghouse industrial conflicts, 1917-22, 45; and WCFL, 136-8, 140, 141-2,327; welfare programs of, 210

Chicago Heights, Illinois, 21, 88, 90Chicago Urban League, 167, 242Chicago Workers' Committee on Unem-

ployment, see Workers' Committee onUnemployment

Churches, see Catholic Church; Protestantchurches

Cicero, 21, 31, 137, 320, 506n65; culturalisolation of, in 1930s, 352-4; and Haw-thorne Works, 33, 49; stores in, 109,111,353

Cieslak, Stanley and Natalie, 73Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 252,

258, 278; class composition of, 281; im-pact of, on youth, 281; program of, 281

Civil Works Administration (CWA), 278,279

Clementi, Rose, 92

Cleveland, 274Cohen, Anna, 274Cole, Jim, 337, 367Colson, Myra Hill, 200Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 141,

327Communist Party: efforts to attract blacks

by, 261-2; during 1920s, 196, 261; dur-ing 1930s, 261-4 , 296, 309-12, 319;votes for, 478n24; see also UnemployedCouncils

communities, see neighborhoodsCongress of Industrial Organizations

(CIO), 2, 5; and blacks, 334-6, 363; inChicago, 291, 292; Communist supportof, 262, 309-12; and "culture of unity,"324, 333-49, 365; demands of, 314,315; diversity in militance within, 349—50; early history of, 294; employer re-sponse to, 350; ethnic and racial solidar-ity within, 323, 324, 333-40, 348-9,361, 367; family orientati6n of, 346—8,358-9; helped by ethnic and religiousorganizations, 338; historical debateover workers' motives for, 493n33; in-fluence of unemployed movement on,265, 320; internal conflicts within, 357—8, 367; leadership of, 308-13, 318-19,492n23; limitations of, 357-60, 366;after 1940, 367-8; and radio, 341, 343,344; and rank and file, 310-13, 367;red-baiting of, 493n27; and Roosevelt,302, 332, 359; shared culture amongworkers in, 324-33, 352-3 , 356-7,365; shop floor strategies of, 339; socialand recreational programs of, 340-1 ,342; and union buttons, 339-40; use ofbars in organizing by, 340; workers'goals for, 292-3 , 493n33; worker soli-darity nationally in, 308, 331-3 , 343-5,367, 503n50; worker solidarity withinChicago in, 345-6, 503n49; see alsoFarm Equipment Workers' OrganizingCommittee (FE); Packinghouse Workers'Organizing Committee (PWOC); SteelWorkers' Organizing Committee(SWOC)

consciousness, see political consciousnessof industrial workers

Consumers' Store, 154, 236consumption: of automobiles, 103, 143,

401nl2; among blacks, 148-54; ofbrand-name goods, 106-7, 113, 115,119, 152, 402n23, 408n53, n54;through chain stores, 106-9, 112-13,116-20, 152-4, 235-8, 325, 404n28,407n45, n47, 411n72; changing patterns




514 Index

consumption (cont.)of, between 1920s and 1930s, 108, 116,234-8; credit needed for, 112, 234-5;distinctive patterns among classes in,103-4, 109-16,120, 356-7, 404n28,407n45, n47, 408n53, 409n61; distinc-tive patterns between races in, 154; offoreign-language records, 105-6; andGreat Depression, 234-8, 325; throughindependent stores, 107, 117-18, 2 3 4 -8, 405n36, 410n70, 427nl78; by install-ment, 102-4; market research in, 116,409n62; of phonographs, 104-6; socialimpact of, 104-6, 119, 143,154; tied toethnicity, 110-12, 406n41; through vol-untary chains, 118-19; see also bynames of stores

Cook County Bureau of Public Welfare:and Mothers* Pensions, 62, 120; in1920s, 57, 62, 63; in 1930s, 216, 224,265

Cosentino, Salvatore, 76, 78, 275Coughlin, Charles E. (Father), 418nl29Croatian Falcons, 53Croatians: and CIO, 338; and consump-

tion, 408n54; ethnic organizationsamong, 53; in steel, 24,163, 203; seealso ethnic building and loan associa-tions in 1920s

"culture of unity," see Congress of Indus-trial Organizations (CIO)

Cwik, Lillian, 65Czechs, see Bohemians

Dal Cason, Nina, 65Daley, Richard J., 255Dalle-Molle, Ernest, 123dance palaces, 146—7, 177Danes, 165Davis, John W., 256Debs, Eugene, 492n23De Lisle, Ellen, 278Democratic Party, 5; and blacks, 259—61,

363; in Chicago, 254—61, 387n34; com-pared to European parties, 365-6; andLithuanians, 362; and Poles, 362;worker support of, 2, 255-61, 287-9,304, 332, 364, 366, 476nl4

Dennison family, 233depression of 1920-1, 60, 103, 161, 1 8 1 -

2,185depression of 1930s, see Great DepressionDetroit, 2, 273, 274, 330Dies, Martin, 311Dollard, John, 104Domke, Rena, 105Douglass National Bank, 152

Doyle, Mrs. Carl, 236Drake, St. Clair, 226Dubinsky, David, 308Dynamics of Industrial Democracy, The,

318-19

East Chicago, Indiana, 21East Side, 24; see also Southeast Chicagoelections, see votingElias, Joseph, 75Ellington, Duke, 156Elson, Gab, 193Emergency Banking Act of 1933, 275employee representation plans: and blacks,

205; in Chicago factories, 164; estab-lished, 171—3; as launching pad forCIO, 293-5 , 299, 304; prevalence ofnationally, 431n9; reality of, 172—3,190-1, 452nl21, 453nl23; see also byname of company

employee stock ownership plans, see stockownership plans

Employers' Association of Chicago, 182Englewood, 134tethnic and religious welfare organizations

in 1920s, 55, 56-64, 219-27; amongBohemians, 58; among Catholics, 60—1,219, 221-2; consolidation of, 6 0 - 1 ;and hospitals, 63, 385n21; among Jews,57, 58-61 , 384nl9; among Poles, 61,219

ethnic and religious welfare organizationsin 1930s: among Catholics, 224-6; cri-sis in, 222-7, 461nl7

ethnic banks in 1920s, 56, 75-83; atti-tudes toward, 80-2 , 391n57; amongBohemians, 80, 82; changes over decadein, 83; competing with employee stockownership plans, 195; financial weak-ness of, 79-80, 82, 230-1 ; and highersavings rate, 103, 392n67; impact ofWorld War I on, 76-9; among Italians,80, 81; among Jews, 76, 80, 81-2;among Lithuanians, 75; location of, 7 9 -80; motives behind creation of, 80; peo-ple's banking experiences prior to, 75—6; among Poles, 80; among Slovaks, 80

ethnic banks in 1930s: among Bohemians,231; crisis in, 230-3; and federal gov-ernment, 272-3; among Italians, 231,232; among Jews, 231; among Lithuani-ans, 231; among Poles, 231, 232; postalsavings preferred to, 273; among Slo-vaks, 231; U.S. savings bonds preferredto, 273

ethnic building and loan associations in1920s: among Bohemians, 76, 82;




Index 515changes over decade of, 82 -3 ; amongCroatians, 82; among Jews, 391n59;among Lithuanians, 82; people's experi-ences prior to, 76; among Poles, 76, 82;among Serbians, 82; among Slovaks, 82;among Slovenians, 82

ethnic building and loan associations in1930s: in crisis, 233, 274-6; andHOLC, 274-6; among Italians, 233;among Lithuanians, 233; among Poles,233, 275

ethnic groups: anxiety about assimilationwithin, 54 -6 , 75, 96, 144-7, 382n5; as-sist CIO, 338, 362; avoidance of publicassistance in 1920s among, 57, 62—4;avoidance of United Charities in 1920samong, 62; change in their institutionsduring 1920s, 94—5; citizenship within,55, 383n6; class relations within, during1920s, 96; class tensions within, duringGreat Depression, 223, 230, 232, 238,362-3; decline in their newspapers,497n9; dependence on precinct captainsin 1920s by, 63-4 , 387n34; dispersedon shop floor under welfare capitalism,163, 165, 167, 202-4; displaced bystate in 1930s, 289, 362; European na-tionalism in, 54, 68; generational con-flict in, 144—7; help own needy, 58,218; leaders of, 54-6 , 96, 362, 381n2;as mediators between workers and state,362—3; mobility within Chicago of, 31,32, 55; and movies, 123-4; and radio,135-6; role of merchants in, 57, 111—12, 146, 406n41; support for LibertyLoans among, 76—9; and unemployedmovement, 265—6; see also by name ofethnic group

ethnicity: as defined by second generation,147, 424nl 66; importance to workersof, 26, 28, 29, 31, 95, 362; as problemfor employers, 163, 165, 167, 176-9;reinforced through foreign-language rec-ords, 104—6; reinforced through neigh-borhood theaters, 123-5; reinforcedthrough radio, 135; tensions over, 24,29-30, 167, 243; see also by name ofethnic group

ethnic mutual benefit societies in 1920s,64-75, 227-8; among Bohemians, 65,66, 68-9 , 388n39; competing with com-mercial insurance companies, 55, 64-5 ,67, 71, 72; competing with employers'group insurance, 55, 65, 7 0 - 1 , 72, 193-4; consolidation of, during 1920s, 68—70; difficulties faced by, 67-8; historyof, 65; Illinois Health Insurance Com-

mission Report on, 65-7, 71; amongItalians, 65, 66, 69; among Jews, 65, 66,69; among Mexicans, 176; new benefitsto children by, 71-2; new benefits towomen by, 71 -2 ; among Poles, 65, 66,68, 73; among Ukrainians, 193

ethnic mutual benefit societies in 1930s:assist CIO, 500n31; crisis in, 227-30,362; and Social Security, 272

Evans, Rev. Mary, 226Evanston, Illinois, 109

factory conditions, see working conditionsFair Labor Standards Act, 267, 282, 288family: in crisis during Great Depression,

214-17, 246—9; see also wagesFannie May Candies, 109Fantasia, Rick, 356Fantozzi, Alfred, 387n34Farm Equipment Workers' Organizing

Committee (FE): and blacks, 335; Com-munists in, 310, 311, 351; and contractwith International Harvester, 299; de-mands of, 299; family orientation of,346; history of, at International Har-vester, 298—300; organizing strategiesof, 498nl7; and relief, 320; role of em-ployee representatives in founding of,299; shop floor strategies of, 306, 317;social and recreational programs of,341; see also International Harvester; se-niority

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(FDIC), 267, 275

Federal Emergency Relief Administration(FERA), 265, 268-9 , 271,484n61

federal government: and Catholic Church,269-70; feeling of entitlement toward,258, 270-1 , 274, 280-1 , 285-6, 364;growing dependence on, 251-2 , 252-3 ,257-8, 260-1 , 268, 270-1 , 272-7,278, 281-2 , 282-5 , 359-60, 364;postal savings with, 392n68; under pres-sure from workers, 303-8; Rooseveltadministration view of, 267-8, 271-2 ,286, 289; support for unionization by,301-3 , 308, 491nl7; worker attitudetoward, 2, 5, 210-11 , 252, 253-5

Federal Writers' Project, 279Federation of Jewish Charities, 60Feld, Rose, 452nl l5Ferk, Olga, 252Fielde, Gerald, 309Fitzpatrick, John, 39, 42, 43, 49-50, 261Flint, Michigan, 297, 328Flowers, Dorothy, 288Fontecchio, Nicholas, 309




516 IndexFord, Henry, 100Ford, James, 262foremen: under drive system, 167—8,

434n22; in Great Depression, 216, 244-5, 316; training programs in Chicagofactories for, 164; under welfare capital-ism, 168-9, 172-4,187-9, 202,451nlO8,nlO9

Fort Wayne, Indiana, 407n45, 411n72Foster, William Z., 39, 42, 43, 261, 262,

319,341,502n39Fox Film Corporation, 126fraternals, see blacks; ethnic mutual benefit

societies in 1920s; ethnic mutual benefitsocieties in 1930s

garment industry: economic importance of,31; ethnicity of workers in, 31; femaledominance in, 17; importance of Jewsin, 47-8; lack of ethnic and racial frag-mentation in, 48; location of factoriesin, 31; nativity of workers in, 20; orga-nizing success in 1919 in, 47; prevalenceof local employers in, 31, 49; race ofworkers in, 35

Garvey, Marcus, 149-50Gary, Indiana, 21, 42, 109, 153, 454nl44Gary, Judge Elbert, 170, 175Gellhorn, Martha, 285German Aid Society, 223Germano, Joseph, 306, 358Germans, 17, 32; and Catholic Church,

87; and consumption, 406n36; at Haw-thorne Works, 203; in packinghouse in-dustrial conflicts, 1917-22, 45; in pack-inghouses, 28, 373nl2; in steel, 24, 26

Gillies, Fred, 315Goich family, 214-15Goldblatt's Department Store, 107, 115,

423nl59Golden, Clinton, 318-19, 344-5Goldsmith, Samuel A., 222Goodman, Benny, 156Gosnell, Harold, 7, 255Grand Boulevard, 34; see also Black BeltGrande family, 26Grant's Dollar Store, 118Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company,

see A&PGreat Depression: bank failures in, 215,

230-3; credit refused in, 216, 234-5;crisis of authority in, 249; evictions in,213, 263, 266; insurance lost in, 216,229-30, 264, 464n42; mortgage fore-closures in, 214, 233-4, 273-7; strate-gies of coping with, 2, 214—17; see alsoblacks; ethnic and religious welfare or-ganizations in 1930s; ethnic banks in

1930s; ethnic building and loan associa-tions in 1930s; ethnic mutual benefit so-cieties in 1930s; hours of work; relief inGreat Depression; unemployment;wages; companies by name; ethnicgroups by name; neighborhoods byname

Greater Grand Crossing, 134tGreeks, 406n36Greenbay, 24

Hammond, Mary, 205Hardin, Lil, 155Harding, Warren G., 181, 283Hart, Schaffner and Marx, 13, 31, 48Hassett, Edward, 190Hawthorne studies, 7, 173-4, 202, 208Hawthorne Works (Western Electric), 13,

21, 31-3, 160; age limits in hiring at,196; and CIO, 506n65; and communityoutreach, 33, 180, 182; company andplant magazines at, 179; company unionat, 300-1, 351, 505n64; compared toother employers, 208, 243-4; discrimi-nation against blacks at, 36, 207, 354;ethnic groups dispersed on shop floor at,202-3; ethnicity of workers at, 33, 202;foremen at, 169, 202, 208; in GreatDepression, 217, 240, 243-4; Haw-thorne Building and Loan Association,176, 183; Hawthorne Evening School,170, 177, 183; human relations ap-proach to workers at, 173-4; mass cul-ture at, 177-9; motives for working at,144; in 1919, 49, 180; NRA at, 277;output restriction at, 201—2; paternal-ism pre-1920 at, 32-3, 36, 49; and ra-dio, 132; recreation and social programsat, 177-9; seniority at, 437n39; sickbenefits at, 174; and stock ownershipplans, 175, 184, 195; success of welfarecapitalism at, 207-8, 243-4, 351-4;vacations at, 244, 439n50; wage incen-tives at, 169, 192; wages at, 186; wel-fare capitalism at, 163—4; worker re-sponse to welfare capitalism at, 159,183; see also Hawthorne studies

Haymarket, 4, 32, 300Hegewisch, 24, 78, 207, 326; see also

Southeast ChicagoHenderson, Fletcher, 155, 156Henry, Charlie, 500n30Herbst, Alma, 191Hickok, Lorena, 246, 284Hillman, Sidney, 308, 336Hindelwicz family, 229Hines, Earl "Fatha," 155Holy Name Societies, see Catholic Church




Index 517homeownership: in Great Depression,

233-4, 273-6; influence on worker pol-itics of, 315; promoted by employers,273-4, 441n58; among workers, 76

Home Owners' Loan Corporation: onbuilding and loan associations, 233,275-6; discriminatory ratings of, 276;mortgages from, 252, 273-7; programof, 273-4

Hoover, Herbert, 181, 431nlO; in GreatDepression, 223, 227, 242, 283; and ra-dio, 139, 140

Hopkins, Harry, 236, 268, 269, 271, 280,284, 285

Horbatcz family, 224-5Houghteling, Leila, 60, 62, 102, 103, 151,

186, 200hours of work, 186—7; in Great Depres-

sion, 215, 216, 217, 234, 240, 243-4,292; under PWOC contract, 298; underSWOC contract, 295; and work sharing,243—5; see also Fair Labor StandardsAct

House Committee on Un-American Activi-ties, 310, 311

Houser, J. David, 189Houston, 259Humboldt Park, 31Hungarians, 24, 261-2Hyde Park, 407n47

identity, see social identity of industrialworkers

Illinois Manufacturers' Association, 169,177, 182

Illinois State Federation of Labor, 49Illinois Steel Company, see U.S. SteelImmigration Acts of 1921 and 1924, 54Independent Grocers' Alliance (IGA), 119Independent Order Brith Abraham, 69Indiana Harbor, Indiana, 42, 454nl44Indianapolis, 271Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 4,

333Infant Welfare Society of Chicago, 344Inland Steel, 13, 21, 166, 333; company

union at, 504n54; SWOC at, 292, 296,303,306,315,338

installment buying, see consumptionInternational Eucharistic Congress, 135International Harvester, 13; antistatism of,

181; blacks at, 35, 449n99; Chicagoplants compared, 207; Communists at,312; and community outreach, 180,182; company and plant magazines at,179, 298; early unionization at, 4; Em-ployee Benefit Association at, 174-5,

446n86; employee representation at, 47,171-3, 190, 298, 452nl21, 453nl23;ethnicity and race of workers at, 32-3,375n21; FE at, 2, 298-300, 302, 350;FE contract with, 299; foremen at, 168,298; in Great Depression, 240, 245; in-dustrial relations philosophy pre-1920at, 32-3, 160; insurance held by work^ers at, 73-4, 151; McCormick Worksof, 4, 21, 31-3, 46-7, 87-8, 160, 184,190, 207, 242, 299-300, 321, 335, 350,353, 375n21, 449n99; NLRB electionat, 299; pensions at, 195-6; recreationand social programs at, 178; response toFE by, 298-300, 305; shop floor strate-gies at, 317; and stock ownership plans,175, 183-4; strikes in 1919 at, 12, 47,163; Tractor Works of, 193, 204, 299,304, 317-18, 350; turnover at, 197-8;unemployment at, 270, 449n99; vaca-tions at, 174, 199, 298, 439n50; wagesat, 186, 298; welfare capitalism at, 163-4; work discipline at, 198-9; see alsounionization; Wisconsin Steel

International Ladies' Garment Workers'Union (ILGWU), 48, 138, 308

Irish, 17, 29, 32; and Catholic Church, 87;and CIO, 338, 500n30; and consump-tion, 111; at Hawthorne Works, 203; inpackinghouses, 28, 45, 373nl2; and ra-dio, 138; in steel, 24, 165

Italians, 17, 34; avoidance of public assis-tance in 1920s among, 57, 62-3; andCatholic Church, 87-94; and CIO, 338,339; conflicts within, 383n7; and con-sumption, 105, 110, 114, 152, 405n30,406n36; and dance palaces, 146; feastsof, 88-90, 92-3; and foremen, 188; ingarment industry, 47-8; in GreatDepression, 225—6; help own needy, 58;at McCormick Works, 32, 375n21; andmovies, 123; nationalism of, 381n3;new settlements of, 31; in 1919 steelstrike, 41; old community of, 30; inpackinghouses, 373nl2; and politics,254, 387n34; prejudice against, inSoutheast Chicago, 24; in steel, 165; andUnited Charities, 62; see also ethnicbanks in 1920s; ethnic banks in 1930s;ethnic building and loan associations in1930s; ethnic mutual benefit societies in1930s

Italo—American National Union, 69—70Iverson's Department Store, 409n61

Jablonski, Thomas, 270Jacovich, Frank, 207




518 Index

Janik, Phillip, 160, 187Jankus, Charlie, 500n30jazz, 104, 154-6Jewish Charities of Chicago, 60, 61, 62,

219,221,222Jewish Home for the Aged, 59Jewish People's Institute, 145Jewish Progressive Order of the West, 69,

71Jewish synagogue, Anshe Sholom, 54Jews, 29; anxiety about assimilation

among, 54; avoidance of public assis-tance in 1920s among, 57; in Commu-nist Party, 261-2; conflicts within, 5 8 -9, 61, 383n7; and consumption, 110,111, 406n36; and dance palaces, 146; ingarment industry, 31, 47; help ownneedy, 58; nationalism of, 381n3; newsettlements of, 31; old community of,30; and politics, 254; and radio, 135;and United Charities, 62; see also ethnicand religious welfare organizations in1920s; ethnic banks in 1920s; ethnicbanks in 1930s; ethnic mutual benefitsocieties in 1920s

Johnson, General Hugh, 304, 316Johnson, Henry (Hank), 312, 338, 499n22Johnstone, Jack, 319Joliet, Illinois, 103, 109Jungle, The, 2J. Walter Thompson Company, 100, 139,

356, 420nl43

Kampfert, Arthur, 28 -9 , 303, 339Katz, Sam, 124,126Kell, Stanley, 232Kelly, Edward, 221, 255, 259, 260; and

CIO, 303, 304, 335; operation of NewDeal programs by, 269, 484n61

Keppard, Freddy, 155Kikulski, John, 49, 378n53Klein's Department Store, 115Knights of Labor, 4, 333Kornhauser, Arthur W., 252Kosciolowski, Sophie, 335, 347Ku Klux Klan, 417nl25

Labor Party of Chicago and Cook County,286

Labor Party of Cook County, 12, 49-50Labor's Nonpartisan League, 288, 304labor unions, see unionizationLaFollette, Robert, 302Landon, Alfred, 288Lane, Dennis, 46Lange, Rev. John, 86Latkovich, Estelle Uzelac, 26

Lawrence Strike of 1912, 4Lazarsfeld, Paul, 329, 498nl5Leader Store, 115League for Industrial Democracy, 262Lee, Owensby, 185Levin, Sam, 48Lewis, John L., 294-5, 308, 309, 336,

341, 343, 359-60Liberty Life Insurance Company, 151Liberty Loans, 76-9 , 84, 175Linker, Mollie, 58Lisle Manual Training School, 61Lithuanians, 17, 29; and CIO, 500n30; in

Communist Party, 261-2; and con-sumption, 114; and Democratic Party,362; in 1919 steel strike, 40; in pack-inghouses, 28, 373nl2; and politics,254; in race riot of 1919, 37; racismamong, 281; and radio, 328; in steel,26; see also ethnic banks in 1920s; eth-nic banks in 1930s; ethnic building andloan associations in 1920s

Little Bohemia, 30Little Italy, 30Little Sicily, 30, 91, 105, 112, 119, 123"Little Steel," 296, 303, 359Loew's, Inc., 126Los Angeles, 107, 274Louis, Joe, 260, 328, 330Love, Crawford, 321Lubliner & Trinz, 129Lynd, Helen and Robert, 7, 133, 330-1

McCarty, Frank, 338McCormick, Cyrus, Jr., 161, 171, 172,

191, 194-5, 198McCormick, Harold Fowler, 172machine politics, 5, 63-4 , 254, 255, 257,

387n34McKinley Park, 32; see also Southwest

CorridorMcKinney, Clifton, 316McNellis,Joe,500n30Majewski, Rose, 215—16Malone, Henrietta, 283March, Herbert, 304, 311, 312, 320, 333,

338, 492n23Margolis, Ida, 111Marquette Park, 281Martin, Jack, 312Martinez, Aida, 348Martinez, Refugio, 338mass consumption, see consumptionmass culture: changes between 1920s and

1930s in, 157-8, 325; distinctive pat-terns among ethnic groups, races, andclasses in, 144-7, 156; expectations of,




Index 51996-7, 100-1, 142-3,154; popularamong second-generation immigrants,144-7, 422nl59; social impact of, 156-7, 177-9, 356-7, 364, 365; and theo-ries of its impact, 398n6; see also con-sumption; motion pictures; movie the-aters; radio

Mathewson, Stanley, 457nl63Maxwell Street, 30, 113-14, 118Mayer, Oscar, 239Mayo, Elton, 7, 173Mazankowski, S. C , 233, 275mechanization of work process, 171, 185,

204, 316-17, 324, 448n93Meegan, Joseph, 501n34Mega, John, 244, 257Memenga family, 258Memorial Day Massacre, 303, 304, 323,

340, 359men: segregated in factory, 204; shared

culture at work among, 204, 328—9,498nl7; socializing in neighborhood by,110, 405n35; as victims of GreatDepression, 246-9

Merriam, Charles, 7Metropolitan Life, 139, 140, 151Mexicans, 33; and CIO, 324-5, 338-9,

500n30; and consumption, 106,406n41; and foremen, 188; in GreatDepression, 222, 242-3, 331-2; in-crease within industrial work force dur-ing 1920s of, 165-6; and job discrimi-nation, 165—7; and movie theaters,123-4; in packinghouses, 28, 165, 166;and radio, 132; skill of, 167, 434n20; insteel, 24, 35,165-7, 201, 203; as strike-breakers, 41, 46; unemployment among,185-6; and welfare capitalism, 184; seealso ethnic mutual benefit societies in

. 1920sMiddletown, 7, 133Middletown in Transition, 7, 330-1Midura, Mary, 219Migas, Nick, 317, 338, 492n23Milwaukee, 104, 402n23, 408n53Milwaukee Avenue, 31, 114, 115, 409n57,

n61minimum wage, see Fair Labor Standards

ActMinneapolis, 303Mitchell, Arthur, 260Mitchell, Jonathan, 330Monroe, Al, 330Montgomery Ward's, 107Mooney, Tom, 12"moral capitalism," see capitalismMorris & Company, 27, 229

Morton, Jelly Roll, 155motion pictures: promoted by employers,

443n63; social impact of, 121, 124-5movie industry, vertical integration of,

126-8, 414nl01,415nll0movies, see motion picturesmovie theaters: distinctive patterns among

classes in, 124-5, 127, 129, 496n3; im-pact of sound on, 127-9, 414nlO4,415nlO7; in neighborhoods, 99, 121-6,145; patronage of, 120-2, 125, 145,353, 496n3; as picture palaces, 121—2,124-5, 412n81, 413n94; popularamong youth, 145; seating capacity of,120, 129-31; and shift from neighbor-hood to chain, 126-9, 325

Mundelein, Archbishop (later Cardinal)George: and Americanization, 84, 87,90-1, 93, 94; Associated Catholic Char-ities established by, 60-1; attitudetoward relief in Great Depression of,223, 269; and blacks, 394n87; opposi-tion to national parishes by, 83, 221

Murray, Philip, 294, 334, 341, 491nl7Mussolini, Benito, 69, 135, 381n3mutual benefit societies, see ethnic mutual

benefit societies in 1920s; ethnic mutualbenefit societies in 1930s

Mutual Broadcasting System, 327

National Association of Manufacturers,503n40

National Broadcasting Company (NBC),139,141,143, 327, 341

National Cash Register Company, 160National Industrial Conference Board,

162,451nlO8National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA),

333; Section 7a of, 278, 292, 293-4,302, 303; see also National RecoveryAdministration (NRA)

National Labor Relations Act (WagnerAct), 5, 288, 292, 298, 301, 307; em-ployer attitude toward, 282; impact of,302, 305-8

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB),302; elections supervised by, 297, 299,301, 307, 311; rulings of, 300, 305

National Metal Trade Association, 168National Negro Business League, 148National Negro Congress, 336National Recovery Administration (NRA):

employer attitude toward, 282; as expe-rienced by workers, 277-8; favoredchain stores, 237; program of, 277; andsteel industry, 303—4; see also NationalIndustrial Recovery Act (NIRA)




520 Index

National Tea Company, 407n47; expan-sion in Great Depression of, 118, 235-6; Hawthorne pay checks cashed at,178; store locations of, 109

National Urban League, 233, 499n22National Youth Administration (NYA),

278,281neighborhoods: as assessed by HOLC,

276; divided by skill, 24, 28; ethnic seg-regation of, 24, 28, 30-3, 374nl6; iso-lated in 1919, 21; located near factories,17; male socializing in, 110, 405n35;movie theaters in, 99, 121-6, 145,412n83; needy helped within, 57; physi-cal barriers separating, 24, 28; racialsegregation of, 33-8; and radio, 133;role of employers in, 26, 30, 33, 45;stores within, 110-12, 117-18, 146,404n30; unemployed movement in,265-6; youth clubs in, 145-6; see alsoby name

Neilsen, A. C, Company, 237Neisner's 5 Cents to A Dollar Store, 154Nelson, Steve, 264Newburyport, Massachusetts, 496n3New Deal: Communist support of, 262;

"corporate liberal" analysis of, 282; em-ployer attitude toward, 282, 486n68;impact of, on worker attitudes, 289; lim-itations of, 267-8, 289; worker supportof, 252, 286, 289; see also names of in-dividual programs

Newman, Edward J., 270New Orleans, 155New York, 107,126,139,143, 274,

412n81Nofrio, 105Norris, John, 214Norris—LaGuardia Act, 302North Lawndale, 31, SI; see also South-

west CorridorNorth Side, 113,145,225Northwest Side, 58Novak, Anna, 188, 196Novak, Bernice, 110-11, 160Nowicki, Stella, 339, 359, 491nl4; see

also Starr, Vicky

Oak Park, Illinois, 109Odeski, Clara, 248O'Hair, Rev. J. C, 418nl30old immigrant neighborhoods of West and

Northwest Sides, 17, 30-1; movie the-aters in, 131; and radio, 134t

Oliver, King, 155Orear, Leslie, 305, 337, 350, 360Oregon, 281

Ostroski, Michael, 343Outlaw, Grace, 279output restriction: and CIO organizing,

317-19; as response to welfare capital-ism, 201-5, 457nl63; wage incentivesto limit, 170

packinghouse industrial conflicts, 1917—22, 43-6; employer response to, 45, 46;ethnic fragmentation in, 45, 379n58; ra-cial conflict in, 45

packinghouses: citizenship status of work-ers in, 373nl2; economic importance of,27—8; ethnicity of workers in, 28, 163,373nl2; labor turnover in, 171; locationof, 27-8; nativity of workers in, 18, 20,167, 373nl2; NRA at, 277; race ofworkers in, 35, 242; seasonal unemploy-ment in, 185-6; seniority in, 189; skillof workers in, 28; wage incentives in,192; working conditions in, 187; seealso unionization

Packinghouse Workers' Industrial Union,296, 309

Packinghouse Workers' Organizing Com-mittee (PWOC): achievements of, 297-8; and blacks, 334-5, 337; Communistsin, 310-11, 351; and contract with Ar-mour, 297-8; and contract with Swiftand Wilson, 298; ethnic and racial soli-darity in, 334, 338, 361; family orienta-tion of, 347-8; history of, 296-8; mem-bership of, 298; Mexicans in, 338; andrank and file, 307, 310; and relief, 320;shop floor strategies of, 305, 307-8;small packing plants organized by, 298;social and recreational programs of,341; use of radio By, 343; women in,359; women's auxiliaries of, 347-8;worker solidarity nationally in, 345,361; and worker solidarity within Chi-cago, 345; see also Armour and Com-pany; hours of work; seniority; Swift &Company; wages

Packingtown, see Back of the Yards"Pageant of Progress," 182Palumbo, Antonio, 277Paramount Pictures, 126Parise, Florence, 272Park, Robert, 7Parker, Moses, 160Patterson, Dorothy, 347Patterson, George, 183, 216, 254, 304,

309, 311, 318, 319, 330, 338, 339, 343,356, 358, 492n23

Patterson, William, 266Patti, Angelo, 81




Pattison, Virginia, 107Pavero, Father, 232Penio, Paul, 112Penney, J. C , 117Perez, Jesse, 318Perkins, Frances, 302Perpoli, Thomas, 81Petty, Rev. W. C , 226Philadelphia, 107, 274phonographs, see consumptionPiggly Wiggly Stores, 106, 109Pilsen, 32Piontkowsky, Betty, 160Pittsburgh, 2, 40, 296, 334, 338, 345,

370nlPoles, 17, 29, 31; anxiety about assimila-

tion among, 54; avoidance of public as-sistance in 1920s among, 57, 62-3; andCatholic Church, 85-7, 94, 395n90;and CIO, 338, 339, 500n30; in Commu-nist Party, 261-2; conflicts within,383n7; and consumption, 111, 112,114-15, 152, 409n61; and dance pal-aces, 146; and Democratic Party, 362;and foremen, 188; in garment industry,47-8; in Great Depression, 223, 225,243, 247-8; at Hawthorne Works, 203;help own needy, 58; and movies, 123,124, 145; New Deal viewed by, 277;new settlements of, 31, 32; in 1919 steelstrike, 40; old community of, 30; inpackinghouses, 28, 373nl2; and politics,254; and radio, 138, 325; in steel, 24,163, 165, 203; and stock ownershipplans, 195; in unemployed movement,266; and United Charities, 62; see alsoethnic and religious welfare organiza-tions in 1920s; ethnic banks in 1920s;ethnic banks in 1930s; ethnic buildingand loan associations in 1920s; ethnicmutual benefit societies in 1920s; Lib-erty Loans

Polish Alma Mater, 68Polish Falcons of America, 68Polish Manual Training School, 61Polish National Alliance, 68, 85, 219,

228-9Polish National Catholic Church, 86,

383n7Polish National Union, 68Polish Roman Catholic Union, 68, 71, 85Polish Welfare Association, 219, 222-3Polish Women's Alliance, 68, 228political consciousness of industrial work-

ers: changes between 1920s and 1930sin, 5, 252, 257-8, 362; class characterof, in 1919, 50; and class in 1930s,

Index 521286-9, 355-6, 362-4, 366; importanceof cultural realm in defining, during1920s, 51; localistic orientation of, in1919, 38; as obstacle to Labor Partysuccess in 1919-20, 50; see also capital-

Pomorski, Ted, 110Pressed Steel Car Company, 78Progressive Steelworkers' Union, see Wis-

consin SteelProhibition, 28, 79, 364; encouraging

worker antistatism, 210—11, 254, 255;impact of, 29, 405n35; and impact of itsrepeal, 340; linked to higher savingsrate, 392n67; supported by employers,255; worker opposition to, 210—11,254, 255, 474n8

Protestant churches: among blacks, 148,226; Cosmopolitan Community Church,226; East Side Baptist, 26; EvangelicalUnited Methodist, 26; Fourth Presbyter-ian, 288; in Great Depression, 220, 226;Immanuel Baptist, 220; Mount MessiahBaptist, 226; Olivet Baptist, 148; and ra-dio, 135-6, 418nl30; St. Marks Meth-odist Episcopal, 226

Provenzano, Joseph, 132, 133Pryblzka, John, 272Public Works Administration (PWA), 278Publix Theatres Corporation, 126, 128,

139Pulitzer family, 219Pullman Company, 13, 160, 372n6

Quigley, Archbishop James Edward, 84,88

Quinn, Mike, 190

Raboy, I., 76racial violence: in Chicago Race Riot of

1919, 36-7; in Cicero Race Riots of1951, 354; in Trumbull Park Riots of1953, 354

racism: among employers, 205-6, 242; in1930s, 279-81; after 1940, 354, 363,367-8; in packinghouses, 1917-22,44-6; in steel strike of 1919, 42; amongwhites, 36 -7

radio: changes between 1920s and 1930sin, 138-43, 326-9; and consumption,329-31; contributing to shared cultureamong workers, 325-31; distinctive pat-terns among classes in, 133, 134t, 143,327, 329-31; early history of, 129, 132,140; growth of commercial sponsorshipof, 139-43, 325, 420nl43, nl47;growth of networks in, 139-43, 325,




522 Index

radio {cont.)420nl47; impact of Radio Act of 1927on, 141—3; and jazz, 155; local orienta-tion of, in 1920s, 133-5, 416nl22; mar-ket research in, 326—9, 497n7; nationalorientation of, in 1930s, 330—1; popu-larity among workers of, 132—3,416nl l9; programming of, 133-8,327-8, 417nl25; reinforcing ethnicity,135-6, 353; social impact of, 133, 138,142—3; used by employers againstunions, 503n40; in youth clubs, 145

rationalization, see mechanization of workprocess

Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 265,268

record industry, 105-6, 155, 429nl88Redman, Don, 156Redmond, Rev. J. B., 226Red Scare, 5, 13, 38Reeves Stores, 112Reilly, William, 505n64relief in Great Depression: administration

of, 252, 263, 265, 283, 484n61; appealsto federal government for, 227, 251,264—7; appeals to State of Illinois for,227; balance of federal, state, and localfunding of, 268; balance of public andprivate funding of, 224, 269; and Catho-lic Church, 269-70; and CIO, 319-20;favored chain stores, 235—7; informalalternatives to, 218-19; need amongblacks for, 226-7; provided by employ-ers, 238-40, 243-5; recipient attitudetoward, 270—2, 278; role of private wel-fare in, 223-4 , 269

Republican Party, 304; and blacks, 254,259-61, 363; in Chicago, 254, 256,288, 387n34; and view of Roosevelt andNew Deal, 287, 288

Republic Steel, 13, 21, 316, 495n2; SWOCat, 296, 303, 323

RKO, 126Robinson's Department Store, 114Roman Catholic Church, see Catholic

ChurchRoosevelt, Eleanor, 285; letters to, 258,

283; and radio, 332Roosevelt, Franklin D., 246, 255, 269,

304; admired by Poles, 277; black sup-port for, 260; letters to, 258, 268, 270,274, 278, 279, 283; and "New Demo-cratic Coalition," 2; as paternal figure,283—5; and radio, 332; as workers'hero, 287-8, 332, 359, 499nl9; workersupport for, 256

Roselli, Florence, 147

Roumanians, 373nl2Royal Oak, Michigan, 418nl29Rupcinski, Mary, 233Russians, 114, 261-2 , 373nl2, 406n36Ruttenberg, Harold, 318-19, 344-5Ryerson, Edward, 227

Sabella, Margaret, 147Sacco and Vanzetti, 175St. Vincent de Paul Societies, see Associ-

ated Catholic CharitiesSalamoni, Vincent, 119Salvation Army, 223San Francisco, 274, 303, 496n3Schiavo, Giovanni, 94Schmeling, Max, 328Schoenstadt Theatre Company, 129Schultz, Mrs. Mary, 138scientific management, 169, 317Scottsboro Boys, 262Sears Roebuck, 107, 154Senate Sub-Committee Hearings on Viola-

tions of Civil Liberties, 302seniority: under FE contract, 299; in Great

Depression, 244—5, 292; as major CIOdemand, 320-1; under PWOC contract,298; and race relations, 368; reality of,under welfare capitalism, 188-9; underSWOC contract, 295; with welfare capi-talism, 174, 437n39

Senise, Daniel, 342Serbians, 40, 41; see also ethnic building

and loan associations in 1920ssettlement houses, 55y 83, 91, 264; see also

Chicago Commons Settlement; Univer-sity of Chicago Settlement

Severino family, 216-17Sheet and Metal Workers Industrial Union,

309Sheil, Bishop Bernard, 501n34Shemerdiak, Mary, 144Silber, Rabbi Saul, 54, 55Silver, Adolph and Max, 81Sinclair, Upton, 2Sinclair Gasoline, 109Siporin, Mary, 317Slovaks: in Great Depression, 221; help

own needy, 58; in packinghouses, 28,373nl2; and radio, 136; see also ethnicbanks in 1920s; ethnic banks in 1930s;ethnic building and loan associations in1920s

Slovene National Benefit Society, 228Slovenian Relief Organization, 219Slovenians, 26; see also ethnic building and

loan associations in 1920sSmith, Alfred E., 255




Index 523social identity of industrial workers, 6; as

citizens, 285-6 , 364-5; in crisis duringGreat Depression, 249; ethnicity in, 26,29, 31, 94—6, 362-4; impact of massculture on, 157-8, 356-7, 363-4,399n6; as working class, 286-9 , 362-3

Socialist Labor Party, votes for, 478n24Socialists: among Italians, 88, 353, 383n7;

among Jews, 383n7; and unemployedmovement, 262; votes for, 478n24

Social Security Act, 267, 272, 275, 288;employer attitude toward, 282

Sons of Italy, 69Sorkin, Sidney, 113Sorrentino, Anthony, 57, 105South Center Department Store, 154South Chicago, 24, 29, 40, 42, 57, 75, 85,

86; CCC popularity in, 281; CIO in,291, 337; and dance palaces, 146; ethnicorganizations in, 53; in Great Depres-sion, 225, 229, 234, 265; movie theatersin, 121, 123, 124, 128, 412n83; radioin, 132, 325—6; steel organizing in 1923in, 454nl44; stores in, 115; symbols of,11; see also Southeast Chicago

South Deering, 24, 26—7, 42; cultural iso-lation of, in 1930s, 352-4; in GreatDepression, 245; see also Southeast Chi-cago

Southeast Chicago, 17, 21-6; employerscompared in, 207, 244-5; in GreatDepression, 214; movie theaters in, 131,353; radio in, 134t; stores in, 112, 326;see also Hegewisch; South Chicago;South Deering

South Lawndale, 31, 33, 73, 388n39; seealso Southwest Corridor

Southwest Corridor, 21, 31 -3 ; movie the-aters in, 131; radio in, 134t; see alsoBerwyn; Brighton Park; Cicero; NorthLawndale; South Lawndale

Soviet Union, 264Special Conference Committee, 437n39Stanislawowo, 30Starr, Vicky, 311, 312, 491nl4, 492n23;

see also Nowicki, Stellastate, see federal governmentsteel industry: age of workers in, 495n2;

economic importance of, 21; ethnicity ofworkers in, 24, 163, 377n40; location ofplants in, 21—5; Mexicans employed in,35; nativity of workers in, 18, 20, 167;race of workers in, 35; skill of workersin, 24; working conditions in, 187; seealso unionization

steel strike of 1919, 38-43; and blacks,42 -3 , 336; demands of, 187, 377n43;

employer response to, 40, 41; ethnicfragmentation in, 40 -3 ; isolation ofunion locals in, 39-40; lessons learnedfrom, 43; recalled in 1930s, 319; role ofAFL craft unions in, 39

Steeltown, see Southeast ChicagoSteel Workers' Organizing Committee

(SWOC): achievements of, 292-3 , 2 9 5 -6; and blacks, 334-5, 337, 499n22; inCalumet region, 295; collective bargain-ing established with, 295-6; Commu-nists in, 309, 351; and contract withU.S. Steel, 295-6; ethnic solidarity in,500n30; family orientation of, 346;grievance procedures under contractwith, 295-6; history of, 294-6, 343-4;internal conflicts within, 358; and "Lit-tle Steel" strike, 359; membership of,295; and Mexicans, 338—9; and radio,330, 341, 343; and rank and file, 3 0 6 -7, 310, 358, 491nl7; role of employeerepresentatives in founding of, 294-5;shop floor strategies of, 305, 306; socialand recreational programs of, 341; vaca-tions under contract with, 295; women'sauxiliaries of, 294, 295, 346-7; workersolidarity nationally in, 344—5; andWPA, 320; see also hours of work; In-land Steel; Republic Steel; seniority; U.S.Steel; wages

Stewart, James, 498nl9, 500n30stock ownership plans: in Great Depres-

sion, 216, 240; reality of, 194-5; underwelfare capitalism, 164, 175, 183-4,194—5; see also by name of company

Stockyards Labor Council: in 1930s, 296,319; in packinghouse industrial con-flicts, 1917-22, 46

Stoecker, Clarence, 311, 321, 335,492n23, 498nl7

stores, see by namestrikesrin 1919, 12, 161, 163; see also In-

ternational Harvester; packinghouse in-dustrial conflicts, 1917-22; steel strikeof 1919

Swedes, 17, 24, 26, 163Swift 6c Company, 13, 27; blacks at, 35,

166; and community outreach, 180,182; company and plant magazines at,179; compared to Armour, 207; em-ployee representation at, 171-3, 190,205, 297, 452nl23; ethnicity of workforce at, 163; foremen at, 168; in GreatDepression, 216-17, 239; group insur-ance at, 183; insurance held by workersat, 73-4 , 151; longstanding resistance tounionism at, 4; output restriction at,




524 Index

Swift &c Company (cont.)201; PWOC at, 2, 302, 308, 314, 318,340, 350-1; PWOC contract with, 298;seniority at, 437n39; shop floor strate-gies at, 318; sick benefits at, 183; andstock ownership plans, 175, 183; unem-ployment at, 185; unionization at, inearly 1930s, 296-7; vacations at, 185,439n50; wage incentives at, 169, 191,318; welfare capitalism at, 161, 163-4,207

Swiss, 373nl2synagogues, see Jewish synagogue

Taft-Hartley Act, 360, 366-7Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 169, 191, 192Taylor, Myron, 239, 295Terkel, Studs, 248Thomas, Elmer, 242Thomas, William, 85Thompson, William Hale "Big Bill," 256,

259Toledo, Ohio, 303Tortolano, Antonio and Angeline, 111Towers, Albert, 340, 491nl7, 492n23Traficanti Noodle Company, 277Travis, Dempsey, 123, 205, 215True Story Magazine, 101-2Truman, Harry S, 366turnover of labor, 170-1, 174-5, 186,

197-8, 292, 436n35

Ulanowski, Steve, 492n23Unemployed Councils, 251, 262-7; and

blacks, 266; encouraging worker alli-ances, 266—7

unemployment: among blacks in GreatDepression, 242; due to age, 196, 246,320-1; due to technology, 448n93; inGreat Depression, 214, 217, 222, 234,240-3, 245; in 1920s, 102, 182, 184;psychological impact on family of, 246—9; seasonal, 185-6, 197; see also bycompany name

Union Bag Company, 217Unione Veneziana, 69, 228unionization: as affected by paternalism of

employers, 1919-22, 38; AFL responseto, in 1919-22, 3, 38; between 1923-30, 454nl44; employer response to, in1919-22, 38; in garment industry in1919, 47-8; hurt by ethnic and racialfragmentation of work force, 1919—22,38; at International Harvester, early his-tory of, 4; at International Harvester,1919, 3; in packinghouses, early historyof, 3-4; in packinghouses, 1917—22, 3,

29, 43-6; in steel, early history of, 3; insteel, 1918-20, 3, 38-43; in steel, 1923,196, 454nl44; support for, in GreatDepression, 252-3, 292-3, 301-21,364; see also Congress of Industrial Or-ganizations (CIO); Farm EquipmentWorkers' Organizing Committee (FE);Packinghouse Workers' OrganizingCommittee (PWOC); Steel Workers' Or-ganizing Committee (SWOC)

United Auto Workers (UAW), 300United Charities of Chicago, 61-2, 63,

223, 226United Electrical, Radio and Machine

Workers of America (UE), 505-6n65

United Mine Workers (UMW), 294, 334,336, 351

United Packinghouse Workers of America(UPWA), 298, 307, 368

United Steelworkers of America (USWA),296, 298

University of Chicago Settlement, 225,423nl59

Urban League of Chicago, 45U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 162, 168,

181U.S. Steel, 2, 13, 24; antistatism of, 181;

and blacks, 35, 166, 335-6, 434n20;Communists at, 312; and communityoutreach, 180; company and plant mag-azines at, 179; company union at, 305,340, 491nl4; compared to WisconsinSteel, 207, 244-5; employee representa-tion at, 293-4; foremen at, 207, 244-5;Gary Works of, 21, 42, 166, 242, 293-5, 312, 316, 335, 341, 452nll5; inGreat Depression, 239-40, 242, 316;group insurance at, 193—4; longstandingresistance to unionism at, 4; Mexicansat, 242, 434n20; and 1919 steel strike,41-2; pensions at, 195-6; race of work-ers at, 242; response to SWOC by, 295;shop floor strategies at, 318; SouthWorks of, 21, 42, 86, 165, 166, 168,180, 183,187, 201, 207, 216, 240, 242,244, 293-5, 304, 309, 312, 318, 319,335, 341, 358, 491n20; and stock own-ership plans, 175, 183, 195; and subsidi-aries, 370nl; SWOC at, 305, 306, 350-1; SWOC contract with, 291, 295-6;unemployment at, 270; vacations at,316; wage incentives at, 318; welfarecapitalism at, 163—4

Victor, Father, 247Victory Life Insurance Company, 151




Index 525

Voorhis, Bill, 192Vorse, Mary Heaton, 295, 308, 503n50voting: and historical debate over critical

elections of 1928-36, 475nll; during1920s, 5, 63, 254-6, 258-9; during1930s, 2, 5, 256-61, 262, 283, 304,332, 476nl4, 478n24

wages: cut in Great Depression, 217, 240,242-3, 245, 292; and family economy,200, 218, 246-9; in 1920s, 102, 186;by piecework, 299, 317-18; underPWOC, 298; under SWOC, 295; andwage incentives, 164, 169-70, 191-2,201-2, 318, 435n28; see also Fair La-bor Standards Act

Walgreen Drugs, 106, 116, 117, 118; 139,153,154

Waller, "Fats," 155Walsh, John, 270Warner Brothers, 126, 128, 129Washington, Booker T., 148Washington, Elizabeth, 207Washington Park, 34; see also Black BeltWashington (state), 281WCFL, see Chicago Federation of LaborWeber, Joseph, 299, 309, 312Weightman, Philip, 311, 314, 339-40Weinstein, Louis, 118welfare capitalism: antistatism of, 181-3;

and blacks, 205-6; community outreachin, 179—80; company and plant maga-zines in, 164, 179; in competition withethnic identity, 176—9; as employer de-fense against labor militance, 175—6;employer ideology before, 160-1, 167-8; encouraging worker alliances, 202-5,209, 211, 317-19, 324, 364-5; fate of,in Great Depression, 238-46, 292, 298-9, 351-4; to fight labor turnover, 170-1; gap between promise and reality of,184,189,196, 206, 208-9, 238, 246;group insurance in, 72-4, 164, 183,193-4, 240; historical debate about,447n92; ideology of, 161-83, 430n9; toindividualize employer-employee rela-tions, 163-9, 172-4; as influence onworkers in 1930s, 209, 314-19, 321,324, 350; job ladders in, 170, 188-9,436n34, 452nll5; and mass culture,177-9, 443n63, n69; output restrictionas response to, 170, 201-5, 457nl63;pensions in, 164, 174, 195-6, 240;prevalence of, 162, 430n9; reality of,184—211; recreation and social pro-grams in, 164, 176-9, 204-5, 442n61;sex segregation under, 204; and shift to

welfare state in 1930s, 289, 365; sickbenefits in, 164, 174, 183, 193; successat Hawthorne Works, Swift, and Wis-consin Steel, 206-8; vacations in, 164,174, 185, 199, 240; wage incentives in,164, 169-70, 191-2, 435n28; work dis-cipline under, 198-9, 209; worker re-sponse to, 183-211, 246, 446n86, n88;see also employee representation plans;foremen; seniority; stock ownershipplans; wages; by names of companies

welfare state, 3, 283, 289; compared toEurope, 267-8, 365-6

Western Electric Independent Labor Asso-ciation, see Hawthorne Works (WesternElectric)

Western Union, 109West Side, 58, 76, 80, 110, 125, 256;

stores on, 113-14, 115; see also old im-migrant neighborhoods of West andNorthwest Sides

West Town, 30; see also old immigrantneighborhoods of West and NorthwestSides

Whiteman, Paul, 104, 156Wieboldt's Department Store, 107, 409n61Willard, P. W., 182Wilson & Company, 27, 298, 307Wisconsin, 281Wisconsin Steel, 13, 160; and community

outreach, 26, 180; company union at,300-1, 310, 351, 505n64; compared toother Chicago Harvester plants, 207;compared to U.S. Steel, 207, 244-5; dis-crimination against blacks at, 36, 207,354; employee representation at, 173,190-1, 199, 207; ethnic groups dis-persed on shop floor at, 165; ethnicity ofworkers at, 203; foremen at, 188, 207,245; in Great Depression, 243-6; his-tory of, 26; 1919 steel strike at, 40, 42;NLRB elections at, 301; paternalism,pre-1920, at, 26, 36; sick benefits at,193; steel strike of 1919 at, 180; andstock ownership plans, 184; success ofwelfare capitalism at, 207, 243—6, 351—4; turnover at, 174—5, 197; unemploy-ment at, 184, 214, 447n93; see also In-ternational Harvester

Woldarozyk, Sigmond, 338women: in CIO, 346-8, 358-9; as citi-

zens, 256; as consumers, 110—11; ascontributors to family income, 200,215-17, 246-9; as factory workers, 17,20, 200, 204; and family roles in GreatDepression, 246-9; and foremen, 188,347; in garment industry, 20; as influ-




526 Indexwomen {cont.)

ence on husbands' unions, 346—7,504n54; and insurance, 67, 71-2, 229,388n39; in packinghouses, 20, 28, 29,347-8, 373nl2, 435n28; and radio,329; recruited by Labor Party in 1919,50; segregated in factory under welfarecapitalism, 204; shared culture at workamong, 204, 328-9; unemployed inGreat Depression, 241, 244; in unionauxiliaries, 294, 295, 346; and welfarecapitalism, 184

Woolworth's Five-and-Ten-Cent-Store,118,154

work discipline, lack of, 198-9, 209Workers Alliance of America, 265, 288Workers' Committee on Unemployment,

251, 262—7 \ and blacks, 266; encourag-ing worker alliances, 266—7

working conditions, 187, 45 In 107Works Progress Administration (WPA):

administration of, 484n61; and em-

ployer attitude toward, 282; jobs with,258, 260-1, 265, 271, 278-81, 320

World War II and unionization, 291, 293,368

Wright, Betty, 115Wrigley Company, 161Wyle's Hat Shop, 109

YMCA, 55, 83, 91; supported by employ-ers, 26, 45, 168,180, 379n54

Young, Arthur H., 163Youngstown, Ohio, 370nlYoungstown Sheet and Tube, 13, 21, 296youth: and fashion, 144, 423n 160; high

school attendance among, 144,423n 159, 424nl66; juvenile delinquencyamong, 144, 422nl59; and mass cul-ture, 143-7

Yugoslavs, 57, 214, 254

Zappa, Adeline Milano, 112Znaniecki, Florian, 85




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